Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Leandro_ De_Conto.pdf: 674253 bytes, checksum: f8a6acbf927bff01bf737a696bc27bb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / A field experiment was carried out in 2009 at Embrapa Clima Temperado Experiment Station, in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of different heights and cutting intervals on morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Berseem Clover x Annual Ryegrass association, as well as forage dry matter yield. Treatments consisted of two residual cutting heights (A1= 5 cm and A2= 10 cm) and harvesting intervals based in thermal sums (GD): (IC= 350 GD; IC2= 450 GD and IC3= 550 GD). A complete randomized block design was used with four replications. In each plot three representative ryegrass stems and three stems of clover, were marked. In both forages the following variables were evaluated: number of live leaves (NFV), number of dead leaves (NFM), rate of leaf appearance (TSF) and phylochrone, as well as daily growth rate (TCD) and dry matter yield (MS) of leaves and stems (kg MS/ha). For the clover it also were evaluated rate of stems appearance (TSR), number of nodes per plant (NNP) and number of stems per plant (NRP). For ryegrass and clover the TCD and was higher at the 450 GD interval with 25.5 and 14.9 kg MS, respectively. Yield of leaves for the clover was higher in both cutting heights and for ryegrass it was higher at IC1 at 10 cm height. Yield of stems of clover was higher in IC2 and A2 and for ryegrass it was higher in IC1 and A2. The TSF for clover and ryegrass, in the regrowth cutting was of 0.032 and 0.132 leaves/day, respectively. No considerable number of dead leaves in clover was observed for treatments; however for ryegrass the NFM was higher in IC2 with 2.667 leaves. Evaluations made in clover four weeks after regrowth showed the best results for TSF of 0.247 leaves/day; phylocrone of 4.211 °C/day/leaf in IC2 an TSR of 0.136 stems/day. For NNP and NRP the highest values were in IC3 with 31.815 and 4.390, respectively. The NFV was higher in IC2 and IC3 with 8.709 and 9.168 leaves, respectively, without significant statistical difference. Cuttings made at intervals of 450 GD showed to be the ideal for this type of mixture, where the best forage characteristics were observed, as well as favoring both forage species, mainly the legume which contributes to the pasture quality. Morphogenetic and structural characteristics are not affected by changing from 5 cm to 10 cm the residual cutting height. 12 / O experimento foi conduzido a campo, em área da Embrapa Clima Temperado, no município Capão do Leão, RS, durante o ano de 2009, para avaliar o efeito de diferentes intervalos e alturas de corte sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais de trevo alexandrino (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) consorciado com azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum) bem como a produção de matéria seca das forrageiras. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas alturas residuais (A1=5 cm e A2=10 cm) e três intervalos entre cortes baseados em somas térmicas (IC1=350 GD; IC2=450 GD e IC3=550 GD). O delineamento utilizado foi blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram marcadas em cada parcela três perfilhos de azevém e três ramos de t. alexandrino representativos da pastagem. Em ambos foi avaliado o número de folhas vivas (NFV), número de folhas mortas (NFM), taxa de surgimento de folhas (TSF) e filocrono, bem como a taxa de crescimento diário (TCD) e a produção de folhas e caules (kg de MS/ha). No trevo alexandrino também foi avaliado a taxa de surgimento de ramos (TSR), número de nós por planta (NNP) e número de ramos por planta (NRP). A TCD para o azevém e o trevo alexandrino foi maior no intervalo com 450 GD com 25,5 e 14,9 kg de MS respectivamente. A produção de MS de folhas de trevo foi maior em IC2 nas duas alturas de corte, no entanto para o azevém foi maior em IC1 na altura de 10 cm. A produção de MS de caules de trevo foi maior em IC2 e A2 e para o azevém foi maior em IC3 e A2. A TSF para o azevém e o trevo no corte do rebrote foi 0,032 e 0,132 folhas/dia respectivamente. Não foi observado número considerável de folhas mortas para avaliação nos tratamentos para o trevo; já para o azevém o NFM, foi maior em IC2 com 2,667 folhas. As avaliações realizadas no trevo alexandrino quatro semanas após o rebrote apresentaram os melhores resultados para TSF de 0,247 folhas/dia; filocrono de 4,211 °C/dia/folha em IC2 e TSR de 0,136 ramos/dia. Para o NNP e NRP os maiores valores foram em IC3 com 31,815 e 4,390, respectivamente. O NFV foi maior em IC2 e IC3 com 8,709 e 9,168 folhas, respectivamente e iguais estatisticamente. Os cortes realizados com intervalos de 450 graus-dia se mostraram ser os ideais para o manejo desta consorciação tendo em vista que as melhores características forrageiras foram observadas neste, bem como o favorecimento às duas forrageiras, 10 para a leguminosa que acrescenta qualidade à pastagem. As características morfogênicas e estruturais não são afetadas pela elevação da altura de corte de 5 cm para 10 cm.

Human society faces serious environmental and social threats as a result of systemic unsustainable actions and values. This is a time of cultural self-evaluation and profound change. This study examines how 13 social and environmental change-based organizations, through network partnerships and a robust organizational knowledge-base, are responding to these challenges. A systems perspective was used as a guide to promote a holistic understanding of the actors within the system, their perceptions of success, strategies, actions and tools used to guide them toward sustainability. The results indicate that organizations seeking to scale-up their impact toward sustainability might benefit from the following success factors: 1. Collaboration with diverse partners to contribute to more effective interventions in complex systems, 2. Integrating comprehensive definitions of sustainability with organizational vision to facilitate success, 3. The application of leverage points and transparent prioritization processes to asure congruence between organizational purpose and actions, 4. Practices of dialogue and deep listening build rewarding partnerships and, 5. Metrics that support partnerships and gauge progress toward sustainability. In conclusion network partnerships have the potential to generate widespread sustained change and can be supported by complex systems science and a Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development.

As humanity transitions towards a global society, opportunities and challenges have grown in equal magnitude. Severe, global depletion of ecosystems and social turmoil have initiated a widespread public response. If the many small actions were to connect and collaborate strategically, then a greater impact could be made on the system to move towards sustainability. Along with continuous technological and scientific development, society is discovering new ways of organizing itself for a more just, sustainable and harmonious world. This is giving birth to a large social body that is becoming aware of its own existence and is learning to take its first baby footsteps. This study aims to describe the conditions of successful collaboration of a social body, a collaborative process with phases as well as guidelines and tools for each phase. A navigation tool has been outlined to aid practitioners in complex systems to move towards success in any collaborative context. This thesis is a contribution to the creation of a thriving humanity.

This thesis deals with important factors that affect the temporal organization of emergence and early survival of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The study population was obtained from the Norrfors hatchery (63°50'N,20°05'E), Umeälven (Ume river) in Northern Sweden. The main objectives of the thesis has been to study; a: the effect of female and egg characteristics on embryonic survival, b: the effect of egg size, temperature and photoperiod on the emergence pattern and c: the impact of early or late emergence on survival in relation to predation and limited territorial space. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) Fecundity and egg size increased with increasing weight of females. No effect of female size were found on egg colour. Longer impoundment and later stripping increase egg colour. Egg mortality was not correlated with egg colour. Stripping date was found to have the strongest effect on mortality. (2) Egg size had no effect on the timing of emergence but fry of different egg size emerged synchronously. Fry from large eggs left the gravel as heavier fry and with a larger proportion of yolk left compared to fry from small eggs. (3) The number of days and number of degree days from hatching to 50% emergence decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Synchronization of emergence increased with increasing temperature. Fry emerged with more yolk at 12 °C compared to 6 °C. (4) Eggs kept in a LD 16:8 light regime hatched mainly during the light period, while eggs kept in constant darkness hatched continously over a 24 hour period. Alevins kept at different light regimes (light>4h) from hatching until emergence left the gravel during the dark period. Daylength had no effect on the annual onset of emergence. (5) In a laboratory stream channel, predator presence at emergence increased mortality especially in early emerging fry. If the predator was introduced after completed emergence high mortality was noted among late emerging fry. The presence of fish predators and a limited territorial space for fry seemed to make early and late emergence hazardous and to favour a "peak" emergence. In the presence of a predator the fry changed their behaviour by reducing their swimming activity. / digitalisering@umu.se

Face aux changements de l’environnement et Face à la dynamique de la concurrence, de nouvelles formes d’organisation apparaissent pour répondre à ces nouveaux défis. Ces organisations suggèrent de nouveaux modes de management basés sur le travail en commun dans le cadre de réseaux ou de coopérations entre ces établissements. La thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la coopération inter-organisations sous l’angle d’un processus mobilisant différents facteurs. Le but de la recherche est de construire un cadre théorique d’appréhension de la coopération et d’apporter une vision systémique sur le processus d’émergence de la coopération. Un des grands champs possibles, le thème de l’innovation revient régulièrement. C’est pour cette raison que la dernière partie de ce travail propose une démarche pour la mise en place de coopérations entre des plates-formes dédiées aux phases amont de l’innovation. Ce projet associe territoire, université et entreprise / Due to the changes on the competing environment and its dynamics, new organization ways have been developed to face these new challenges. These practices suggest other kinds of management based on joint work within the framework of companies’ networks or cooperation between establishments. This thesis treats the study of inter-organizational cooperation under the angle of a process between various factors. The aim of this research is to build a theoretical framework of cooperation apprehension and to provide a systemic vision on the process of cooperation emergence. One of the large research fields that are continuously present during inter-establishments cooperation is innovation. For this reason, the last part of this work proposes the first of a set of steps needed to develop inter-platforms cooperation during the upstream phase of innovation. This project associates territories, universities and companies

Models are incredibly insidious; they slide undetected into discussions and then dominate the way people think. Since Information Systems (ISs) and particularly Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) are socio-technical systems, they unconsciously embrace the characteristics of the dominant models of management thinking. Thus, their limitations can often be attributed to the deficiencies of the organizational models they aim to support. Through the case study of a hotel chain, this research suggests that contemporary KMSs in the hospitality sector are still grounded in the assumptions of the mechanistic organizational model which conceives an organization as a rigid hierarchical entity governed from the top. Despite the recent technological advances in terms of supporting dialogue and participation between members, organizational knowledge is still transferred vertically; from the top to the bottom or from the bottom to the top. A number of limitations still exist in terms of supporting effectively the transfer of knowledge horizontally between the geographically distributed units of an organization. Inspired from the key concepts of the more recent complex systems model, referred frequently as complexity theories, a Knowledge Management Architecture (KMA) is proposed aiming to re-conceptualize the existing KMSs towards conceiving an organization as a set self-organizing communities of practice (CoP). In every such CoP, order is created from the dynamic exchange of knowledge between the structurally similar community members. Thus, the focus of the KMA is placed on capturing systematically for reuse the architectural knowledge created upon every initiative for change and share such knowledge with the rest of the members of the CoP. A KMS was also developed to support the dynamic dimensions that the KMA proposes. The KMS was then applied in the case of the hotel chain, where it brought significant benefits which constitute evidence of an improved self-organizing ability. The previously isolated hotel units residing in distant regions could now trace but also reapply easily changes undertaken by the other community members. Top-management’s intervention to promote change was reduced, while the pace of change increased. Moreover, the organizational cohesion, the integration of new members as well as the level of management alertness was enhanced. The case of the hotel chain is indicative. It is believed that the KMA proposed can be applicable to geographically distributed organizations operating in different sectors too. At the same time, this research contributes to the recent discourse between the fields of IS and complexity by demonstrating how fundamental concepts from complexity such as self-organization, emergence and edge-of-chaos can be embraced by contemporary KMSs.

Agent-oriented software engineering is a new software engineering paradigm that is ideally suited to the analysis and design of complex systems. Open distributed environments place a growing demand on complex systems to be adaptive as well. Complex systems that can learn from and adapt to dynamically changing environments are called complex adaptive systems. These systems are characterized by emergent behaviour caused by interactions between system components and the environment. Agent-oriented software engineering methodologies attempt to control emergence during analysis and design by engineering the complex system in such a way that the correct emergent behaviour results during run-time. In a complex adaptive system however, emergent behaviour cannot be predicted during analysis and design, as it evolves only after implementation. By restricting emergent behaviour, as is done in most agent-oriented software engineering approaches, a complex system cannot be fully adaptive as well. We propose the BaBe methodology that will enable a complex system to be adaptive by learning from its environment and modifying its behaviour during run-time. This methodology adds a run-time emergence model consisting of distributed Bayesian behaviour networks to the agent-oriented software engineering lifecycle. These networks are initialised by the human software engineer during analysis and design and deployed by Bayesian agencies (also complex adaptive systems). The Bayesian agents are simple, and collectively they implement distributed Bayesian behaviour networks. These networks, being specialized Bayesian networks, enable the Bayesian agents to collectively mine relationships between emergent behaviours and the interactions that caused them to emerge, in order to adapt the behaviour of the system. The agents are organized into heterarchies of agencies, where each agency activates one or more component behaviour depending on the inference in the underlying Bayesian behaviour network. These agencies assist the human software engineer to bridge the gap between the implementation and the understanding of emergent behaviour in complex adaptive systems. Due to the simplicity of the agents and the minimal communication amongst them, they can be implemented using a commercially available component architecture. We describe a prototype implementation of the Bayesian agencies using Sun’s Enterprise JavaBeans™ component architecture. / Thesis (PhD (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Computer Science / unrestricted

Actualmente, los sistemas informáticos complejos se describen en términos de entidades que actúan como proveedores y consumidores. Estas entidades ofrecen su funcionalidad a través de servicios e interactúan entre ellas para ofrecer o pedir estos servicios. La integración de Sistemas Multi-Agente Abiertos y de Sistemas Orientados a Servicios es adecuada para implementar este tipo de sistemas. En los SMA abiertos, los agentes entran y salen del sistema, interactúan con los demás de una manera flexible, y se consideran como entidades reactivas y proactivas, capaces de razonar acerca de lo que sucede en su entorno y llevar a cabo acciones locales sobre la base de sus observaciones para alcanzar sus metas. El área de la computación orientada a servicios proporciona los bloques de construcción básicos para aplicaciones empresariales complejas que son los servicios. Los servicios son independientes de la plataforma y pueden ser descubiertos y compuestos de manera dinámica. Estas características hacen que los servicios sean adecuados para hacer frente a la elevada tasa de cambios en las demandas de las empresas. Sin embargo, la complejidad de los sistemas informáticos, los cambios en las condiciones del entorno y el conocimiento parcial de los agentes sobre el sistema requieren que los agentes cuenten con mecanismos que les faciliten tareas como el descubrimiento de servicios, la auto-organización de sus relaciones estructurales conforme se producen cambios en la demanda de servicios, y la promoción y mantenimiento de un comportamiento cooperativo entre los agentes para garantizar el buen desarrollo de la actividad de descubrimiento de servicios en el sistema. La principal aportación de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de un marco para Sistemas Multi-Agente Abiertos Orientados a Servicios. Este marco integra agentes que se encuentran en una red sin ningún tipo de estructura predefinida, y agentes que además de estar en esa red forman parte de grupos dinámicos más comp / Del Val Noguera, E. (2013). Semantic Service management for service-oriented MAS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27556 / Palancia

This PhD thesis is submitted as a \emph{compendium} of the articles \cite{NS, holographic, topological}. The following has been adapted from their abstracts. Quantum mechanics has been argued to be a coarse--graining of some underlying deterministic theory. Here we support this view by establishing mappings between non-relativistic quantum mechanics and thermodynamic theories, since the latter are the paradigm of an emergent theory. First, we map certain solutions of the Schroedinger equation to solutions of the irrotational Navier--Stokes equation for viscous fluid flow. Although this is formally a generalization of Madelung's hydrodynamical interpretation, the presence of a viscous term leads to a novel interpretation. As a physical model for the fluid itself we propose the quantum probability fluid. It turns out that the (state--dependent) viscosity of this fluid is proportional to Planck's constant, while the volume density of entropy is proportional to Boltzmann's constant. Stationary states have zero viscosity and a vanishing time rate of entropy density. On the other hand, the nonzero viscosity of nonstationary states provides an information--loss mechanism whereby a deterministic theory (a classical fluid governed by the Navier--Stokes equation) gives rise to an emergent theory (a quantum particle governed by the Schroedinger equation). Then, we present a map of standard quantum mechanics onto classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In particular, the propagators of the quantum harmonic oscillator are mapped to the conditional probabilities that solve the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation for Markovian Gaussian processes. While no gravity is present in our construction, our map exhibits features that are reminiscent of the holographic principle of quantum gravity. Finally, the classical thermostatics of equilibrium processes is shown to possess a quantum mechanical dual theory with a finite dimensional Hilbert space of quantum states. Specifically, the kernel of a certain Hamiltonian operator becomes the Hilbert space of quasistatic quantum mechanics. The relation of thermostatics to topological field theory is also discussed in the context of the approach of emergence of quantum theory, where the concept of entropy plays a key role. / La presente tesis doctoral se presenta como compendio de las publicaciones \cite{NS, holographic, topological}. El siguiente resumen es una adaptación de sus resumenes. Se ha argumentado que la mecánica cuántica podría emerger como promediado de una teoría determinista subyacente. Se apoya dicha visión estableciendo mapeos entre la mecánica cuántica no relativista y teorías termodinámicas, ya que estas constituyen el paradigma de teoría emergente. Primero, se establece un mapeo entre soluciones de la ecuación de Schroedinger y soluciones de la ecuación de Navier-Stokes irrotacional para fluidos viscosos. Aunque formalmente se trate de una generalización de la interpretación hidrodinámica de Madelung, la presencia del término viscoso sugiere una nueva interpretación. Se propone la probabilidad cuántica como modelo físico del fluido. Se obtiene que la viscosidad (dependiente del estado) es proporcional a la constante de Planck, mientras que la densidad de entropía es proporcional a la constante de Boltzmann. Los estados estacionarios tienen viscosidad y tasa de producción de densidad de entropía nulas. Por otro lado, la viscosidad no nula de los estados no estacionarios proporciona un mecanismo de pérdida de información por el cual una teoría determinista (un fluido clásico gobernado por la ec. de Navier-Stokes) da lugar a una teoría emergente (una partícula cuántica gobernada por la ec. de Schroedinger). Después, se presenta un mapeo entre la mecánica cuántica y la termodinámica clásica de procesos irreversibles. En particular, los propagadores del oscilador armónico cuántico se mapean a las probabilidades condicionales que resuelven la ecuación de Chapman-Kolmogorov para procesos de Markov Gaussianos. Aunque no hay gravedad, el mapeo exhibe propiedades que recuerdan al principio holográfico de la gravedad cuántica. Finalmente, se muestra cómo la termoestática clásica de procesos de equilibrio posee una teoría cuántica dual con un espacio de Hilbert finito - dimensional de estados cuánticos. Concretamente, el núcleo de cierto operador Hamiltoniano se convierte en el espacio de Hilbert de una mecánica cuántica cuasiestática. La relación de la termoestática a la teoría topológica de campos se discute en el contexto de la mecánica cuántica emergente, donde el concepto de entropía juega un papel clave. / Aquesta tesi doctoral es presenta com a compilació de les publicacions \cite{NS, holographic, topological}. El següent resum es una adaptació dels seus resums. S'ha argumentat que la mecànica quàntica podria emergir com a granulat gros d'una teoria determinista subjacent. Es dóna suport a aquesta visió mitjaçant uns mapes entre la mecànica quàntica no relativista i teories termodinàmiques, ja que les darreres són el paradigma de teoria emergent. Primer, s'estableix un mapa entre certes solucions de l'equació de Schroedinger i solucions de l'equació de Navier-Stokes irrotacional per a fluids viscosos. Tot i que formalment es tracte d'una generalització de la interpretació hidrodinàmica de Madelung, la presència del terme viscós ens porta a una nova interpretación. Es proposa la probabilitat quàntica com a model físic del fluid. S'obté que la viscositat del fluid (que depén de l'estat) es proporcional a la constant de Planck, mentre que la densitat d'entropía es proporcional a la constant de Boltzmann. Els estats estacionaris tenen viscositat nul·la i taxa de producció d'entropia nul·la. Per alta banda, la viscositat no nul·la dels estats estacionaris proporciona un mecanisme de pèrdua d'informació pel qual una teoria determinista (un fluid clàssic governat per l'equació de Navier-Stokes) dóna lloc a una teoria emergent (una partícula quàntica governada per l'equació de Schroedinger). Després, es presenta un mapa entre la mecànica quàntica i la termodinàmica clàssica de processos irreversibles. En particular, els propagadors de l'oscil·lador harmònic quàntic es mapejen a les probabilitats condicional que resolen l'ecuació de Chapman-Kolmogorov per a processos de Markov Gaussians. Tot i que no hi ha gravetat present a la nostra construcció, el mapa exhibeix propietats que recorden al principi hologràfic de la gravetat quàntica. Finalment, es mostra cóm la termoestàtica clàssica de processos d'equilibri té una teoria quàntica dual amb un espai de Hilbert de dimensió finita d'estats quàntics. En concret, el nucli de cert operador Hamiltonià es converteix en l'espai de Hilbert d'una mecànica quàntica quasiestàtica. La relació de la termoestàtica a la teoria topològica de camps es dicuteix en el context de la mecànica quàntica emergent, on el concepte d'entropia té un paper clau. / Vázquez Molina, J. (2017). Mappings between Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics that support its interpretation as an emergent theory [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/83122 / TESIS

The aim of this study is to examine explanations for why Swedish local political parties are formed. This is done by using a statistical method with a focus on first person explanations, whereas previous research either has focused on third person explanations or conducted small scale studies. Several perspectives and explanations are found in the previous literature, around which a total of seven hypotheses are constructed. To test the hypotheses, a survey is constructed and data is collected from a total of 63 founders, representing 44 of the 62 local parties that received mandates in a municipal council for the first time in either 2014 or 2018. Results indicate that difficulty to influence the established parties, disappointment aimed towards the established parties as well as a lack of attention given to topics perceived as important are all significant factors when making the decision to form a party. Contrary to previous research, factors such as anger and a desire for revenge are not found to affect the decision to form a party. Furthermore, a potential explanation for why the diffusion effects that have been documented in previous research exist, namely rational imitation, finds some support in this study. In conclusion, it is argued that the disparity within the previous research and between previous research and this study, along with theoretical shortcomings in some theoretical explanations, shows that the study of why local political parties emerge is in its infancy and that both theoretical explanations and empirical analyses could use further development.