This bachelor thesis examines the Swedish consumer behaviour during the Covid-19 pandemic and how negative emotional states impact the choice of grocery shopping.  The concept of consumer behavior and the impact of negative emotional states is a topic that gained interest during the last couple of years. However, it is still an underexplored subject. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop an understanding of how perceived negative emotional states impact consumer behaviour in the grocery shopping context. In the current situation during the Covid-19 pandemic, consumer behaviour has changed, and there has been an increase in online grocery shopping. The perceived negative emotional states are studied based on the threats that have arisen due to the Covid-19 pandemic, then related to the changed consumer behavior. Therefore, the research question was stated: How do negative emotional states impact the changing consumer behaviour in grocery shopping during Covid-19 in Sweden? Previous research was analysed, and the authors in this thesis formed six hypotheses. The empirical findings were obtained using a survey with a quantitative research approach. Two hundred eight respondents answered the survey, and the hypothesis was tested in the SPSS program, summarised in the empirical findings chapter.  The results from the research are discussed in the analysis and showed that the perceived negative emotional states are present for consumers during the ongoing Covid-19. However, it is not the imminent reason for the choice of shopping for groceries. Therefore, further research could use this bachelor thesis to identify the perceived negative emotional states such as loneliness, fear and anxiety as existing for consumers during the pandemic. However, this research could not connect it to the increase in online grocery shopping. Future research could investigate other factors changing consumer behaviour which is further discussed in the conclusion chapter.  Based on the findings from this research, theories must be adjusted. Or as the Covid-19 pandemic continues and the impact changes, research should be added. This research provides knowledge to companies about consumer behavior and the negative emotional states the consumer perceives.

La prise de décision est un processus indispensable et vital pour les mammifères. Elle permet à l’individu de s’adapter aux changements qui s’opèrent dans son environnement et résulte de l’intégration d’informations sensorielles, émotionnelles, motivationnelles et exécutives (qui peuvent être internes ou externes à l’individu). Des études, à la fois chez le sujet humain (sujet sain, patients cérébrolésés ou atteints de pathologies psychiatriques), et sur les modèles animaux singe, rats ou souris, ont permis d’identifier le cortex préfrontal comme acteur crucial dans ces processus exécutifs complexes. La mise en place au sein de notre laboratoire d’un test d’interaction sociale permettant de générer des prises de décision rapides et adaptées en présence d’un congénère nouveau, nous a permis d’étudier les bases neurobiologiques et comportementales sous-jacentes à la prise de décision et à la flexibilité comportementale. Il est connu que les rongeurs émettent des USVs dont le rôle et les mécanismes motivationnels et/ou émotionnels restent largement inconnus à ce jour. Mon travail de thèse repose principalement sur l’identification des acteurs cérébraux de cette interaction sociale, et sur le rôle putatif des USVs. D’autre part, je me suis employé à comprendre comment les motivations naturelles (telles que la nourriture, l’exploration d’objet ou de l’environnement, et l’interaction avec un congénère) sont intégrées au canevas de prise de décision et comment elles l’influencent.Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des procédures d’imagerie cellulaire basée sur l’expression de gènes précoces (c-fos), et ce, à la fois chez des animaux contrôles et chez des animaux présentant des troubles des comportements sociaux (β2KO), nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’implication différentielle de sous-parties du cortex préfrontal chez la souris. Par la suite, la mise en place d’un logiciel spécifique d’analyse, ainsi que la modulation de l’état de motivation de l’animal lors de la tâche d’interaction sociale, nous a permis de mieux comprendre l’établissement de comportements adaptés lors de l’interaction sociale. Pour finir, en variant les contextes comportementaux, nous avons montré qu’il existe une relation étroite entre état émotionnel et motivationnel de l’animal et émission d’USVs. Notamment, les USVs semblent porter une information spécifique lors de l’interaction sociale qui reste encore largement à déterminer. / Decision-making is one of the most essential process for mammals. It allows the individual to adapt to environmental changes by the integration of sensory, emotional, motivational and executive information. Numerous studies, in human subject (healthy or not), and on animal models like monkey, rats or mice, have allowed the identification of a major actor in these complex processes: the prefrontal cortex. In our laboratory, we set up a new test, called the social interaction task -SIT-, to generate quick and adapted decision-making in presence of a new congener. This task was used to dissect neural and behavioral bases underlying decision-making and behavioral flexibility during social interaction. It is well known now that rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations -USVs-, of which roles and mechanisms (motivational or emotional) remain largely unknown. My work was devoted to the identification of brain structures that allow flexible social interactions, and to the unraveling of the putative role(s) of USVs during SIT. I also tried to understand how natural motivations (like social interaction, exploration, and food consumption) take part in the decision-making process.First, by using cellular imaging procedure based on the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos): we were able to highlight the differential involvement of sub-areas of the prefrontal cortex in mice. Subsequently, the development of a new specific software, and the ability to modulate the motivational state of the animal, enabled us to understand better the establishment of adapted behaviors during the SIT. Finally, by varying behavioral contexts, we found a tight relationship between emotional/motivational states and USVs emissions. Notably, USVs appear to carry specific information in social interaction, and this point largely remains to be determined.

O suicídio é uma morte repentina e violenta, que choca. Pode provocar indignação, pois causa em quem ficou um hiato, em relação à experiência de dizer adeus àquele que é amado. A morte autoinfligida causa sofrimento e, por isso, o enlutado por suicídio é reconhecido como sobrevivente. Este estudo teve como objetivo a compreensão do processo de luto do(a) filho(a) da pessoa que cometeu o suicídio. Jamison (2010), Alvarez (1999) e Shneidman (1985; 1993) foram os principais autores que fundamentaram a discussão sobre o suicídio. As obras de Parkes (1998; 2009), Franco (2002; 2010), Kovács (1992; 2003) e Clark (2001; 2007), as fontes básicas consultadas para a compreensão do processo de luto. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, tendo como participantes 9 (nove) filhos de indivíduos que cometeram o suicídio. Os princípios éticos de sigilo, privacidade, confidencialidade, não identificação dos dados do colaborador e liberdade de participação foram respeitados. Os depoimentos foram gravados com a anuência dos entrevistados e realizados: entrevista para a coleta de depoimento, de aproximadamente 3 (três) horas de duração e 2 (dois) contatos por e-mail para enviar a transcrição das entrevistas, e outro, depois da análise dos dados, para compartilhar com o colaborador a compreensão da pesquisadora. As unidades de significados foram extraídas conforme o método fenomenológico (Moustakas, 1994) e compreendidas pela perspectiva da abordagem da Gestalt-terapia. Observou-se que para alguns entrevistados, a superação da falta do progenitor trouxe ambivalências: vivos, foram ausentes; mortos, tornaram-se presentes. O ato suicida pode denunciar uma dinâmica familiar cujo rompimento de vínculos já acontecia, ou seja, o estresse foi experienciado antes, durante e depois do suicídio. Portanto, o suicídio não foi fator precipitante, mas, sim, o processo como um todo. Quando o filho sobrevive ao suicídio de um dos genitores pode ter uma experiência cujo sofrimento provoca culpa, raiva, ressentimentos, sensação de desamparo e de abandono, solidão, falta de oportunidade por não ter recebido colo, acalanto, cuidado, amor e direção. Considerou-se que, embora a morte seja para sempre, o luto é um processo dinâmico, no qual os enlutados tentam administrar uma diversidade de sentimentos e pensamentos: além da necessidade de compreender a morte, surge a redefinição de seu papel na família. Destaca-se também o calar e o isolamento dos depoentes. O isolamento parece acontecer para que não sejam mobilizados os sentimentos confusos e não compartilhados, que ameaçam a zona de conforto tão arduamente conquistada pelos que sobreviveram. O que se cala é o sofrimento, a dúvida e o estigma. Identificou-se que o suicídio parental é uma vivência ímpar, que permite à pessoa descobrir e desenvolver estratégias de enfrentamento em seu processo de luto / Suicide is a sudden and violent death, which shocks. It may cause outrage, as it causes a gap in those who remained, in relation to the experience of saying goodbye to the one who is loved. The self-inflicted death causes suffering and, thus, the bereaved by suicide is recognized as a survivor. This study had as goal the comprehension of the grieving process of the offspring of the person who committed suicide. Jamison (2010), Alvarez (1999) and Shneidman (1985; 1993) were the main authors who grounded the discussion about suicide. The works of Parkes (1998; 2009), Franco (2002; 2010), Kovács (1992; 2003) and Clark (2001; 2007), the basic sources consulted to the comprehension of the grieving process. It is a research of qualitative nature, having as participants nine (9) offspring of individuals who committed suicide. The ethical principles of secrecy, privacy, confidentiality, no identification of the data of the collaborators and freedom of participation were respected. The testimonies were recorded with the consent of the interviewees and carried out: interview - to collect the testimony, approximately three (3) hours long - and two (2) contacts by e-mail one to send the transcripts of the interviews, and other after analyzing the data, to share with the collaborator the comprehension of the researcher. The units of meaning were extracted according to the phenomenological method (Moustakas, 1994) and understood through the perspective of the Gestalt-Therapy approach. It was observed that for some interviewees, overcoming the lack of a parent brought ambivalences: as alive, they were absent; as dead, they became present. The suicidal act may denounce a family dynamic in which breaking of bonds has already happened, in other words, the stress was experienced before, during and after the suicide. Therefore, suicide was not a triggering factor, but, instead, the process as a whole. When the child survives the suicide of one of its parents, one can have an experience whose suffering causes guilt, anger, resentment, helplessness and abandonment, loneliness, lack of opportunity by not having received lap time, soothing, care, love and guidance. It was considered that, although death is forever, grief is a dynamic process, in which bereaved ones try to manage a diversity of feelings and thoughts: besides the necessity of comprehending death, comes the redefinition of their role in the family. Also noteworthy is the silence and isolation of the deponents. The isolation seems to happen for mixed and not shared feelings not to be mobilized, that threaten the comfort zone so hardly conquered by those who survived. What is silenced is the suffering, the doubt and the stigma. It was identified that parental suicide is a unique experience that allows the person to discover and develop coping strategies in their grieving process

Work object: Relationships among social support, study motivation and adaptation at school. Actuality of the work: Students, who have psychological, educational, social and economic problems, often leave the school. There is friendly climate made for promoting progressive learning, as well as for versatile development of personality in the managed social environment. Slower development of their psychological and physical maturity may become the reason for their decreasing study motivation in the unfavourable social environment. We try to analyze relationships between social support and study motivation in this work, as that has been almost unstudied in Lithuania. We also try to review relationships between the indicators of adaptation and emotional state, that influent social support and study motivation. Answers to such questions could help to draw the attention to the importance of social support and emotional state in increasing of study motivation, and would allow extending psychological support to the students of gymnasiums, who have problems of adaptation at school. Goal of study: Analyze the relationships among social support, study motivation and adaptation at school among the students of I and III grades of gymnasium. Tasks of study: 1. Analyze the evaluations of social support at school among the students of I and III grades of gymnasium. 2. Evaluate the study motivation of the students of I and III grades of gymnasium. 3. Determine of the students of I and III... [to full text]

O suicídio é uma morte repentina e violenta, que choca. Pode provocar indignação, pois causa em quem ficou um hiato, em relação à experiência de dizer adeus àquele que é amado. A morte autoinfligida causa sofrimento e, por isso, o enlutado por suicídio é reconhecido como sobrevivente. Este estudo teve como objetivo a compreensão do processo de luto do(a) filho(a) da pessoa que cometeu o suicídio. Jamison (2010), Alvarez (1999) e Shneidman (1985; 1993) foram os principais autores que fundamentaram a discussão sobre o suicídio. As obras de Parkes (1998; 2009), Franco (2002; 2010), Kovács (1992; 2003) e Clark (2001; 2007), as fontes básicas consultadas para a compreensão do processo de luto. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, tendo como participantes 9 (nove) filhos de indivíduos que cometeram o suicídio. Os princípios éticos de sigilo, privacidade, confidencialidade, não identificação dos dados do colaborador e liberdade de participação foram respeitados. Os depoimentos foram gravados com a anuência dos entrevistados e realizados: entrevista para a coleta de depoimento, de aproximadamente 3 (três) horas de duração e 2 (dois) contatos por e-mail para enviar a transcrição das entrevistas, e outro, depois da análise dos dados, para compartilhar com o colaborador a compreensão da pesquisadora. As unidades de significados foram extraídas conforme o método fenomenológico (Moustakas, 1994) e compreendidas pela perspectiva da abordagem da Gestalt-terapia. Observou-se que para alguns entrevistados, a superação da falta do progenitor trouxe ambivalências: vivos, foram ausentes; mortos, tornaram-se presentes. O ato suicida pode denunciar uma dinâmica familiar cujo rompimento de vínculos já acontecia, ou seja, o estresse foi experienciado antes, durante e depois do suicídio. Portanto, o suicídio não foi fator precipitante, mas, sim, o processo como um todo. Quando o filho sobrevive ao suicídio de um dos genitores pode ter uma experiência cujo sofrimento provoca culpa, raiva, ressentimentos, sensação de desamparo e de abandono, solidão, falta de oportunidade por não ter recebido colo, acalanto, cuidado, amor e direção. Considerou-se que, embora a morte seja para sempre, o luto é um processo dinâmico, no qual os enlutados tentam administrar uma diversidade de sentimentos e pensamentos: além da necessidade de compreender a morte, surge a redefinição de seu papel na família. Destaca-se também o calar e o isolamento dos depoentes. O isolamento parece acontecer para que não sejam mobilizados os sentimentos confusos e não compartilhados, que ameaçam a zona de conforto tão arduamente conquistada pelos que sobreviveram. O que se cala é o sofrimento, a dúvida e o estigma. Identificou-se que o suicídio parental é uma vivência ímpar, que permite à pessoa descobrir e desenvolver estratégias de enfrentamento em seu processo de luto / Suicide is a sudden and violent death, which shocks. It may cause outrage, as it causes a gap in those who remained, in relation to the experience of saying goodbye to the one who is loved. The self-inflicted death causes suffering and, thus, the bereaved by suicide is recognized as a survivor. This study had as goal the comprehension of the grieving process of the offspring of the person who committed suicide. Jamison (2010), Alvarez (1999) and Shneidman (1985; 1993) were the main authors who grounded the discussion about suicide. The works of Parkes (1998; 2009), Franco (2002; 2010), Kovács (1992; 2003) and Clark (2001; 2007), the basic sources consulted to the comprehension of the grieving process. It is a research of qualitative nature, having as participants nine (9) offspring of individuals who committed suicide. The ethical principles of secrecy, privacy, confidentiality, no identification of the data of the collaborators and freedom of participation were respected. The testimonies were recorded with the consent of the interviewees and carried out: interview - to collect the testimony, approximately three (3) hours long - and two (2) contacts by e-mail one to send the transcripts of the interviews, and other after analyzing the data, to share with the collaborator the comprehension of the researcher. The units of meaning were extracted according to the phenomenological method (Moustakas, 1994) and understood through the perspective of the Gestalt-Therapy approach. It was observed that for some interviewees, overcoming the lack of a parent brought ambivalences: as alive, they were absent; as dead, they became present. The suicidal act may denounce a family dynamic in which breaking of bonds has already happened, in other words, the stress was experienced before, during and after the suicide. Therefore, suicide was not a triggering factor, but, instead, the process as a whole. When the child survives the suicide of one of its parents, one can have an experience whose suffering causes guilt, anger, resentment, helplessness and abandonment, loneliness, lack of opportunity by not having received lap time, soothing, care, love and guidance. It was considered that, although death is forever, grief is a dynamic process, in which bereaved ones try to manage a diversity of feelings and thoughts: besides the necessity of comprehending death, comes the redefinition of their role in the family. Also noteworthy is the silence and isolation of the deponents. The isolation seems to happen for mixed and not shared feelings not to be mobilized, that threaten the comfort zone so hardly conquered by those who survived. What is silenced is the suffering, the doubt and the stigma. It was identified that parental suicide is a unique experience that allows the person to discover and develop coping strategies in their grieving process

This thesis focuses on enumeration of the essential psychosocial determinants affecting performance of the footballers. These determinants are divided into three sections. Personality of athlete as a key factor influencing his performance is discussed in the chapter one. Social and cultural environment are the subjects of the second chapter. Specifics and partial aspects of sports environments are presented in the third chapter. Definition of performance in football and the possibility of its measurement are defined in a separate section. Relationship between the pre- match emotional state of footballers and their performance in the match are verified in the empirical part of thesis. Comparison of footballers with general population is particular part of analysis. The study results showes significant but weak correlations between emotional state of football players and their performance in the match. Difference was found between certain emotions and personalities of football players and the general population. Keywords: personality of athlete, emotional state, football performance, psychological preparation in sport

In layer hen commercial production systems, chicks are not raised by hens and do therefore not receive any maternal care. In the wild, after hatching, chicks undergo filial imprinting where they create a social bond with a stimulus in their surrounding environment, usually the mother hen. Filial imprinting behaviors remain in chicks until adulthood. This bond and maternal care influence the emotional development of chicks. Here, I aimed to investigate short- and long-term effects of filial imprinting on a model hen, on the emotional state of White Leghorn chicks, hatched at Linköping University. To measure optimism, pessimism, and fear, a judgment bias test (JBT), an open field test (OFT), and a novel object test (NOT), was performed and replicated. Before the tests, half of the chicks were imprinted on a model hen, while the other half was not given such a model to imprint on. All chicks were weighed during the entire project. The hypotheses were that the imprinted chicks would be more optimistic in the JBT, show less fearful behavior in the OFT and NOT, and weigh more compared to the non-imprinted chicks. If these results would be found, imprinting could potentially be used to reduce stress in commercially hatched chicks, and thus improve their welfare. The results were inconsistent with all three hypotheses. This indicates that imprinting on a model hen, did not have a positive impact on the chicks’ emotional state. Further studies need to be performed to find methods to improve commercially hatched chicks’ emotional welfare.

Darbo objektas – 5 ir 8 klasių mokinių mokyklinio nerimo, adaptacijos mokykloje ir mokinių emocinės būklės sąsajos. Darbo aktualumas Mokykloje kiekvienas mokinys pereina kelis vystymosi ir adaptacijos etapus. Vienas iš ryškiausių etapų prasideda, kai mokinys, baigęs pradinę mokyklą, pradeda lankyti penktą klasę ir susiduria su daugeliu jam nežinomų socialinių ir asmeninių problemų: dalykinė mokymo sistema, daug dalykų mokytojų, pereinama į kabinetinę sistemą ir vaikas praranda nuolatinę mokymosi vietą - klasę, prie kurios buvo pripratęs, prasideda pasiekimų vertinimas pažymiais, dažnai keičiama mokykla, klasė, keičiasi klasės draugai, sunkiai išgyvenamas atsisveikinimas su pirmuoju mokytoju. Mokinio adaptaciją 5 klasėje apsunkina ir tai, kad prasideda ankstyvasis paauglystės periodas. Adaptacija mokykloje tęsiasi visą mokymosi joje laikotarpį. Ne tik penktoje, bet ir vyresnėse klasėse keičiasi dėstantys mokytojai, mokymo programa, mokinio asmenybė. Mokiniai dėl šių procesų jaučia įtampą, išgyvena nesaugumo, nepasitikėjimo, nevilties ir nerimo būsenas. Nauja socialinė aplinka pateikia vaikui ypatingų reikalavimų, kurie nevienodai atitinka individualius jo gebėjimus ir polinkius. Visa tai labai apsunkina ir pailgina adaptacijos mokykloje eigą, prasideda mokyklinio nerimo sunkumai, kai kurie mokiniai pradeda jausti emocinės būklės pablogėjimą. Mūsų darbe kompleksiškai analizuojama mokyklinio nerimo, adaptacijos mokykloje ir emocinės būklės raiška ir šių procesų tarpusavio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work object: connection of the school anxiety, adaptation at school and emotional state of the students of the 5th and 8th forms. Actuality of the work: at school every student has several stages of development and adaptation. One of the most specific stages starts when a pupil finishes primary school and starts attending the 5th form, and he/she is confronted with a variety of unknown for him social and personal problems, such as: subject teaching system, a lot of teachers of different subjects; classroom system, because of which a child has lost his/her permanent studying place - a classroom, to which he/she got used; in addition, a new evaluation system - evaluation by marks has started; the school, the class, the classmates are often changed; it is difficult to part with the first teacher. The beginning of the early adolescence makes the situation for pupils of the 5th form more complicated. Adaptation at school lasts during the whole period of studying. Teachers, school curriculum, student's personality are changing not only in the 5th form but in the upper forms. For these reasons students feel tension, he/she can also be in the state of unsafety, distrust, desperation and anxiety. The child is made special demands by specific social surroundings, which not equally match with his/her individual abilities and likes. All these reasons complicate and lengthen the students' adaptational period, difficulties of the school anxiety are starting at this moment, and some of... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas – patikrinti ar egzistuoja įkalinimo įstaigoje bausmę atliekančių asmenų emocinės būsenos bei stresogeninių įvykių įveikos strategijų sąsajos adaptaciniu periodu. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 nuteistų pilnamečių vyrų, laisvės atėmimo bausmę atliekančių Pravieniškių 1- uose pataisos namuose. Tiriamiesiems 1-ąją atvykimo į pataisos namus dieną ir praėjus adaptacijos laikotarpiui (po trijų mėnesių) buvo išdalinami klausimynai, kuriuos sudarė šios metodikos: nerimo skalė iš HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression) metodikos; COPE – įveikos strategijų klausimynas; BEKO (Beck Depression Inventory) testas, skirtas įvertinti nuotaikos pokyčius; psichologinei įtampai įvertinti skirta metodika (Oprosnik travmatičeskovo stresa dlia diagnostiki psichologičeskix posledctvi); tarpasmeniniui bendravimui įvertinti skirta metodika. Siekiant įvertinti nuteistųjų emocinę būklę bei stresogeninių įvykių įveikos strategijų sąsajas tik atvykus į pataisos namus ir pasibaigus adaptacijai, tie patys asmenys buvo tiriami du kartus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad egzistuoja emocinės būsenos bei stresogeninių įvykių įveikos strategijų sąsajos adaptaciniu periodu: tik atvykus į įkalinimo įstaigą ir adaptacijai pasibaigus, nuteistieji naudoja visas galimas įveikos strategijas, t.y. tiek į problemą nukreiptą įveikimą, tiek į emocijas nukreiptą įveikimą, tiek mažiau adaptyvaus įveikimo strategijas. Pažymėtina, kad adaptacijai pasibaigus, įveikos strategijos naudojamos rečiau nei tik atvykus į įkalinimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of work is to check, whether there are links between the emotional states and strategies to cope with the stressogenic events of the persons, who are serving sentence in prisons, during the adaptation period. 200 sentenced adult men were participating in the research. They serve their sentence in the 1st Penitentiary of Pravieniskes. The questionnaires were distributed to the convicts on the first day of their arrival to the penitentiary and again after the adaptation period (after three months). The questionnaires were made from the following methodologies: scale of anxiety from HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression) methodology; COPE – questionnaire of coping strategies; BEKO (Beck Depression Inventory) test meant to evaluate the changes in mood; methodology of traumatic stress (Oprosnik travmatičeskovo stresa dlia diagnostiki psichologičeskix posledctvi); and the methodology meant to evaluate the interpersonal communication. The same persons were analyzed twice in order to evaluate the links between the emotional states and strategies to cope with the stressogenic events of the convicts on the arrival date to the penitentiary and after the adaptation period. According to the research results, there are the links between the emotional states and strategies to cope with the stressogenic events during the adaptation period: on the arrival and after the adaptation period the convicts use all the possible coping strategies, i.e. problem-orientated coping... [to full text]

No description available.