La thèse se propose de décrire et de tenter d’expliquer les phénomènes de bizutage. La question du bizutage dansles établissements de l’enseignement supérieur en France est une énigme sociologique. En effet, l’existence de cefait social ne se rencontre pas dans l’ensemble du milieu scolaire. Il est également une transgression des normesjuridiques qui le concernent. Pourtant, il perdure et constitue une expérience collective qui prend la forme d’unpassage quasi-obligé lorsqu’il est institutionnalisé dans le contexte scolaire où il se manifeste. A travers une sériede brimades mettant à l’épreuve les nouveaux venus, c’est-à-dire les étudiants récemment entrés dansl’établissement, un ensemble de normes, de valeurs et de représentations collectives spécifiques se développe. Lebizutage implique alors des procédés d’acceptation, de signification et de justification qui ont pour finalité deconférer une légitimité au phénomène. Sur ces bases, se construisent les interactions individuelles, orientées parla caractéristique collective rattachée au vécu du parcours bizutant. Une référence identitaire émerge ainsi sur labase des procédés précédents afin de favoriser la pérennité de la croyance en l’efficacité du bizutage. / The thesis proposes to describe and try to explain the phenomena of hazing. The question of hazing inestablishments of higher education in France is a sociological enigma. Indeed, the existence of this socialphenomenon is not found throughout the whole educational environment. It is equally a transgression of thejuridical norms which concern it. Nevertheless it continues and constitutes a collective experience that takes theform of a quasi-obligatory passage when it is institutionalised in the educational context where it appears.Through bullying, newcomers are put to the test, that is to say students recently entered in the establishment, anda collection of norms, values and specific collective representations are developed. Hazing, thus, implies aprocess of acceptance, meaning and justification which as a result confer legitimacy to the phenomenon. Onthese bases individual interactions are built, orientated by the collective characteristic attached to the survival ofthe experience of hazing. An identity reference emerges based on these preceding processes which favours theendurance of the belief in the efficiency of hazing.

A planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão (Borreria densiflora DC.) está apresentando aumento na sua infestação em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar e soja, respectivamente nos estados do Maranhão, Goiás e Tocantins. Observações de campo têm relatado a deficiência de controle químico sobre esta espécie, quando ocorre em estádio de crescimento avançado. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou classificar botanicamente B. densiflora DC., analisar a influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação desta espécie, seu crescimento, desenvolvimento e estruturas reprodutivas, sua susceptibilidade a herbicidas em condições de pré e pósemergência, e a influência da interação entre a profundidade de enterrio e a presença de palha em diferentes quantidades sobre a superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta planta daninha. A classificação botânica foi realizada na Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; o experimento que analisou a germinação sob diferentes condições foi realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da USP / ESALQ, e todos os demais experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação, do mesmo departamento. Todos os trabalhos foram conduzidos entre 2006 e 2007. Constatou-se que a planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão se trata da espécie Borreria densiflora DC., pertencente à família Rubiaceae. Com relação à germinação, constatou-se que a vassourinha-de-botão é fotoblástica positiva preferencial, uma vez que sua germinação é favorecida na presença de luz, respondendo diferentemente às condições de luz e temperatura estudadas. As maiores taxas de germinação e índices de velocidade de germinação foram alcançados em condição de fotoperíodo (12h) sob as temperaturas constantes de 30ºC e 35ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC. Praticamente, não houve germinação no escuro constante. Sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento, observou-se que a planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. é uma espécie com desenvolvimento inicial lento, de ciclo de vida perene simples, apresentado grande incremento nas variáveis massa seca total, taxa de crescimento relativo e de assimilação líquida entre os 26 e 36 dias após transplante (DAT). Ao final do experimento, os ramos se mostram como os compartimentos mais participativos na partição de fotoassimilados pela vassourinha-de-botão. Esta espécie é capaz de produzir, em média, 93.090 sementes por planta. Com relação ao manejo químico de Borreria densiflora DC., a maioria dos herbicidas promoveram controles considerados adequados, com exceção ao clomazone e MSMA, em condições de pré e pós-emergência, respectivamente. Sendo assim, várias opções de herbicidas e de misturas destes podem ser recomendadas para o manejo da planta daninha B. densiflora DC., tanto em condições de pré-semeadura quanto pré e pós-emergência. O estudo sobre a influência da interação entre profundidade da semente no solo e presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar na superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta espécie demonstrou haver interação entre os dois fatores testados, sendo que quanto maior a profundidade da semente no solo e a quantidade de palha sobre a superfície, menor é a porcentagem de emergência e biomassa fresca de B. densiflora DC. Tais resultados são importante na medida em que favorecem o entendimento da dinâmica populacional da B. densiflora DC., auxiliando o manejo integrado desta espécie. / The weed vassourinha-de-botao (Borreria densiflora DC.) has been presenting increase in its infestation in areas cultivated with sugarcane and soybean, respectively in Maranhao and Goias states and north of Tocantins state, Brazil. Field observations have reported the control deficiency of this species, when it occurs in advanced growth stage. Thus, this research was conducted with the objective of classify botanically the weed, analyze the light and temperature influence on the germination of this species, its growth, development and reproductive structures, its susceptibility to herbicides in pre and post conditions, as well as the influence of the interaction between seed burial and the presence of crop residue in different amounts in the soil surface on the emergence of this weed. The botanical classification of vassourinha-de-botao was done in the Exact and Natural Sciences College - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; the experiment that evaluated germination under different conditions was conducted in the Seeds Analyzes Laboratory, of the Crop Science Department of USP / ESALQ, and all the other experiments were carried out in the same department, between 2006 and 2007. It was concluded that the weed vassourinha-de-botao is the species Borreria densiflora DC. and it belongs to Rubiaceae family. Related to germination, it was observed that B. densiflora DC. is preferencial positive photoblastic, since its germination is favored by presence of light, responding differently to the studied light and temperature conditions. The highest germination rates and speeds of germination were reached in presence of photoperiod condition (12h), under the constant temperatures 30ºC and 35ºC and the alternated 20-30ºC. Basically, there was not germination in the constant dark condition. About the growth and development, it was observed that the weed Borreria densiflora DC. is a species with slow initial growth, with a simple perennial life cycle, presenting a big increment in the variables total dry biomass, relative growth and liquid assimilation rates between 26 and 36 days after transplanting (DAT). At the end of the experiment, the stems appear as the most participative compartments in the photosynthate partition by Borreria densiflora DC. This species is able to produce, in average, 93,090 seeds per plant. Related to the chemical management of Borreria densiflora DC., the majority of the herbicides provided controls considered adequate, except clomazone and MSMA, in pre and post-emergence conditions, respectively. Therefore, many herbicide options and mix of herbicides can be recommended to the management of the weed Borreria densiflora DC., since in pre-plant to pre and post-emergence. The study about the influence of the interaction between seed burial and presence of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface on the emergence of this species demonstrated to exist interaction between those two tested factors, being that the bigger depth in the soil and amount of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface, the lower is the percentage of emergence and fresh biomass of B. densiflora DC. Those results are important since they favor the understanding of the population dynamics of Borreria densiflora DC., aiding the integrated management of this weed species.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-02T17:48:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Joaquim Esquerdo Ferreira.pdf: 1044844 bytes, checksum: 50873f4b4aaa018dbcef3230dfd6b272 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T17:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Joaquim Esquerdo Ferreira.pdf: 1044844 bytes, checksum: 50873f4b4aaa018dbcef3230dfd6b272 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Although the bovine embryo transfer is a technique widely used around the world, the variability of donor response to superovulatory treatment is still an important limitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the synchronization method of follicular wave on superovulatory response of bovine embryo donors. For this, seven Girolando cows and five Girolando heifers previously selected (depending on the reproductive history, sanitary conditions, nutritional and reproductive tract without anatomical abnormalities) were randomly assigned to three treatments according to the synchronization of follicular wave before the superovulation: i) synchronization with GnRH ii) synchronization with progestagen implant and application of estradiol benzoate iii) without synchronization (based on estrus detection - Control Group). After submitted to the treatment for synchronization of follicular wave, the donors were superovulated with eight decreasing FSH doses, applied twice daily by deep intramuscular injection (IM) with intervals of 12 hours for each application, with a total dose of 133 mg for each animal. The first insemination was conducted 12 hours after application of ovulation inducer (GnRH) and the second insemination conducted 12 hours after the first. The superovulatory response was measured with an ultrasound device (MINDRAY D2200 VET) to quantify the number of corpus luteum present in the ovaries on the day of embryo flushing and also assessed the number and quality of embryos recovered. It was observed that animal category and crossbred influenced the superovulatory response (p <0.05). The heifers showed a higher response to superovulatory treatment (100% of response in all treatments) when compared to cows had showed 85.7%, 57.1% and 57.1% of superovulatory response to estrus based group, GnRH and P4+EB, respectively. The genetic group (crossbred) also showed influence on superovulatory response (p <0.05) since the 3/8 animals responded better than 3/4animals. The treatments for follicular wave emergence synchronization did not show differences for superovulatory response (p>0.05), recovered structures and viable structures. So, we conclude that the treatments for follicular wave synchronization with GnRH or P4+BE can be used in Girolando donors with same efficiency of estrus based group. Besides, we conclude also that Girolando heifers have better superovulatory response than cows as well as 3/8 crossbred donors. / Embora a transfer?ncia de embri?es bovinos seja uma t?cnica amplamente empregada em todo o mundo, a variabilidade da resposta de doadoras ao tratamento superovulat?rio ainda ? uma importante limita??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do m?todo de sincroniza??o da onda folicular na resposta superovulat?ria de doadoras de embri?o Girolando. Para tanto, sete vacas e cinco novilhas, previamente selecionadas (em fun??o do hist?rico reprodutivo, condi??es sanit?ria, nutricional e trato reprodutivo sem anormalidades anat?micas) foram aleatoriamente distribu?das em tr?s tratamentos de acordo com o m?todo de sincroniza??o da onda folicular previamente ? superovula??o: i) sincroniza??o com GnRH; ii) sincroniza??o com implante de progest?geno e aplica??o de Benzoato de Estradiol; iii) sem sincroniza??o (observa??o do cio base - Grupo Controle). Depois de submetidas ao tratamento para sincroniza??o da onda folicular, as doadoras foram superovuladas com oito subdoses decrescentes de FSH, aplicadas duas vezes ao dia, por via intramuscular profunda (IM), com intervalos de 12 horas a cada aplica??o, somando 133 mg por animal. A primeira insemina??o foi realizada 12 horas ap?s a aplica??o do indutor da ovula??o (GnRH) e a segunda insemina??o realizada 12 horas ap?s a primeira. A resposta superovulat?ria foi avaliada com auxilio de um aparelho de ultrassom (MINDRAY D2200 VET) para quantificar o n?mero de corpos l?teos presentes nos ov?rios no dia da coleta assim como pelo n?mero e qualidade dos embri?es recuperados. Foi observado que a categoria animal e o grau de sangue influenciaram a resposta superovulat?ria (p<0.05). As novilhas apresentaram uma maior resposta ao tratamento superovulat?rio (100% de resposta em todos os tratamentos) quando comparadas ?s vacas que apresentaram 85,7%, 57,1% e 57,1% de resposta superovulat?ria para os grupos cio base, GnRH e P4+BE, respectivamente. O grupo gen?tico (grau de sangue) tamb?m mostrou influ?ncia na resposta superovulat?ria (p<0.05) sendo que os animais 3/8 responderam melhor ao tratamento superovulat?rio do que os animais 3/4. Os tratamentos de sincroniza??o da emerg?ncia da onda folicular n?o apresentaram diferen?as na resposta superovulat?ria (p>0.05), nas estruturas recuperadas e nas estruturas vi?veis. Desta forma, conclui-se que os tratamentos de sincroniza??o da onda folicular com GnRH ou com P4+BE podem ser utilizados em doadoras Girolando com a mesma efici?ncia do cio base. Al?m disso, conclui-se tamb?m que novilhas Girolando respondem melhor ao tratamento superovulat?rio do que vacas assim como as doadoras de grau de sangue 3/8 quando comparadas as 3/4.

O fenômeno da violência é identificado como de difícil apreensão pelo grau de subjetividade e complexidade que contém, devendo ser analisado sob inúmeras perspectivas. A violência contra a criança privilegia as causas do problema e suas conseqüências físicas associadas às experiências acometidas no âmbito familiar. Este estudo apresenta a análise do fenômeno na perspectiva do enfermeiro, considerando o contexto de cuidado à criança, vítima de violência como seu mundo-vida. Para tanto, teve como objetivo Compreender o típico da vivência dos enfermeiros no cuidado à criança, vítima de violência intrafamiliar, em unidades de emergência, cuidados intensivos e de internação. Foi conduzido um estudo qualitativo, tendo como referencial a Fenomenologia Social de Alfred Schutz. Foram realizadas entrevistas fenomenológicas com 15 enfermeiros que atuavam em unidades de emergência pediátricas, terapia intensiva infantil e unidades de internação na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como foco sua vivência de cuidado à crianças vítimas de violência intrafamiliar. A análise pautada na teoria motivacional de Schutz permitiu a descrição do tipo vivido apoiado em três categorias concretas do vivido que expressam aspectos significativos da experiência do enfermeiro: (1) o contato com a violência, (2) reações ambivalentes e (3) atitude profissional protetora. Os resultados revelaram que o mundo-vida do enfermeiro é identificado, como um mundo de muitas diversidades onde lidar e cuidar da criança, vitima de violência é definido como uma vivência geradora de sofrimento. O mundo-vida do enfermeiro é intersubjetivo, desde seu início e as ações nele exercidas são eminentemente sociais. As motivações do enfermeiro que apontam para o futuro e explicam o projeto de ação em função das vivências pessoais são evidenciadas na geração de um ambiente protetor, diante da violência à criança. / Violence is identified as a difficult issue to grasp due to subjectivity and complexity degree that holds. It should be analyzed by numerous perspectives. Violence against children focuses on problem causes and its physical consequences associated with experiences inside family affected. This study presents the analysis of phenomenon from nurses perspective, taking into consideration the context of care for children, who are victims of violence as nurses life-world. To do so, this study aims at \"understanding nurses typical experience in care for children who are victim of family violence either in emergency rooms, or intensive care and hospitalization\". A qualitative study was conducted taking as reference Alfred Schutz Social Phenomenology. Phenomenological interviews were accomplished with 15 nurses working in pediatric emergency rooms, infantile intensive care units, and hospitalization units in São Paulo city, focusing on their experience of care for children who are victims of family violence. Analyses guided on Schutz motivational theory allowed describing living from three specific categories of living reality expressing significant aspects of nurses experience: (1) contact with violence; (2) ambivalent reactions, and (3) protective professional approach. Results showed that nurses life-world is identified as a many diversity world in which deal with and care for children who are victims of violence are defined as an experience that generates distress. Nurses life-world is inter-subjective since its start, and its actions exerted in its life-world are eminently social. Nurses motivations that point to the future and explain the proposed action based on personal experiences are evidenced in the generation of a protective environment face to violence against children.

Emergence delirium (ED), also known as emergence agitation, is a postoperative condition characterized by aberrant cognitive and psychomotor behaviors following general anesthesia. The incidence of ED is 3 to 8 times higher in children 5 years of age or less. There is no standard of nursing practice for managing ED symptoms in the pediatric surgical population. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to address a gap in knowledge needed to inform clinical decision-making when managing ED in the postoperative setting. Using an educational presentation for post anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses, this project introduced the use of non-pharmacological interventions to mitigate symptoms of ED in the pediatric population as inspired by The Green Star Initiative, an Army program at Fort Carson. The project aim was to describe the effectiveness of ED-specific interventions from the nursing perspective. Using tenets of the Iowa model, this quality improvement project included a needs assessment survey, PowerPoint presentation, parent education leaflet, ED cheat sheet, and a post-intervention survey. Applying the context, input, process, product model for evaluation, this project increased knowledge of ED-specific interventions used by nurses that demonstrates a change in clinical decision-making. PACU nurses rated the interventions 43% effective on pediatric patients. This project addressed the gap in practice by providing structured education on ED, inspiring the use of ED-specific interventions, and promoting readiness to care for the pediatric surgical population. Outcomes add to the nursing literature by introducing ED-specific interventions to manage pediatric ED in facilities nationwide. A social implication of this project is to improve the care of pediatric surgical patients.

The introduction of environmental education in schools has been the focus of a long campaign worldwide since the late 1960s. The difficulties in teaching environmental education, including the choice of curriculum models, and the obstacles to changing contemporary schooling patterns have been well documented. The traditional process of new subject emergence has been detailed in the literature; whether or not environmental education should or could follow this traditional pattern of subject emergence in schools is the focus of this thesis. In Taiwan, the introduction of environmental education in junior high schools occurred as part of a nationwide curriculum change in 2002. This research used an interpretive approach to explore the views and practices of staff in three typical Taiwanese junior high schools at this time. The focus of the research was to study what happened at the level of classroom teaching and school development. The research program was designed to interview both administrators and teachers before, during and after the first year (2002 school year) of curriculum implementation in each of the three case study schools. Three rounds of interviews were conducted over a period of three years (Sept. 2001 - June 2004). As well as interviews, national and school documents were collected; and announcements and decisions from the Ministry of Education and schools were documented. Also, because the reform encouraged the development of school-based curriculum, a questionnaire was given to the one school which chose environmental education as their school-based curriculum in order to better understand the emergence of environmental education in this school. The findings show a paradox in Taiwanese junior high schooling: although each school placed considerable value on environmental education, the data showed that the introduction of environmental education via an infusion strategy during a time of national curriculum change had minimal impact in the three Taiwanese case study schools. A cross-case analysis indicated the reason for this failure was the lack of effectiveness of eleven supporting themes often discussed in the emergence of a new subject: the possibility of gaining external examination credit and entry to a university department; the prioritising of the subject in school timetabling and programming; the development of a systematic syllabus; the presence of proactive support from central government leadership; the provision of teacher professional development; the inclusion in the informal as well as the formal curriculum in a school; the inclusion of environmental education in non-formal education in society; the presence of clear subject characteristics and definition; the presence of substantial school-based material interests; the gaining of support from an external constituency, especially parents; and the presence of an emergence process that couples internal value evolution with external compulsion. The Taiwanese case studies raised three particular and additional themes for the emergence of environmental education, specifically: the need to set up long-term partnerships with local groups that have an interest in or responsibility for the local environment (e.g. societies, agencies and non-governmental organisations) to achieve local environment involvement; the need for a whole school approach through curriculum integration to achieve the transformative nature of environmental education; and the need to build up a sound cooperative network that includes people at all levels of the education system and society to achieve a national cooperation network. These three particular themes derived from the nature of environmental education as a holistic, integrative and interdisciplinary subject. In summary, the findings not only confirmed the themes important for the emergence of environmental education and other contemporary school subjects, but they also raised particular themes pertinent to the emergence of environmental education. When these three particular themes are not taken into account, the effective emergence of environmental education in contemporary schooling, as exemplified by Taiwanese junior high schools, will be difficult to achieve in mainstream education.

Pasture plants already adapted to acidic soil conditions are required as part of an integrated approach (with lime amelioration) to managing acid soils on the Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of Austrodanthonia species for this purpose. The material evaluated in this study was collected during a previous survey of the distribution of Austrodanthonia on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales. It was hypothesised that the genus Austrodanthonia has a wide range of tolerance to acid soils. A series of experiments that provided information on the growth and physiology of Austrodanthonia in relation to soil acidity, with a view to the identification and eventual domestication of the most promising plant material have been conducted through pot, hydroponics and field investigations. Firstly, soils were acidified or limed to obtain a range of soil pH and Al concentrations. This experiment showed that adding aluminium sulfate and calcium carbonate followed by washing excess salts with water is a simple, rapid and convenient method for adjusting soil pH for pot experiments. The pH of the amended soils remained relatively unchanged eight months after treatment. The experimental set-up also resulted in a wide range of soluble Al (2-52 mg/kg) across the soils. The relative Al-tolerance of 183 accessions from 15 Austrodanthonia species was tested in a pot experiment using a range of soil pH. Emergence, survival and growth of all accessions were drastically reduced by high soil acidity (pH 3.9, P < 0.001). About 11% of plants emerged at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.4 and 5.3, ~72% of plants emerged. Accessions exhibited large variation within and between species in their tolerance to soil acidity. From the species/accessions tested, 49 accessions from eight species were selected for further study (on the basis of being more acid tolerant). Hydroponic experiments conducted in the glasshouse evaluated: (i) formulation of nutrient solution with a stable pH, (ii) effectiveness of the formulation using tap water and deionised water and (iii) estimation of free ion activities of Al and Mn in the nutrient solution and their effects on Austrodanthonia growth. These experiments showed that a NO3-N/NH4-N ratio of 9:4 is the most appropriate ratio to obtain a stable pH 4.0 without affecting plant growth; that there was little difference between tap water and deionised water on the ionic effects of Al and Mn, and plant-size did not play a role on accession survival and that accessions of Austrodanthonia could grow well within a wide range of pH (3.5-5.5), Al (50-250 �M) and Mn (100-2000 �M). Growth of Austrodanthonia accessions declined under high acidity (pH < 3.5) and Al (300 �M), but tolerated high concentrations of Mn (2000 �M). Root-tips stained with hematoxylin grouped accessions in a similar way to the pot and hydroponic experiments for most of the accessions tested. The intensity of root staining with hematoxylin and the differential distribution of Al in the shoots and roots provided an indication that different tolerance mechanisms may be involved with Austrodanthonia accessions. It appears that both exclusion and internal mechanisms may operate for Al- and Mn-tolerance. A field experiment was conducted at Carcoar (33037�S, 149013�E, elevation 800 m) using gradients in soil pH and Al available on-site to grow selected accessions of Austrodanthonia. The accessions exhibited a range of responses to soil acidity. The accession responses to acidity from the pot and hydroponic experiments were similar to those obtained in the field, especially where Al was present as a low Al-challenge. Overall, this study shows that Austrodanthonia exhibits a wide range of acid tolerance between species and accessions within species. Among the species tested, A. duttoniana and A. fulva appeared to have the greatest commercial potential, because of their productivity and acid tolerance. The variability that exists in the accessions may be exploitable in breeding and selection programs for improved cultivars.

Quelles sont les mutations sociales qui s'opèrent dans les localités en transition entre le rural et l'urbain ? Comment peut-on les saisir ? Quel est l'impact de ces mutations sur le processus de développement local ? Ces interrogations, qui articulent une problématique multipolaire, sont au centre de cette étude qui a pour cadre la localité d'Ourossogui (Sénégal). Ourossogui est située dans la partie septentrionale du pays. Nous avons choisi de partir de l'observation et de l'analyse du système de production foncière et immobilière pour rendre compte des mutations sociales en cours dans cette localité. Ce choix se fonde sur le fait que les rapports fonciers et immobiliers sont essentiellement des rapports sociaux. L'observation et l'analyse des acteurs et de leurs pratiques sur la scène foncière et immobilière nous a conduit à tirer quelques conclusions essentielles. Nous avons d'abord saisi les facteurs qui peuvent être à la base de l'émergence d'un marché foncier et immobilier dans une localité en transition entre le rural et l'urbain. Nous avons aussi montré que les pratiques des acteurs avaient plusieurs caractéristiques. Elles sont opaques dans la mesure où il y a un hiatus entre les discours des acteurs et leurs pratiques sur la scène foncière et immobilière. Elles sont aussi opportunistes et rationnelles. Elles sont composites en ce sens que les acteurs se réfèrent à la fois à la tradition et à la modernité, ce qui montre que les rapports sociaux sont renégociés et reconstruits. Les pratiques sont décalées par rapport aux lois et aux règlements. Nous assistons ainsi à la production de nouvelles normes qui relèvent à la fois des coutumes, de la loi, de la tradition et de la modernité. Ces caractéristiques, ainsi que la production de règles nouvelles, témoignent d'une aptitude certaine des acteurs à se mettre au diapason des changements affectant leur localité. Cependant, cette aptitude ne milite pas forcément en faveur de l'émergence d'un développement local. En fait, cette aptitude masque un processus ségrégatif dans lequel il y a des acteurs gagnants et des acteurs perdants et vulnérables. Par ailleurs, la production par les acteurs de normes nouvelles, décalées par rapport aux lois et aux règlements, ne va toujours dans le sens d'un ancrage du développement local. Certes, ces normes sont parfois efficaces dans le fonctionnement de tous les systèmes dans les espaces en transition, mais il est peu probable que l'on puisse bâtir un développement dans « la défaite de l'État », pour reprendre le terme de Hernando De Soto.

This study is the exploration of the emergence of DataONE, a multidisciplinary, multinational, and multi-institutional virtual scientific collaboration to develop a cyberinfrastructure for earth sciences data, from the complex adaptive systems perspective. Data is generated through conducting 15 semi-structured interviews, observing three 3-day meetings, and 51 online surveys. The main contribution of this study is the development of a complexity framework and its application to a project such as DataONE. The findings reveal that DataONE behaves like a complex adaptive system: various individuals and institutions interacting, adapting, and coevolving to achieve their own and common goals; during the process new structures, relationships, and products emerge that harmonize with DataONE’s goals. DataONE is quite resilient to threats and adaptive to its environment, which are important strengths. The strength comes from its diversified structure and balanced management style that allows for frequent interaction among members. The study also offers insights to PI(s), managers, and funding institutions on how to treat complex systems. Additional results regarding multidisiplinarity, library and information sciences, and communication studies are presented as well.

This study mainly focuses on the emergence and utilization of communication systems in the context of joint action where collective cognitive activity is required. Dyads are given an instant messaging medium of communication where only a limited number of characters and symbols can be used for information exchange in order to collaborate on common tasks of finding objects, in a network-based interactive virtual environment (ActiveWorlds), a 3D, multi-agent, virtual reality platform. The restrictions on communication and the requirement of collaboration facilitated the creation of a lexical inventory and a minimalistic communication system, a compressed version of dyads&rsquo / shared Natural Languages (NLs). Across eight experimental sessions, two manipulations are made in order to study their effects on parameters on 4 levels of analysis: (1) Quantitative, (2) Syntactic Complexity, (3) Lexical Category and (4) Speech Act Category. The two interventions are (1) increasing the number of targets from one to two after the first three experiments, and (2) administering a two months break between the 6th and 7th-8th experiments. Increased number of target objects influenced the quantitative parameters that are related to the amount of communication as well as the use scores of lexical, syntactic, and speech act categories / however, the use ratios of several parameters were resilient under this manipulation and rather showed different trends of change characterizing the development of the system towards a more mature state in accordance with the demands of the task structure. The opposing trends of increasing use ratio of Assertive and decreasing use ratio of Directive Speech Acts and decreasing use ratios of the Type/Token Number of Lexical Items in a session, the Number of New Lexical Items in a session and increasing ratio of Turn Success are also characteristics of this maturation. The break administered between the 6th and 7th experimental session did not cause any decay in the acquired skills of using the emerged communication system. The previously negotiated strategies and acquired skills of communication as well as the trends of the use ratios of parameters were resilient. The qualitative analysis of the developing communication system revealed several strategies, including compression of NL words into new lexical items, exploiting the redundancy of characters of written words, and iconicity and indexicality of given symbols. The main drivers of the development of the new communication system appeared to be the processes of integration of communicative with behavioral action. The cognitive capacities enabling this integration and the comprehension of the utterances in the new system is explained by the Cognitive and Communicative Principles of Relevance that are attributed to a comprehension sub-module of a mind-reading module of the human cognitive system.