Various research studies have indicated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide and has, therefore, become a serious health problem. Besides the various health implications of childhood obesity, it can also have psychological consequences for these children and they have a greater risk than a normal weight child to suffer from poor self perception. The effect of a physical activity, diet and behaviour modification intervention on the total energy expenditure, physical activity levels and self perception of 9 to 12 year old overweight and obese children is, however, not clear. The aim of the study was firstly to determine the effect of a physical activity, diet and behaviour modification intervention on the total energy expenditure and physical activity levels of 9 to 12 year old overweight and obese children. Secondly, to determine the effect of such an intervention on the self perception, and more specifically athletic and physical self perception of these children. An availability sample of 20 overweight and obese subjects (13 girls and 7 boys) between the ages of 9 and 12 years with a mean age of 11 years, participated in a 13 week (3 times/week) multidisciplinary intervention programme. Actical® monitors were used to monitor energy expenditure as well as physical activity levels during 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day before and after the intervention programme. From the results, analyzed by means of t-testing and linear regression, it is apparent that the total energy expenditure of the group, when adjusted for the effect of the intervention, showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) and body fat percentage as well as waist and upper arm circumferences decreased significantly. Although not significant, a decrease of 2,9 kg in body mass and 2,00 kg.rh" in body mass index were also indicated. However, the moderate and high intensity physical activity levels of the groups decreased significantly after the intervention programme. A possible reason for this decrease can be ascribed to the fact that the post-test took place during the school holidays. Further analysis of the data also indicated that the group slept longer hours, which increased their hours spent in the sedentary activity zone. The group also spent more time during the day watching television which also contributed to a decrease in the percentage of time spent in the moderate intensity zone. It is, however, concluded that increased total energy expenditure alone could not bring about effective weight loss and must, therefore, be accompanied by activity in the moderate and high intensity zones. For the purpose of the second aim, twenty children (13 girls and 7 boys) between the ages of 9 and 12 years, with a mean age of 11 years, participated in a 13 week multidisciplinary intervention programme (3 times per week). Eighteen children (11 girls and 7 boys) between the ages of 9 and 12 years, with a mean age of 11 years, served as a control group. Self perception, which consisted of 6 subcomponents, was determined by using the Harter Scale for Self Perception (Harter, 1985). It is clear from the results of the t-test (p < 0.05) that all subcomponents of self perception of the experimental group, especially physical, athletic and global self perception, increased significantly in relation to the control group which remained the same in all the subcomponents (p > 0.05), while a decrease in their social self perception was noted (p < 0.05). The experimental and control group did not differ significantly before the intervention programme, therefore the significant differences with regard to the subcomponents during the post-test, confirm the effect of the programme. On the basis of the abovementioned results the assumption can be made that a multidisciplinary intervention programme holds various benefits for overweight and obese children and is, therefore, another strategy in the prevention of overweight and obesity in children in South Africa. A multidisciplinary intervention programme, as used in this programme, is not only advantageous for weight loss in overweight and obese children, but also significantly improves their self perception. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

In der Literatur steht die Herzfrequenz (HF) in engem Zusammenhang mit dem Sauerstoffverbrauch und dem Energieumsatz sowohl von Menschen als auch von verschiedenen Tierarten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Hypothese überprüft werden, ob Kühe mit einer hohen Milchleistung und einer hohen Energieaufnahme eine höhere HF infolge eines leistungsabhängig höheren Sauerstoffverbrauchs als niedriglaktierende Tiere haben. So könnte die HF als Indikator für quantitative Veränderungen des Energieumsatzes sowohl für die Einzelkuh als auch auf Bestandsebene genutzt werden. Material und Methoden In vorliegender Untersuchung wurde die HF von 32 Milchkühen der Rasse Deutsche Holstein gemessen. Die Herde erhielt während der Versuche betriebseigenes Grundfutter sowie Maisschrot, Sojaextraktionsschrot und Milchleistungsfutter II. Die tägliche Futter-, Energie- und Proteinaufnahme wurde bestimmt. Die HF-Messung der Kühe erfolgte in zwei Abschnitten. Abschnitt A: Bei 23 Kühen, unterteilt in unterschiedliche Reproduktions- und Leistungsstadien, wurde an fünf aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen die HF erfasst. Abschnitt B: Bei elf Einzeltieren wurde vom 6. bis 101. Laktationstag (LT) die HF in regelmäßigen Abständen alle 14 Tage und an drei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gemessen. Den Tieren wurde hierzu ein Polar Equine RSCX800 Science® Gurt mit integrierten Elektroden, ein dazugehöriger Sender und ein Empfänger (Polar Uhr RS800®) angelegt. Die HF wurde einmal pro Minute gespeichert und alle 24 h in das Computerprogramm Polar Pro Trainer Equine Edition 5® übertragen. Folgende weitere Daten wurden erhoben: Stalltemperatur, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit des Stalles, Body Condition Score, Körpermasse, Körperinnentemperatur, tägliche Milchmenge, Milchfett-, Milcheiweiß- und Milchharnstoffgehalt. Ergebnisse Abschnitt A: Die trockenstehenden Kühe hatten eine HF von 83±8 Schlägen/min, die laktierenden Kühe wiesen mit steigender Milchleistung (24,0; 37,1 und 47,7 kg fett- und eiweißkorrigierte Milch) HF-Werte von 84±3, 85±6 und 87±2 Schlägen/min auf. Abschnitt B: In den ersten 100 Tagen der Laktation verhielt sich die HF mit steigendem LT wie folgt: LT 8: 86±9 Schläge/min, LT 22: 86±11 Schläge/min, LT 36: 87±11 Schläge/min, LT 52: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 66: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 81: 83±10 Schläge/min, LT 95: 85±8 Schläge/min. Weder in Abhängigkeit von der Leistung (p=0,75) noch in Abhängigkeit vom LT (p=0,81) waren signifikante Unterschiede der HF zu verzeichnen. Die HF der trockenstehenden Kühe variierte im Vergleich zur HF der laktierenden Tiere nicht. Während ihres 24 h-Verlaufs unterlag die HF aller Gruppen einer großen Variation. Es war zu Ruhezeiten der Tiere eine leistungsabhängige Abstufung der HF zu erkennen. Die Umgebungstemperatur hatte in dieser Untersuchung keinen Einfluss auf die HF (r=0,01; p=0,95). Einen signifikanten negativen Zusammenhang gab es zwischen der HF und dem Alter der Tiere (r=-0,44; p<0,01). Dieser führte am 22. LT zu einem signifikanten Unterschied der HF der erstlaktierenden Kühe im Vergleich mit der HF der älteren Tiere (p=0,04). Ein hoher und signifikanter Zusammenhang konnte zwischen der HF und dem Graviditätstag der trockenstehenden Kühe gezeigt werden (r=0,83; p=0,04). Die Tiere, die sich in einer negativen Energiebilanz befanden, neigten in dieser Untersuchung zu einer niedrigeren HF als die Kühe mit einer positiven Energiebilanz. Schlussfolgerung Telemetrische Systeme gewinnen beim Monitoring von Gesundheitsproblemen und Stoffwechselparametern eines Milchviehbestandes zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die HF kann hier jedoch nicht eingesetzt werden, da sie als Indikator für quantitative Veränderungen des Energieumsatzes weder für die Einzelkuh noch auf Bestandsebene geeignet ist. Nach vorliegenden Ergebnissen haben Kühe mit einer höheren Milchleistung und einer höheren Energieaufnahme keine höhere HF. / Previous studies have revealed a close relationship between heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure in humans and some other animal species. The present study examined whether dairy cows with a higher milk yield and greater energy intake have a higher HR due to greater oxygen consumption. HR might serve as an indicator of quantitative changes of energy expenditure in an individual or in a group of dairy cows at the herd level. Materials and methods The HRs of 32 dairy cows of the German Holstein breed were measured. The cows received forages and fresh beet pulp in combination with ground corn, soybean extracts, and a concentrate during the study. Daily feed, energy, and protein intake were determined. HR measurement was performed in two blocks. In Block A, cows were divided into four groups that differed in reproductive state and milk yield, and HR was measured for five consecutive days. In Block B, every 14 days, HR was recorded for three consecutive days in 11 cows from 6 to 101 days in milk (DIM). A Polar Equine RSCX800 Science® belt with integrated electrodes, a transmitter, and a receiver (Polar RS800®) was applied to the animals. HR was recorded once a minute and transferred every 24 h to the software Polar Pro Trainer Equine Edition 5®. The following data were also collected: stable temperature, stable relative humidity, body condition score, body weight, body temperature, daily milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and milk urea. Results In Block A, dry cows had a HR of 83±8 beats/min, and lactating cows with increasing milk yield (24.0, 37.1, and 47.7 kg energy-corrected milk) showed HRs of 84±3, 85±6, and 87±2 beats/min, respectively. In Block B, the HRs were as follows: 8 DIM: 86±9 beats/min, 22 DIM: 86±11 beats/min, 36 DIM: 87±11 beats/min, 52 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 66 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 81 DIM: 83±10 beats/min, 95 DIM: 85±8 beats/min. There was not a significant difference in the HR according to milk yield (p=0.75) or days of lactation (p=0.81). The HR of dry cows did not differ from that of lactating cows. There was a large variation of HR in all groups during the day. During resting times, HR of the high-yielding cows tended to be higher and HR of the dry cows tended to be lower than the HR of the other groups. The ambient temperature had no influence on HR in this study (r=0.01, p=0.95). There was a significant negative correlation between HR and a cow’s age (r=–0.44, p<0.01). The HR of primiparous cows was higher than that of multiparous cows, but the difference was only significant when cows were 22 DIM (p=0.04). A high and significant correlation was found between HR and pregnancy status (r=0.83, p=0.04), with HR increasing during pregnancy. Dairy cows with a negative energy balance tended to have a lower HR than cows with a positive energy balance. Conclusion Telemetry systems have become increasingly important in monitoring health problems and the parameters of energy metabolism in dairy herds. The results of this study indicate that HR cannot be used as a monitoring tool, because HR is not a suitable indicator of quantitative changes of energy expenditure either at the individual or herd level. According to the results of this study, dairy cows with a higher milk yield and greater energy uptake do not have a higher HR.

This thesis evaluated energy levels, muscle activity, and upper limb kinematics during AVG play in children with cerebral palsy (CP). For context, a systematic review was conducted, which found that AVGs elicited light to moderate physical activity in typically developing children. In children with CP, moderate levels of physical activity were achieved for Dance Dance Revolution and Wii Boxing, while light levels of physical activity were achieved for Wii Bowling and Wii Tennis. Muscle activity was highest during Wii Boxing, but remained below the maximum voluntary effort for all games and muscles. Angular velocities and accelerations were significantly larger in the dominant limb compared to the hemiplegic limb. When children played against a real opponent, dominant arm activity increased, while hemiplegic arm activity decreased. The results of this thesis indicate that AVGs may be an enjoyable and relatively safe option for children with CP to attain moderate physical activity.

This thesis evaluated energy levels, muscle activity, and upper limb kinematics during AVG play in children with cerebral palsy (CP). For context, a systematic review was conducted, which found that AVGs elicited light to moderate physical activity in typically developing children. In children with CP, moderate levels of physical activity were achieved for Dance Dance Revolution and Wii Boxing, while light levels of physical activity were achieved for Wii Bowling and Wii Tennis. Muscle activity was highest during Wii Boxing, but remained below the maximum voluntary effort for all games and muscles. Angular velocities and accelerations were significantly larger in the dominant limb compared to the hemiplegic limb. When children played against a real opponent, dominant arm activity increased, while hemiplegic arm activity decreased. The results of this thesis indicate that AVGs may be an enjoyable and relatively safe option for children with CP to attain moderate physical activity.

Being able to effectively match energy intake to energy expenditure (EE) is an important aspect in preventing weight re-gain in the post-obese. Although it is generally agreed upon that resting EE decreases concomitantly with weight loss, there is no set standard comparing the deviations with differing weight loss protocols and additionally, controversy remains as to whether this decrease is greater than can predicted. In order to address these issues 2977 subjects were analyzed using a systematic review and the differences of both the protocol and length of various interventions in addition to sex were compared. Next, data was selected from this systematic review and 815 subjects were analyzed for weight loss-induced changes in resting EE, FM and FFM. Another subgroup of studies (n = 1450) was analyzed and compared against the Harris-Benedict prediction equation to determine whether the changes in resting EE were greater than what was expected. Finally, in order to determine which factors may be involved in regulating changes in resting EE during weight loss, a secondary analysis was performed on 28 post-menopausal women (age= 50.4 ± 2.0 yrs; BMI= 32.4 ± 5.2 kg/m²) who were submitted to a 6-month caloric restriction. Body composition (DXA), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), physical activity EE (PAEE) and total EE (TEE) (doubly-labelled water) were measured before and after the 6 month weight loss. Blood samples were collected before and after to measure leptin and peptide YY. The results indicate that there was indeed a depression in resting EE during weight loss regardless of the type of intervention utilized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the changes could not fully be explained by changes of FM and FFM alone and that leptin may be an important contributor to the changes of resting EE during weight loss.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The purpose of the following study was to re-address the energy requirements of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) during training in a cold winter environment. Twenty CAF personnel were recruited to participate in a 5-day winter training exercise at Canadian Forces Base Meaford in Ontario, Canada. Energy expenditure (n=10) and body composition (n=14) were measured via the doubly labelled water (DLW) method and the deuterium isotope dilution technique, respectively. Mean total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was 4900±693 kcal·day-1 with no significant differences observed between sexes. Body mass and body composition of CAF personnel changed significantly (p < 0.05) across the 5-day exercise. This decrease was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fat mass. Despite these losses, participants were able to maintain high physical activity level (PAL) values (2.6) and high TDEE levels throughout the study period. It is recommended to increase the caloric content of the rations via additional supplements that provide energy-dense foods in bar format that can be easily consumed at the convenience of the individual. / February 2016

Orientador: Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior / Banca: Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago / Banca: Ellen Cristini Freitas Araújo / Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar o gasto energético (GE) e a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos sedentários pré e pós teste de esforço máximo e analisar os resultados de adolescentes obesos submetidos a treinamento concorrente. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por dois grupos: 1) grupo sedentário (GS), composto por 70 adolescentes (31 meninos e 39 meninas; idade 13,7±1,4 anos); 2) grupo treinado (GT), composto por 16 adolescentes (10 meninos e 6 meninas; idade 14,7±1,0 anos), participantes de um programa para redução de gordura corporal. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi usado para classificação da obesidade, segundo Cole et al. (2000). A composição corporal foi analisada pela Absortiometria de Raios- X de Dupla Energia (Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry - DEXA) para estimativa da massa livre de gordura (MLG) e da massa de gordura (MG). O GE foi calculado a partir da equação de Weir (1949) [(3.941xVO2)+(1.106xVCO2)*1440], utilizando os valores de volume de oxigênio consumido (VO2) e gás carbônico produzido (VCO2), mensurados a cada 20 segundos por Calorimetria Indireta (CI) durante 20 minutos, antes (repouso - REP), durante e após (recuperação - REC) esforço máximo realizado em esteira ergométrica, com o sistema MedGraphics VO2000 no GS e no momento pré intervenção do GT, e com o sistema Parvo Medics TrueOne® 2400 no momento pós intervenção do GT. O GT participou de uma intervenção de 40 semanas de treinamento concorrente (TC), com frequência semanal de três vezes e duração de 60 minutos por sessão (aproximadamente 50% do tempo de treino aeróbio e 50% de treino resistido (musculação)). A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS versão 17.0 e a significância estatística foi fixada em 5%... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico baixo) / Abstract: Objective: To analyze the energy expenditure (EE) and body composition of obese sedentary before and after maximal exercise test and analyze the results of obese adolescents undergoing concurrent training. Methods: The sample comprised two groups: 1) sedentary group (SG), composed of 70 adolescents (31 boys and 39 girls, age 13.7 ± 1.4 years), 2) the trained group (TG), composed of 16 adolescents (10 boys and 6 girls, age 14.7 ± 1.0 years) participating in a program to reduce body fat. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used for classification of obesity according to Cole et al. (2000). Body composition was analyzed by X-ray Absorptiometry Dual Energy (DEXA) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). EE was calculated from the Weir (1949) equation [(3.941xVO2) + (1.106xVCO2)*1440], using the values of volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) and volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2), measured every 20 seconds Indirect Calorimetry (IC) for 20 minutes before (rest - RES), during and after (recovery - REC) performed maximal treadmill, with the system MedGraphics VO2000 in SG and in the pre intervention TG, and the system Parvo Medics TrueOne ® 2400 after intervention in TG. The TG participated in an intervention of 40 weeks of concurrent training (CT) with three times weekly frequency and duration of 60 minutes per session (approximately 50% of the time of aerobic training and 50% of resistance training (weight training)). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 17.0 and statistical significance was set at 5%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Resumo: O gasto energético diário (GED) de gatos tem sido estudado há algum tempo em gatos de laboratório, com ambiente, alimentação e massa corporal controlados. O metabolismo energético destes animais pode ser dividido em quatro compartimentos: taxa metabólica basal que soma o maior GED destes animais em torno de 60%, a atividade muscular voluntária contribuindo em torno de 30%, seguido do incremento calórico e termogênese adaptativa (10%). Nota-se que a atividade muscular voluntária contribui com porção considerável do GED destes animais, não devendo ser limitada, pois interfere diretamente no gasto energético. Estudos com animais em domicílio, com número representativo de grandes populações, que apresentam rotina de vida normal com protocolo prático e eficaz, de fácil aceitação pelos proprietários para mensurar GE, composição corporal (CC) e fluxo de água (FA) no estilo de vida habitual de gatos é importante para estudos nutricionais mais precisos. Método prático e eficaz para mensuração destes parâmetros, de fácil aplicação em domicílio e que não interfira no estilo de vida e atividade física dos animais é o método da água duplamente marcada que os mensura por meio do enriquecimento e decaimento de deutério (2H) e oxigênio 18 (18O) na água corporal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar protocolo prático de tempos de coleta de enriquecimento (2, 4, 6, 7 e 8 horas) e decaimento (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20 dias), bem como os fluidos corporais alternativos saliva e u... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The energy expenditure (EE) of cats has been studied for some time in laboratory cats, with controlled environment, feeding and body mass. The energy metabolism of these animals can be divided into four compartments: basal metabolic rate that sums the highest EE of these animals around 60%, voluntary muscle activity contributing around 30%, followed by caloric increment and adaptive thermogenesis (10%). It is noted that voluntary muscle activity contributes a considerable portion of the EE of these animals, and should not be limited, as it directly interferes with energy expenditure. Studies with animals at home, with a representative number of large populations, that present normal life routine with a practical and efficient protocol, easily accepted by the owners to measure EE, body composition (BC) and water turnover (WT) in lifestyle of cats is important for more accurate nutritional studies. A practical and effective method for measuring these parameters, which is easy to apply at home and does not interfere with the animals' lifestyle and physical activity, is the double labeled water method that measures them through the enrichment and decay of deuterium (2H) and oxygen 18 ( 18O) in body water. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the practical protocol of enrichment collection times (2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 hours) and decay (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days ) as well as alternative body fluids saliva and urine compared to blood for assessing the concentrati... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o Gasto Energético Basal (GEB) através da Calorimetria Indireta (CI) em pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE). Métodos: Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes internados com diagnóstico de CEE submetidos à CI antes de iniciar a terapia oncológica. A avaliação nutricional foi realizada a partir de parâmetros antropométricos (Índice de Massa Corporal, Circunferência do Braço, Dobra Cutânea Triciptal, Circunferência Muscular do Braço e Percentual de Perda de Peso), parâmetros bioquímicos (albumina, transferrina e Proteína C Reativa) e bioimpedância tetrapolar. Além disso, foram determinados a capacidade pulmonar e o estadiamento clínico. A CI foi realizada depois de uma noite de jejum. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A média do GEB pela CI foi de 1.421,8 ± 348,2 kcal e pela Equação de Harris e Benedict (EHB) de 1.310,6 ± 215,1 kcal. A EHB subestimou o GEB comparado com a CI (p= 0,014). Foi encontrada diferença significativa no GEB entre os pacientes desnutridos (1.181,7 ± 278,1 kcal) e bem nutridos (1.509,1 ± 334,1 kcal) pelo IMC (p=0,020). Pelo %PP não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o GEB dos pacientes com PP significativa e não significativa (p=0,526). Entre os pacientes que apresentavam o percentual de massa magra abaixo do esperado, foi encontrada GEB de 1.408,9 ± 364,3 kcal, enquanto que os que tinham o percentual de massa magra adequado o GEB foi de 1.538,4 ± 97,5 kcal (p=0,550). Não houve associação entre o GEB pela CI e o estadiamento (p=0,255) e o Índice de Tiffeneau (p=0,946). Na associação entre os exames laboratoriais e o GEB pela CI, não foram encontradas associações significativas entre os que tinham alteração e os que não a tinham (p= 0,364, 0,309 e 0,780, respectivamente). Conclusões: O GEB de pacientes com CEE foi subestimado pela EHB sem fator injúria e superestimado pela EHB com fator injúria de 1,3 quando comparado ao GEB medido pela CI. / Expenditure (BEE) of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus by indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 30 patients admitted with a diagnosis of SCC who underwent IC before starting cancer therapy. Nutritional assessment was conducted using anthropometric parameters (body mass index, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference and percentage weight loss), biochemical parameters (albumin, transferrin and Creactive protein) and tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis. Additionally, lung capacity and clinical staging were determined. IC was carried out after overnight fasting. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean of the BEE for IC and Harris-Benedict equation were 1421.8 ± 348.2 kcal/day and 1310.6 ± 215.1 kcal/day, respectively. The HBE underestimated the BEE when compared with IC (p=0.014). A significant difference was found in the BEE between malnourished (1181.7 ± 278.1 kcal/day) and well-nourished (1509.1 ± 334.1 kcal/day) patients by BMI (p=0.020). In terms of percentage weight loss, no significant difference was found in BEE between patients with significant or non-significant weight loss (p=0.526). BEE for patients presenting with a lower than expected lean body mass was 1408.9 ± 364.3 kcal/day, whereas for those with an adequate lean body mass it was 1538.4 ± 97.5 kcal/day (p=0.550). No association was found between BEE measured by IC and clinical staging (p=0.255) or the Tiffeneau Index (p=0.946). Additionally, when comparing laboratory examinations with BEE measured by IC, no significant association was found between those with and those without alterations (p=0.364, 0.309 and 0.780 respectively). Conclusion: When compared to BEE measured by IC of patients with SCC, it was found that the HBE without injury factor underestimated, whereas the HBE with an injury factor of 1.3 overestimated BEE.