Measurement-based behavioral electromagnetic interference (EMI) models have been shown earlier to accurately capture the EMI behavior of switched power converters. These models are compact, linear, and run in frequency domain, enabling faster and more stable simulations compared to the detailed lumped circuit models. So far, the behavioral EMI modeling techniques are developed and applied to the converter's input side only. The resulting models are therefore referred to as "terminated EMI models". Under the condition that the output side of the converter remains fixed, these models can predict the input side EMI for any change in the impedance of the input side network. However, any change at the output side would require re-extraction of the behavioral model. Thus the terminated EMI models are incapable of predicting the change in the input side EMI due to changes at the output side of the converter or vice versa. The above mentioned limitation has been overcome by an "un-terminated EMI model" proposed in this dissertation. Un-terminated EMI models are developed here to predict both the common-mode (CM) and the differential (DM) noise currents at the input and the output sides of a motor-drive system. The modeling procedure itself has been simplified and now requires fewer measurements and results in less noise in the identified model parameters. Both CM and DM models are then combined to predict the total noise in the motor drive system. All models are validated by experiments and their limitations identified. A significant portion of this dissertation is then devoted to the application of behavioral EMI models in the design of EMI filters. Comprehensive design procedures are developed for both DM and CM filters in a motor-drive system. The filters designed using the proposed methods are experimentally shown to satisfy the DO-160 conducted emissions standards. The dissertation ends with a summary of contributions, limitations, and some future research directions. / Ph. D.

There is a need for increasing speed on external links and harmonics are often seen and are a challenge to master. Especially for products within the space industry where the requirements are narrower due to the harsh environment it needs to withstand. This thesis is investigating a potential leakage path around the interface from the board to harness through Spacewire connectors. This leakage is seen as radiated emission and the focus of this thesis is to see if there is a possibility to decrease these emissions by minimising the ground loop that is potentially causing these issues in the UHF- and S-band. In order to verify that the proposed solution a reverberation chamber was used to analyse the performance of the solution when a twisted cord attached to a ground plane and wrapped around the harness was used to minimise the dierence in potential between the interface of the board to harness. The results showed that the proposed solution was inconclusive, but another discovery was made, it was found that the radiated emissions seen in the S-band can be decreased signicantly by improving the contact between the connector and the frame. This could be done with a beryllium-copper gasket. A decrease could also be seen in the UHF-band but not as substantial as the S-band.

Ces travaux portent sur la faisabilité de l'établissement d'un réseau Courant Porteur de Ligne (CPL) pour transmettre des données de maintenance prédictive dans le domaine aéronautique. Le CPL est identifié comme solution afin d'augmenter le nombre d'informations échangées sans modifications du câblage déjà présent dans l'avion. L'approche adoptée au cours de cette thèse porte sur l'adaptation des solutions CPL existantes sur le marché afin qu'elles puissent être déployées sur un réseau avionique classique. Ces modifications doivent respecter les normes aéronautiques qui intègrent notamment sur la protection foudre (DO-160) et les mécanismes de couplage pour assurer la liaison de communication sur les lignes de puissance. Des expérimentations ont été réalisées pour vérifier les performances que les solutions CPLs pourraient attendre en utilisant le ratio signal sur bruit (SNR) comme paramètre de comparaison.Un montage permettant de respecter à la fois la contrainte de protection à la foudre et le fonctionnement des transmissions CPM a été identifié et évalué par le biais de simulations et d’expérimentations en laboratoire. Ce montage nous a permis d'augmenter le SNR de la liaison CPL jusqu'à 40dB. Les circuits de couplage présents sur les modems CPL du commerce ont été optimisés afin de mieux s'adapter à l'environnement aéronautique. La conception de ces circuits sont complètement décrites, dont notamment la réalisation du transformateur HF permettant l'adaptation d'impédance. Une fois les modifications effectuées, nous avons réalisé une série de mesures d’émissions conduites générées les chipsets afin de vérifier leur conformité aux normes CEM DO-160. Les tests ont porté sur des modems classiques et des modems modifiés liés à un équipement classique avionique. Ces tests nous ont montré que, sans les modifications proposées au niveau du circuit de couplage, il est impossible de communiquer sur des lignes fortement bruitées. Dans le cas de bruits générés à la limite de la norme DO-160, notre modem modifié atteint un débit de 46 Mbps en émission et 36 Mbps en réception. Dans cette dernière manipulation, nous atteignons dans un pire cas de perturbations un débit supérieur à celui de notre cahier des charges. / This work focuses on the feasibility of a Power Line Communication (PLC) network for transmitting predictive maintenance data on avionics power lines. PLC is identified as a solution to increase the number of information exchanged without modification of the wiring already present in the aircraft. The approach taken in this thesis deals with the adaptation of existing PLC solutions on the market so that they can be deployed on a conventional avionics network. These modifications include lightning protection and coupling circuits to ensure the communication over the power network. Experiments were conducted to verify the performance that PLC solutions could expect by using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a comparison paramater.A circuit allowing to respect lightning protection constraints and that allow PLC transmissions has been identified and evaluated by means of simulations and laboratoy experiments. This modificatiosn allowed us to cincrease the SNR of the PLC link up to 40dB. Coulpling circuits on commercial CPL modems have been optimized to better adapt PLC signal to the avionic environment. The design of these circuits is completely described, including the realization of the HF transformer for impedance matching. Once the changes were made, we performed a series of conducted emissions measurements that generated the chipstets to verify their compliance with the CEM DO-160 standarts. The tests focused on conventional modems and modified modems related to conventional avionics equipment. These tests showed us that, without the proposed modifications at the level of the coupling circuit, it is impossible to communicate on very noisy lines. In the case of noise generated at the limit of the DO-160 standart, our modified modem achieves a data rates of 46 Mbps for transmission and 36 Mbps for reception. In this last manipulation, we reach in a worse case of disturbances a data rate higher than the specifications needed.

Grâce aux propriétés physiques du matériau et à l'avancement de l'ingénierie et de la fabrication, les dispositifs semi-conducteurs à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN) sont des candidats prometteurs pour la conception des modules de puissance à haute fréquence, à haut rendement et donc à haute densité de puissance. Cependant, la commutation rapide des appareils GaN entraîne une vitesse de rotation élevée dans la tension de commutation (dV / dt) et le courant (dI / dt), combiné avec des éléments parasites inductifs (L) et capacitifs (C) dans le module de puissance, donne lieu à des tensions électromagnétiques le bruit d'interférence (EMI) dans une large gamme de fréquences. Cette thèse est axée sur l'influence sur les performances EMI de la conception des modules de puissance basés sur GaN et les approches d'optimisation. Afin d'étudier les problèmes susmentionnés, un module de puissance complet comprenant les appareils de puissance GaN et l'emballage du module doit être caractérisé et modélisé afin que les performances EMI puissent être reconstruites par simulation avec ces modèles. Les méthodes de modélisation d'un transistor de mobilité à haute électron (HEMT) et d'un module de puissance conçu par un laboratoire sont décrites respectivement aux chapitres I et II, La modélisation de l'appareil implique la partie statique et la partie dynamique, où le premier est modélisé pour représenter les caractéristiques IV avant et les conducteurs inverses en diodes inverses et ce dernier est modélisé pour représenter les capacités intrinsèques non linéairement dépendantes de la tension entre chaque paire de bornes . La méthode de modélisation est basée sur les caractéristiques extraites de la fiche technique et peut être mise à l'échelle de tous les e-mode GaN HEMT. La modélisation de l'emballage implique principalement l'extraction des capacités parasites entre le module et le radiateur et les inductances parasites entre le condensateur de liaison CC et les dispositifs d'alimentation. Les extractions sont traitées à la fois par calcul numérique avec logiciel ANSYS Q3D et mesure d'impédance avec un analyseur de réseau vectoriel E5061B. Les résultats de ces deux approches correspondent bien de l'un à l'autre. Une fois que le modèle complet du module de puissance basé sur GaN est construit, il est validé avec un test de commutation expérimental où les signaux de commutation simulés et les bruits EMI sont comparés aux mesurés respectivement aux chapitres III et IV. Le banc d'essai en dehors du module de puissance GaN est modélisé pour compléter le modèle de simulation complet. Les précautions de mesure sont également présentées. Les formes d'onde de commutation sont obtenues en double impulsion et en tests de commutation permanente et sont comparées aux simulations où elles sont correctement adaptées. La minimisation du dépassement de la tension de commutation en utilisant entre DC + et DC - les condensateurs dans le module CX est analysée et enfin la valeur du condensateur CX est recommandée dans différentes situations. Les bruits EMI sont mesurés en termes de courants de mode commun (CM) et de mode différentiel (DM) dans le réseau linéaire à impédance stabilisée (LISN) et sont comparés avec ceux simulés où ils sont correctement adaptés de 100 kHz à 30MHz. On analyse les chemins de propagation du bruit CM du module d'alimentation et de la charge de l'inducteur de résistance. Les effets des condensateurs dans le module CX et du CM filter ones CY sont étudiés. Enfin, la répartition des condensateurs de filtre dans différents endroits est étudiée par simulation. / Thanks to the material’s physical properties and the advancement in the engineering and manufacturing, power semiconductor devices based on Gallium Nitride (GaN) are promising candidates for high frequency, high efficiency and thus high power density power module design. However, GaN devices’ fast switching results in high slew rate in switching voltage (dV/dt) and current (dI/dt), combined with parasitic inductive (L) and capacitive (C) elements within the power module, gives rise to electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise in a wide frequency range. This dissertation is focused on the influence on EMI performance of the GaN based power module design and the optimization approaches.In order to study the aforementioned issues, an entire power module including the GaN power devices and the module’s packaging are to be characterized and modeled so that the EMI performances can be reconstructed by simulation with these models. The modeling methods of a commercial enhancement-mode (e-mode) GaN High-Electron-Mobility-Transistor (HEMT) and a lab-designed power module are discussed respectively in chapter I and II,• The device modeling involves the static part and the dynamic part, where the former is modeled to represent the forward I-V characteristics and the reverse diode-like conducting ones and the latter is modeled to represent the nonlinearly voltage dependent intrinsic capacitances between each pair of terminals. The modeling method is based on the characteristics extracted from datasheet and can be scaled to all e-mode GaN HEMT.• The packaging modeling involves mainly the extraction of the stray capacitances between the module and the heatsink and the parasitic inductances between the DC link capacitor and the power devices. The extractions are processed by both numerical calculation with software ANSYS Q3D and impedance measurement with a vector network analyzer E5061B. The results from these two approaches match well from one to the other.Once the full model of the GaN based power module is built, it is validated with experimental switching test where the simulated switching waveforms and the EMI noises are compared with the measured ones respectively in chapter III and IV. The test bench apart from the GaN power module is modeled to complete the full simulation model. The measurement precautions are presented as well.• The switching waveforms are obtained in double pulse and permanent switching tests and are compared to the simulated ones where they are correctly matched. The minimization of the switching voltage’s overshoot by using between DC+ and DC- the in-module capacitors CX is analyzed and finally the capacitor CX’s value is recommended in different situations.• The EMI noises are measured in terms of common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents in the Line-Impedance-Stabilized-Network (LISN) and are compared with the simulated ones where they are correctly matched from 100 kHz up to 30MHz. The CM noise propagation paths from the power module and from the resistor-inductor load are analyzed. The effects of the in-module capacitors CX and the CM filter ones CY are studied. Finally the distribution of filter capacitors in different locations is studied by simulation.

Measurements of inclusive electron scattering cross-section ratios from light nuclei over a wide range of the Björken �� (0.3 < �� < 1) up to �� 2 = 8.3 GeV2 were made as part of experiment E10-10-008, which was conducted in Hall C at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The measurements were performed using a beam energy of 10.602 GeV and an average beam current of 45 ��A. This dissertation provides a thorough description of the experiment as well as the extracted ratios of inclusive nuclear cross-sections with respect to the deuterium cross-sections (the EMC effect) for the targets 9 Be, 12 C, 10 B, and 11 B. The nuclear dependence of the inclusive inelastic electron scattering cross-section has been measured for the first time in 10 B and 11 B.

No description available.

Em mulheres, o câncer de mama é o tipo mais incidente depois do tumor de pele não melanoma e é a principal causa de morte por câncer. Apesar dos avanços já alcançados na caracterização da doença, a busca por novos marcadores moleculares para diagnóstico, tratamento e entendimento molecular da doença é de extrema importância. Estudos em nosso laboratório apontaram a proteína EMC1 (do inglês, Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex 1) como relacionada a propriedades malignas em linhagens celulares de câncer de mama e melanoma, assim como aumento no crescimento tumoral em ensaios in vivo. Despertou-se, então, o interesse em nosso laboratório, no estudo das outras proteínas do complexo EMC. Este estudo atual, busca analisar dados em larga escala do banco TCGA em um painel de 32 tipos tumorais, e aponta associação da expressão de diversas proteínas EMCs a pior sobrevida dos pacientes. O gene EMC2, que se localiza na região cromossômica altamente amplificada em diversos tumores (8q23.1), se destaca pela intensidade de pacientes com superexpressão em câncer de mama (40%). Em linhagens desse tipo tumoral, o knockdown de EMC2 aponta redução na taxa proliferativa, assim como associação à progressão do ciclo celular na fase M, quando feito o protocolo de sincronização utilizando a droga nocodazol. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que o complexo EMC pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de tumores e influenciar em sua malignidade. Além disso, a proteína EMC2 parece apresentar funções relacionadas a proliferação e possivelmente, ciclo celular. / In woman, the breast cancer is the most incidence type after skin tumor non melanoma and it is a main cause of cancer death. Despite the advances already achieved in the disease caracterization, the search for novel molecular biomarkers to diagnostic, treatment and disease knowledge is extremely importante. In vitro approaches pointed Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex 1 (EMC1) involvement in malignant properties in breast cancer and melanoma cell lines, and increase in tumor growth in a in vivo assay. It highlighted the study of the other members of EMC complex. In this study, we used a large-scale database from TCGA in a range of 32 tumoral types, and showed association in EMC expression and poor surviving curve. The EMC2 gene, localized in a high amplified chromosome region in cancer (8q23.1), have a interesting upregulation level in breast cancer (40%). In knockdown EMC2 cell lines, the proliferation is less intense and progression in M phase, in a nocodazole sincronization assay, is impaired. Together, the data suggest that the EMC complex favors the tumour development and the EMC2 protein seens to play a role in proliferation and maybe in cell cycle.

Em mulheres, o câncer de mama é o tipo mais incidente depois do tumor de pele não melanoma e é a principal causa de morte por câncer. Apesar dos avanços já alcançados na caracterização da doença, a busca por novos marcadores moleculares para diagnóstico, tratamento e entendimento molecular da doença é de extrema importância. Estudos em nosso laboratório apontaram a proteína EMC1 (do inglês, Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex 1) como relacionada a propriedades malignas em linhagens celulares de câncer de mama e melanoma, assim como aumento no crescimento tumoral em ensaios in vivo. Despertou-se, então, o interesse em nosso laboratório, no estudo das outras proteínas do complexo EMC. Este estudo atual, busca analisar dados em larga escala do banco TCGA em um painel de 32 tipos tumorais, e aponta associação da expressão de diversas proteínas EMCs a pior sobrevida dos pacientes. O gene EMC2, que se localiza na região cromossômica altamente amplificada em diversos tumores (8q23.1), se destaca pela intensidade de pacientes com superexpressão em câncer de mama (40%). Em linhagens desse tipo tumoral, o knockdown de EMC2 aponta redução na taxa proliferativa, assim como associação à progressão do ciclo celular na fase M, quando feito o protocolo de sincronização utilizando a droga nocodazol. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que o complexo EMC pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de tumores e influenciar em sua malignidade. Além disso, a proteína EMC2 parece apresentar funções relacionadas a proliferação e possivelmente, ciclo celular. / In woman, the breast cancer is the most incidence type after skin tumor non melanoma and it is a main cause of cancer death. Despite the advances already achieved in the disease caracterization, the search for novel molecular biomarkers to diagnostic, treatment and disease knowledge is extremely importante. In vitro approaches pointed Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex 1 (EMC1) involvement in malignant properties in breast cancer and melanoma cell lines, and increase in tumor growth in a in vivo assay. It highlighted the study of the other members of EMC complex. In this study, we used a large-scale database from TCGA in a range of 32 tumoral types, and showed association in EMC expression and poor surviving curve. The EMC2 gene, localized in a high amplified chromosome region in cancer (8q23.1), have a interesting upregulation level in breast cancer (40%). In knockdown EMC2 cell lines, the proliferation is less intense and progression in M phase, in a nocodazole sincronization assay, is impaired. Together, the data suggest that the EMC complex favors the tumour development and the EMC2 protein seens to play a role in proliferation and maybe in cell cycle.

This thesis aims to design a cabinet to house some of the required hardware to realize a 1000 A IGBT inverter controlled static excitation system. In the thesis practical design considerations are identified and solved. The suggested excitation system requires a cabinet to house the inverters. Together with inverter requirements stated by the inverter manufacturer and possible electromagnetic interference from switching of the IGBT:s, practical design considerations arise when realizing the system. Identified design considerations are heat dissipation, EMI, IP-code requirements and mechanical stresses at inverter connections. In this study, the design considerations are addressed and a cabinet design with required components inside is suggested. The suggested cabinet together with its components could fulfil the suggested system's- and the inverter's requirements. However, the IP-code allowed by the suggested EMC-seals might be lower than the IP54 required by the inverter. The cabinets EMC-properties will probably be lowered if regular rubber gaskets are used. The study suggests one possible configuration which is possible to realize. It is suggested that further consideration is dedicated to the EMI reducing properties of the cabinet if it is to be installed in an environment sensitive to EMI.

Products produced by a Swedish company are requested to be investigated regarding their harmonic and inter-harmonic currents injected into the public supply system to comply with the Swedish standard SS-EN IEC 61000-3-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).    On behalf of Systemair Sweden AB, this bachelor thesis aims firstly to investigate if their product, PAFEC 4225 WH (Air Curtain), complies with standard SS-EN IEC 61000-3-2, and if not, what measures should be taken; and secondly to develop a low-cost instrument for the measurement of harmonics and inter-harmonics according to standard IEC 61000-4-7 related to the requirements on equipment used in standard SS-EN IEC 61000-3-2. To this purpose, the standards have been looked into thoroughly, the preconditions for measurements have been studied in detail, and external meetings with a consultant at Delta Development Technology AB have been performed. Measurements of the harmonic spectrum generated by PAFEC 4225 WH have been performed first at Systemair Sweden AB’s Technical center in Skinnskatteberg, and later at Delta Development in Västerås. After this, a low-cost instrument was developed, including hardware and software design and implementation. The hardware implementation consists of a circuit board designed using EasyEDA (an online PCB Design Tool), a NI myDAQ (a data acquisition device made by National Instruments), and an enclosure designed with Solidworks and made with a 3D-printer. The software implementation was conducted using LabVIEW – a graphical programming language.  A few measurements were performed using instruments complying IEC 61000-4-7 at Delta Development, and later with the low-cost instrument. Different line chokes were measured. The results showed that a 15 mH line choke connected in series with each motor would make the PAFEC 4225 WH comply with SS-EN IEC 61000-3-2. The results from the low-cost instrument did not match Delta Developments results regarding harmonic and inter-harmonic content. The difference could be caused by unfinished algorithm, different measurements conditions, and missing anti-aliasing-filter.          For the future work it is recommended that Systemair Sweden AB can either develop the low-cost instrument or buy an existing instrument that complies with IEC 61000-4-7, to enable to do measurements that comply with SS-EN IEC 61000-3-2. One does also need to investigate the grid during low activity or consider buying a signal generator for the purpose of fulfilling the preconditions to enable measurements. It is also recommended that further measurements are performed with the proposed line choke installed to check for any change in performance of the product.