I used incubation baskets containing viable eggs and spawning substrate to estimate the survival to emergence and time of emergence of kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka at depths to 20 m in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah-Wyoming. Traps on the incubation baskets captured fry emerging from a known quantity of eggs. Water drawn into a syringe from an intragravel pipe buried near each incubation basket was used to determine intragravel dissolved oxygen concentrations throughout the intragravel period. Water from control baskets without eggs did not have significantly greater dissolved oxygen concentrations than adjacent water. A jar associated with each incubation basket collected sediment to determine absolute and organic sedimentation during the study. Temperatures at the substrate water interface were used to describe degree-days accumulated before emergence. Survival to emergence ranged from zero to 66% and was most significantly related to mean intragravel dissolved oxygen concentrations. Survival to emergence, mean intragravel dissolved oxygen concentrations , and organic sedimentation decreased with depth.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19027号 / 農博第2105号 / 新制||農||1030(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4909(農学部図書室) / 31978 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大澤 晃, 教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 北島 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19503号 / 理博第4163号 / 新制||理||1598(附属図書館) / 32539 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 一成, 教授 一本 潔, 教授 嶺重 慎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background:Business Angels (BA) and Angel Investment Organizations (AIO) have become an essential source of capital for entrepreneurs, whereas Business Angel Groups (BAG) are the most recent organizational form in which Business Angels organize themselves. However, BAG still face several issues that prevent them from success in the long term, such as identifying the right members and creating membership engagement. Consequently, why these forms still fail remains unknown. Although, research on how new organizational forms emerge has received considerable attention. There are missing explanations for why they fail. Moreover, the reasons why organizations build legitimacy has been thoroughly investigated. Nevertheless, legitimacy in the emergence of new organizational forms has been neglected. Purpose:This study explores the emergence of a new stable organizational form through the lens of legitimacy. The main goal is to understand how legitimacy judgments can influence the emergence of a new form and how an organization can affect this process. The purpose is to contribute to the literature about AIO, emerging new organizational forms, and legitimacy. Method:Based on a retroactive longitudinal qualitative single case study, the researchers used grounded theory to derive a new theory from data. The study follows the Gioia method, a systematic inductive approach to concept development. The primary data consisted of 18 semi-structured interviews with practitioners, case informants, and context informants, triangulated with secondary data from documents, articles, and websites. Conclusion:The findings indicate that unstable organizations face problems aligning legitimacy judgments. Consequently, if successfully aligned, a new stable organizational form emerges. First, our findings contribute to the literature on the emergence of new organizational forms by including legitimacy processes. Second, we contribute to the framework of legitimacy by highlighting the importance of micro-meso-macro interrelationships. Finally, the findings contribute to the BA literature by providing a new form of AIO, named Business Angel Fund (BAF), that enables legitimacy alignment and solves current issues.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a high-yielding perennial C4 prairie grass species, is a top candidate as a bioenergy feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. Seedling establishment is a primary concern given the inherent variability in switchgrass seed dormancy. Determining current states of seed quality in terms of emergence percentage is crucial for a successful stand establishment. A practical seed vigor test was conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine current emergence percentage. Three depths and three media types were conditions evaluated in the vigor test. To find correlation between emergence percentage in greenhouse test conditions and that in field conditions, results from the vigor test were applied in two separate field evaluations. Field evaluations showed that vigor test conditions of field soil at 1-cm depth yielded below the target, suggesting that this condition did not put enough stress on seedling emergence in the greenhouse vigor test. A 20% increase of vigor test results in the field soil/1 cm condition could accurately predict field emergence. Field results suggested that coarse sand at 5-cm accurately predicted field emergence of highly vigorous varieties and that coarse sand at 1-cm and fine sand at 3-cm predicted field emergence in moderately to least vigorous varieties.

Although it is well documented how introduced species can negatively affect native species, we only poorly understand how they may alter ecosystem functions. We investigated how an invasive fish affected the flux of aquatic insects to terrestrial food webs using mesocosms in a desert spring ecosystem. We compared aquatic insect emergence between alternative community states with monocultures and polycultures of two native species of fish, least chub (Iotichthys phlegethontis) and Utah chub (Gila atraria) plus, introduced western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). We tested three hypotheses: (1) aquatic insect biomass will be greater than terrestrial insect biomass and thus, constitute a vital source of energy for terrestrial consumers (2) invasive mosquitofish will negatively impact the biomass of emerging aquatic insects, and (3) terrestrial consumers will negatively respond to decreased emerging aquatic insect biomass. Aquatic insects represented 79% of the flying insect community, and treatments with mosquitofish significantly reduced emergent aquatic insect biomass by 60% relative to the control without mosquitofish. Behavioral traits of invasive species are important, because mosquitofish most heavily affected insects that emerged during the day. Also, spiders that build horizontal webs were negatively correlated with decreasing aquatic insect biomass. Invasive mosquitofish can achieve very dense populations because of their high intrinsic rate of population increase, which can significantly disrupt the flow of energy between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, thereby reducing the energy available for terrestrial consumers.

One goal of this study was to evaluate the emergence of mands and intraverbals following tact acquisition for individuals with aphasia due to acquired brain injury. A second goal was to evaluate the transfer of shortened latencies as a function of tact training across untrained operants. In Study 1, the dependent measure was accuracy of responding and in Study 2, the dependent measures were rate and latency of responding. Participants for Study 1 were two uninjured adults (pilot) and two adults with brain injury (ABI). Both sets of participants were directly taught to tact up to 6 stimuli. Once tacts were acquired, the response forms were assessed under mand and intraverbal conditions. All pilot participants and one ABI participant showed mand transfer for all stimuli. Tact to intraverbal transfer varied across participants. One adult with brain injury served as a participant for Study 2. Fluency training was used to teach tacts for 15 stimuli. Response latencies were gathered for all operants before and after training. The participant met the designated aim (rate of responding) and showed a decrease in latencies for tacts and untrained intraverbals. Changes in mand latencies varied. Fluency gains showed partial retention. Results from Study 1 provide further evidence for interdependence across operants during rehabilitative training. Results from Study 2 provide preliminary support for the utility of fluency training for verbal behavior after brain injury. Future research should explore the components of fluency training and their effects on the verbal behavior of individuals with ABI.

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