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Sphalerite is, apart from being the main global source of zinc (Zn), also one of the main source for the critical elements indium (In), gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge), which can be extracted as by-products during Zn mining. In the westernmost part of the Palaeoproterozoic Bergslagen ore province, Sweden, In-anomalies have been reported from sulphide mineralizations. These In-anomalies can be attributed to either pre-ore formation crustal processes manifested by the local (Svecofennian, c. 1.87-1.89 Ga) syn-volcanic mineralisations, or to epigenetic metasomatic events primarily related to younger (c. 1.80-1.79 Ga) granitoids. In this study, sphalerite samples from 19 different mineralisations in westernmost Bergslagen were examined by both electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), in order to firstly, measure trace element concentrations, and especially those of the critical element In, Ga and Ge, and secondly, to apply this information to gain new information on the trace element inventory and incorporation mechanisms of sphalerite. The dataset also allows for testing the ore-formation process models, not least in cases of elevated In-contents. Utilization of these two analytical methods also provided the opportunity for a direct spot-to-spot comparison of their performance in detecting trace element concentrations in sphalerite. The results verify the In-enrichment of the area, whereas Ga and Ge only follow crustal abundancies. The concentrations of the other trace elements vary significantly, even at a sample scale. The compositional variation shows several patterns between certain elements, suggesting that their incorporation in the sphalerite lattice was allowed via substitution mechanisms (e.g. In3++(Cu+,Ag+)↔2Zn2+; Fe2++Cd2++Mn2+↔3Zn2+; Cu++Mn2++In3+↔3Zn2+). In contrast, some measured high Cd, Ag and Pb concentrations are attributed to nano (or micro) inclusions of primarily galena. Other elements such as As, Sn, Sb, Se, Au, Tl, Ni, Te and Mo yielded, in almost all the samples, concentrations below the detection limit for both analytical methods. Discrimination methods based on trace element concentrations and distribution of the In-enriched mineralizations suggest that the In-anomalies are most likely related to Svecofennian volcanic to subvolcanic hydrothermal processes, forming mineralisations that were later modified during the Svecokarelian orogeny. Finally, the direct comparison of EPMA results to that of LA-ICP-MS, showed the significantly better performance of the latter method in detecting trace-level concentrations, provided that a proper calibration procedure has been followed. / Sulfidmineralet zinkblände är, förutom att vara den huvudsakliga globala källan för zink (Zn), också ett av de viktigaste värdmineralen för de kritiska metallerna indium (In), gallium (Ga) och germanium (Ge), vilka kan utvinnas som viktiga biprodukter vid zinkbrytning. I den västligaste delen av malmprovinsen Bergslagen i Mellansverige har In-anomalier rapporterats från flera mineraliseringar. Dessa lokala In-anrikningar kan tillskrivas antingen processer verksamma innan och under den vulkaniska aktiviteten, eller senare geologiska händelser relaterade till yngre graniter. I denna studie har zinkblände från 19 olika mineraliseringar i västra Bergslagen karakteriserats med två olika system för mikrokemisk analys; elektronmikrosond (EPMA) och laserablativ induktivt kopplad plasma-masspektrometri (LA-ICP-MS). Detta har gjorts för att mäta spårelementhalter, och särskilt då för de kritiska metallerna In, Ga och Ge. Genom att använda dessa två metoder parallellt gavs också möjligheten till direkta jämförelser mellan dem vad gäller deras kapacitet för spårelementanalys av zinkblände. Resultaten verifierar att detta område är anomalt In-anrikat, medan halterna av Ga och Ge är låga och endast följer genomsnittshalterna för kontinental jordskorpa. Halterna av de övriga spårelementen varierar avsevärt, även på individuell provskala, och visar i flera fall systematiska mönster mellan vissa element. Dessa mönster tyder på att deras införlivande i zinkbländestrukturen gått via flera specifika utbytes-(substitutions-)mekanismer (t.ex. In3++ (Cu+, Ag+) ↔2Zn2+; Fe2+ + Cd2++ Mn2+ ↔3Zn2+, Cu++ Mn2++ In3+ ↔3Zn2+). Däremot kan förhöjda halter av Cd, Ag och Pd tillskrivas nano- (eller mikro-) inneslutningar av framförallt blyglans. Andra element, som As, Sn, Sb, Se, Au, TI, Ni, Te och Mo uppvisade halter under detektionsgränserna för båda analysmetoderna i nästan alla undersökta prov. Bildningsmässiga (genetiska) diskrimineringsmetoder baserade på spårelementhalter kombinerat med de geologiska och spatiella relationerna för de In-anrikade mineraliseringarna tyder på att de senare bildades genom svekofenniska vulkanisk-hydrotermala processer och därefter modifierats under svekokarelsk bergskedjebildning. Slutligen, i den direkta jämförelsen av EPMA gentemot LA-ICP-MS, visade den senare metoden signifikant bättre kapacitet för spårämnesanalys, förutsatt att ett korrekt kalibreringsprotokoll har följts.

<p>This thesis explores the formation of segregation and inclusions during solidification of steel and cast iron. A better understanding of the formation mechanism should result in decreasing fraction of defects during solidification of ingot and strand material.</p><p>Density driven macrosegregation was studied both experimentally and theoretically to see the effect of channel segregation on the total segregation. Formation of these pencil-like segregations is due to natural convection in the solidifying metal caused by liquid enrichment of elements with lower density compared to the bulk. It is suggested to change the composition to compensate for this density difference.</p><p>Inclusion precipitation can be finite by limitations in segregation. Saturated liquid is found in the last solidified areas, often between dendrites. Here the enrichment of the liquid is possible due to microsegregation. Meanwhile crystals form and solidify the elements with low solubility in the solid is pushed out in the remaining liquid. Soon the liquid is saturated to the level where spontaneous formation of inclusions occurs. Microstructure studies by aid of SEM and micro-probe measurements are analysed to find at what point during solidification process the inclusions start to form. In steel making this formation has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties in contrary to the production of nodular cast iron where the inclusions have a beneficial effect on the graphite formation.</p><p>Inoculation of cast iron aims at reaching higher number density of graphite nodules, nodule morphology modification and control of nodule distribution during solidification. Late precipitation of nucleation sites has shown to have a positive impact on preventing chill. To find the most potent inoculation agent different additives were tested. Special effort has been made to analyse the effect of oxides and sulphides as nucleation sites.</p>

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T18:50:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Heitor Judiss Savino.pdf: 12604505 bytes, checksum: fb1bcd22abe6766240e85da3ba2e5109 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T19:37:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Heitor Judiss Savino.pdf: 12604505 bytes, checksum: fb1bcd22abe6766240e85da3ba2e5109 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T19:37:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Heitor Judiss Savino.pdf: 12604505 bytes, checksum: fb1bcd22abe6766240e85da3ba2e5109 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-18T19:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Heitor Judiss Savino.pdf: 12604505 bytes, checksum: fb1bcd22abe6766240e85da3ba2e5109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-25 / Não informada / Currently, the MPEG-2 transport stream is widely used as multiplexing system for sending audio, video, and data, in digital television networks. The transmitted infor- mation is divided into xed-length pa kets, whi h are multiplexed in time and then sent to the re eiver. In order to ensure the orre t presentation of data related to a given program (e.g., audio and video), the transport stream an provide time bases, whi h are used for syn hronizing the re eption system. However, that information, whi h is known as Program Clo k Referen e (PCR) and is also periodi ally embedded in the multiplexed data stream, may su er from ina ura ies, due to the pro essing hain between transmitter and re eiver, whi h an be per eived in the form of jitter. In order to prevent that errors aused by the transport stream pro essing hain, whi h ompromises the proper presentation of the transmitted information, PCR orre tion methods are normally employed. This work presents a review of the PCR orre - tion methods ommonly used in the literature and introdu es two new ontributions. The rst one onsists of a shared a ess stru ture for the orre tion blo k, whi h has the potential to provide a redu ed omputational omplexity (in terms of arithmeti operations) and hardware requirements, when used with traditional PCR orre tion methods. The se ond one devises an intelligent method for PCR orre tion, whose main feature lies on the redu tion of the jitter aused by the orre tion pro ess. Its ar hite ture is based on the ooperative operation of the main modules involved in this pro ess: the rate adapter and the PCR orre tor. In spite of presenting a higher om- plexity, its superior performan e favors the syn hronization pro ess, performed by the re eiver, whi h makes it suitable for pre ise time-bases demanding systems. The pro- posed methodologies are ombined, whi h provides a omplete and e ient framework for pro essing MPEG-2 transport streams. / Atualmente, o fluxo de transporte MPEG-2 é amplamente utilizado como chamada de transporte para a multiplexação de programas que arregam áudio, vídeo e dados, em redes de televisão digital. As informações transmitidas são divididas em pa otes de tamanho xo, multiplexadas no tempo e então enviadas ao re eptor. Para que os da- dos de um mesmo programa sejam apresentados orretamente e em sin ronismo (e.g. áudio e vídeo), o uxo de transporte permite a in orporação de bases de tempo, que são utilizadas na sin ronização do sistema de re epção. Entretanto, essa informação, onhe ida omo Program Clo k Referen e (PCR) e inserida periodi amente no feixe multiplexado, pode sofrer erros, observados na forma de jitter, devido à adeia de pro- essamento entre transmissor e re eptor. Dessa forma, para se evitar que o erro inserido pelo pro essamento do uxo de transporte prejudique a apresentação da informação enviada, métodos de orreção de PCR são geralmente utilizados. Este trabalho apre- senta um estudo sobre os métodos de orreção de PCR mais utilizados na literatura e introduz duas novas ontribuições. A primeira onsiste em uma estrutura de a esso ompartilhado para o blo o de orreção, que tem o poten ial de propor ionar ara terís- ti as reduzidas de omplexidade omputa ional (quantidade de operações aritméti as) e requisitos de hardware, quando utilizada em onjunto om métodos tradi ionais de orreção de PCR. A segunda onsiste em um método inteligente para a orreção de PCR, uja prin ipal ara terísti a é a redução do erro inserido pelo pro esso de orre- ção. A sua arquitetura é baseada na operação ooperativa dos dois prin ipais agentes envolvidos nesse pro esso: os módulos de adaptação de taxa e de orreção de PCR. Apesar de apresentar maior omplexidade omputa ional, o seu desempenho superior fa ilita o pro esso de sin ronização, exe utado pelo re eptor, o que o torna bastante adequado a sistemas que exigem bases de tempo pre isas. As metodologias propostas são utilizadas em onjunto, propor ionando um esquema integrado e e iente para o pro essamento de uxos de transporte MPEG-2.

This thesis explores the formation of segregation and inclusions during solidification of steel and cast iron. A better understanding of the formation mechanism should result in decreasing fraction of defects during solidification of ingot and strand material. Density driven macrosegregation was studied both experimentally and theoretically to see the effect of channel segregation on the total segregation. Formation of these pencil-like segregations is due to natural convection in the solidifying metal caused by liquid enrichment of elements with lower density compared to the bulk. It is suggested to change the composition to compensate for this density difference. Inclusion precipitation can be finite by limitations in segregation. Saturated liquid is found in the last solidified areas, often between dendrites. Here the enrichment of the liquid is possible due to microsegregation. Meanwhile crystals form and solidify the elements with low solubility in the solid is pushed out in the remaining liquid. Soon the liquid is saturated to the level where spontaneous formation of inclusions occurs. Microstructure studies by aid of SEM and micro-probe measurements are analysed to find at what point during solidification process the inclusions start to form. In steel making this formation has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties in contrary to the production of nodular cast iron where the inclusions have a beneficial effect on the graphite formation. Inoculation of cast iron aims at reaching higher number density of graphite nodules, nodule morphology modification and control of nodule distribution during solidification. Late precipitation of nucleation sites has shown to have a positive impact on preventing chill. To find the most potent inoculation agent different additives were tested. Special effort has been made to analyse the effect of oxides and sulphides as nucleation sites. / QC 20101102

Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-03-06T19:57:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AtuacaoMinisterioPublico.pdf: 1874143 bytes, checksum: 99ce482a08f83b1ddee8ea16d7692602 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-03-14T17:02:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AtuacaoMinisterioPublico.pdf: 1874143 bytes, checksum: 99ce482a08f83b1ddee8ea16d7692602 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T17:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AtuacaoMinisterioPublico.pdf: 1874143 bytes, checksum: 99ce482a08f83b1ddee8ea16d7692602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / O presente trabalho analisa a atuação do Ministério Público diante do conflito entre o direito à moradia e o direito ao meio ambiente, no caso da ocupação do Bairro Empa, no município de Cáceres em Mato Grosso, em área de preservação permanente urbana. E em razão do déficit habitacional e da falta de planejamento urbano a população de baixa renda se vê obrigada a ocupar irregularmente locais mais periféricos, de menor importância e menos valorizado da cidade, em áreas de risco ou de preservação ambiental, onde vivem e sobrevivem sem mínimas condições de saneamento e infraestrutura básica. Assim, é necessário que o Poder Público elabore políticas de desenvolvimento urbano que facilite o acesso à moradia digna e adequada, num meio ambiente urbano equilibrado e preservado, para as presentes e futuras gerações, garantindo as funções sociais da cidade, o bem-estar e a sadia qualidade de vida de seus habitantes, vez que o direito à moradia e o direito ambiental são inerentes e essenciais a todo ser humano para garantir um nível de vida adequado. Para tanto, o Ministério Público mostra-se como personagem importante na fiscalização e para que haja a implementação de políticas públicas que garantam os direitos da cidade aos habitantes. Portanto, trata-se de um estudo de caso do processo de ocupação, urbanização do município, especificamente no Bairro Empa, e os desafios encontrados para a concretização do direito à cidade. / The present paper analyses the proceedings of the Public Prosecutor's Office towards the conflict between the right to housing and the right to an ecologically balanced environment in the case of the occupation of the Empa neighborhood, in the city of Cáceres in Mato Grosso, an urban area of permanent preservation. Due to the housing deficit and the shortage of urban planning, the low-income population is forced to irregularly occupy peripheral locations of minor importance and of less value in the city, areas of risk or of environmental preservation, where they live and survive without basic conditions of sanitation or infrastructure. Consequently it is necessary that Public Authorities develop policies of urban development to facilitate access to decent and adequate housing, in a balanced and preserved urban environment for present and future generations, ensuring the full development of the social functions of the city, the well-being and healthy quality of life of its inhabitants, since the right to housing and to an ecologically balanced environment are inherent and essential to every human being in order to ensure an adequate standard of living. For such, the Public Prosecutor's Office is a key character in the supervision and implementation of public policies that guarantee the rights to the city to its inhabitants. Therefore, it’s a case study of the occupation process, municipal urbanization, particularly in the Empa neighborhood and the challenges faced in order to achieve the right to the city.

Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-03-09T18:59:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CompetenciaMunicipiosQuanto.pdf: 975428 bytes, checksum: c1efc6e081ba16c27dbc5551872414da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-03-16T16:11:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CompetenciaMunicipiosQuanto.pdf: 975428 bytes, checksum: c1efc6e081ba16c27dbc5551872414da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T16:11:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CompetenciaMunicipiosQuanto.pdf: 975428 bytes, checksum: c1efc6e081ba16c27dbc5551872414da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-19 / Nesta abordagem, o tema da competência do município quanto à proteção e preservação de Área de Preservação Permanente Urbana, foi analisado no aspecto teórico e prático, tendo como referência a ocupação do EMPA, em Cáceres-MT, a partir do documentos constantes de Inquéritos Civis Públicos, instaurados pelo Ministério Público Estadual. Trata-se de estudo de cunho bibliográfico, com caráter investigativo e descritivo, onde, por meio da técnica de transcrição, elaboração de mapa conceitual e análise de conteúdo, possibilitou a sistematização de informações quanto à visualização no seu próprio percurso, os encaminhamentos e determinações para a solução do conflito. Nesta análise, ressalta-se a competência do município para atuar na proteção, preservação, conservação e fiscalização das Áreas de Preservação Permanente Urbanas, que exige da municipalidade a existência de instrumentos legais, estrutura administrativa eficiente e eficaz, bem como planejamento, programas e projetos, visando o desenvolvimento da Política Ambiental que garanta os interesses sociais e o equilíbrio ambiental. / In this approach the issue of jurisdiction of the municipality for the protection and preservation of Permanent Urban Preservation Area was analyzed in the theoretical and practical aspects, with reference to the occupation of the EMPA in Cáceres-MT from the documents of Public civil investigations brought by the Public Ministry of State.This is a bibliographic study, with investigative and descriptive nature, where through transcription technique, preparation of conceptual map and content analysis enabled the systematization of information on the display in the course of inquiries, referrals and determination to resolve the conflict.This analysis emphasizes the municipality's competence to act in the protection, preservation, conservation and surveillance of the Urban Areas of Permanent Preservation, which requires the municipality the existence of legal, efficient and effective administrative structure, and even planning programs and projects for the development of environmental policy to ensure social interests and environmental balance.

The accretionary Mesoproterozoic Grenville Orogeny (ca. 1300 – 980 Ma) involving the Central Metasedimentary Belt is a key building block of the eastern Laurentian margin. A petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological study of the migmatite complex in Otter Lake (QC) within the Marble Domain is used to resolve regional metamorphic and magmatic events primarily recorded in the leucosome accessory minerals (i.e. monazite). The relationship between the different stages of monazite and garnet growth and dissolution during the tectonic evolution of the orogenic history for the interpreted metasomatic (injected) and anatectic (in situ) monazite-bearing neosomes from this study supports published thermochronological work in the area and challenges the claim that the Central Metasedimentary Belt was not heated above 500 °C during the Ottawan phase. Instead, the region shows Grenville magmatic and anatectic events were overprinted by high-temperature, fluid-rich Ottawan-phase metamorphism recorded within both injected (monazite-bearing) and in situ (monazite- and garnet-bearing) neosomes.