Introdução: O Jiu-Jitsu Brasileiro (BJJ, do inglês Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu) é uma modalidade de esporte de combate de característica acíclica, com períodos de esforço de alta intensidade alternados com ações de baixa intensidade. Poucos estudos se voltaram para os aspectos do treinamento físico na modalidade. As evidências disponíveis recomendam, dentre outras condutas, a prática de exercícios intervalados a fim de condicionar atletas de BJJ. Contudo, faltam evidências que suportem essa prática. Até o presente momento, o estudo que avaliou o efeito do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) em atletas de BJJ demonstrou melhores resultados em testes funcionais, quando comparado a um grupo que realizou o treinamento da forma tradicional. Entretanto, os autores não caracterizaram os exercícios utilizados durante o treinamento, nem testaram diferente intervalos de esforço Objetivo: Descrever e comparar a demanda cardiorrespiratória (VO2 e FC), a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e a contribuição dos sistemas energéticos (aeróbio, anaeróbio alático) durante a realização de três intervalos distintos (30 s, 60 s e 90 s) de três exercícios de BJJ (Arm Lock, Entrada de Queda e Passagem de Guarda) realizados em intensidade máxima. Métodos: A amostra foi composta de atletas de BJJ das faixas roxa, marrom e preta, sexo masculino de 20 – 45 anos, com participação em competições de nível nacional. O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) e o débito de oxigênio (VO2deb) foram mensurados através de testes em esteira, objetivando a avaliação da capacidade aeróbia máxima e EPOC após esforço supramáximo, respectivamente. Os participantes realizaram três protocolos de diferentes exercícios com distintas durações, todos de maneira all-out. A ordem dos protocolos foi definida por sorteio. O VO2 e a FC foram avaliados ao longo de todo o protocolo de exercício e a PSE foi avaliada após cada exercício. A contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi calculada através do software GEDAE-Lab que leva em consideração o VO2 durante o exercício e no período de recuperação. Estatística: Para comparação do efeito modo e duração de esforço foram realizados dois testes de análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA-one way), com post-hoc de Tukey. O tamanho de efeito foi calculado através teste d de Cohen. Foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O VO2 sofreu efeito da manipulação do modo e duração do esforço. A intensidade atingida (VO2esf) em 60 e 90 s foi superior a 30 s. O aumento da duração de esforço gerou incremento progressivo no consumo total de oxigênio (VO2total), conduzido por um aumento da contribuição aeróbia (VO2aer). Contudo, não houve incremento no VO2deb em resposta ao aumento da duração de esforço. Entre os exercícios, o ArmLock (AL) apresentou valores de VO2esf inferiores a Entrada de Queda (EQ) e Passagem de Guarda (PG). O VO2total também foi maior nos exercícios EQ e PG. O VO2deb do exercício EQ foi superior ao AL em 60 s. Conclusão: O consumo de oxigênio de exercícios realizado de pé foi superior ao exercícios realizado em decúbito dorsal. Entretanto, o EPOC entre os exercícios foi semelhante. Além disso, a demanda energética aumentou com incrementos na duração do esfoço. Esse incremento ocorre em paralelo a um incremento na contribuição aeróbia. / Introduction: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is an acyclic combat sports modality, with high intensity efforts interspected by low intensity recovery periods. Few studies have looked at the physical training aspects on this modality. Based on the current evidences, guidelines of conditioning for BJJ athletes recomend, among others, the practice of intermittent exercise. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this approach. Until the moment, the study that looked towards the effects of High Intensity Intervaled Training (HIIT) has shown that this type of training resulted in better, physical tests scores than traditional BJJ training. However, the authors did not characterized the exercises that they used during the training. Understanding the physiological demand of each exercise is importante in order to rank them by intensity, helping coaches to apply each exercise on the best moment of training programs. Goals: The aim of this study was to describe the physiological demand (VO2 and HR), the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and the energy system contribution (aerobic and alactic anaerobic) during the completion of the three different protocols of technical BJJ exercises. Methods: The sample was composed of male BJJ athletes, age 20 – 45 years old, graded as purple, brown and black belt, that competed in national level. Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Oxygen Debt (VO2deb) were measured to determine maximal aerobic and EPOC response to supramaximal effort. The subjects performed three distinct protocols for each exercise, the order was randomly determined. VO2 and HR were measured through the whole protocol, RPE was measured after each exercise interval. The software GEDAE-Lab was used to calculate the energy systems contribution, considering the VO2 during the protocol. Statistics: Two independent ANOVA-one way tests were used to check the effort mode and duration effect, with Tukey test post-hoc. Cohen’s d test was used to analyse the effect size, the alpha was equal or more 0.05. Results: VO2 was affected by mode and duration of exercise. The intensity (VO2esf) reached during 60 and 90 s effort was greater than 30 s. There was a main effect of increasing the duration over the total oxygen consumption (VO2total), driven by the increase of aerobic contribution (VO2aer). However, the VO2deb was similar between the interval durations tested. Between the exercises, Arm Lock (AL) presented lower VO2esf values than Entrada de Queda (EQ) e Passagem de Guarda (PG). The VO2total was also greater in EQ and PG than AL. In 60 s EQ presented greater values than AL for VO2deb. Conclusion: The oxygen consumption on exercises performed in stand positions was higher than exercises perfomed on the ground. However, the EPOC between the exercises was similar. Moreover, the energetic demand increased with increments in exercise duration. This increment was associated with an increase in aerobic contribution.

Orientador: André Luís Balbi / Resumo: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é caracterizada pela perda progressiva e irreversível da função renal. Distúrbios metabólicos e condições catabólicas relacionadas à doença renal e à terapia de diálise afetam negativamente o estado nutricional de pacientes com DRC, deixando-os permanentemente propensos ao protein energy wasting (PEW). O wasting pode resultar de uma dieta inadequada, mas na doença renal, existem outros fatores que resultam nessa condição. Alterações no gasto energético desta população contribuem de forma importante para o prejuízo nutricional. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, de modo evolutivo, o Gasto Energético de Repouso (GER) e parâmetros nutricionais de pacientes com DRC na fase pré dialítica, dialítica inicial e dialítica tardia, estudando pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise e a diálise peritoneal. Além disso, comparar os valores de GER medidos pela Calorimetria Indireta (CI) aos valores estimados pela fórmula de Harris & Benedict. Foram estudados os pacientes com taxa de filtração glomerular estimada <15ml/min/1,73m² e avaliados de acordo com Protocolo de Avaliação Nutricional e medida do GER por CI. Foram consideradas três avaliações realizadas previamente: nos pacientes em estágio 5 não dialítico, no início da diálise, após 30 dias do início da terapia dialítica e incluído no estudo atual, uma última avaliação, após 1 ano do início da diálise. Os dados foram descritos em média, desvio padrão ou mediana. Foi aplicado modelo misto em medidas re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hs_me_rcla.pdf: 3105261 bytes, checksum: 69873282054967688d17b367cf3341fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi comparar o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) medido em jogo treino (J-T) de futsal com o VO2 estimado através das equações de regressão geradas a partir da relação entre frequência cardíaca (FC) e VO2 (FC-VO2), obtidas nos testes contínuo em esteira (CONT) e intermitente com recuperação em quadra (IT-R). Com base no VO2 foi calculado o dispêndio energético (DE) no J-T, considerando somente a demanda aeróbia e a demanda total, aeróbia, anaeróbia alática e lática, estimadas a partir do VO2, componente rápido do VO2 pós exercício e o equivalente de 1 mmol•L-1 de lactato sanguíneo ([La-]) para 3 mL de O2•kg-1, respectivamente. Além disso, a intensidade do J-T foi comparada com um jogo oficial (J-O), através da FC. Dez jogadores de futsal profissionais participaram do estudo (22,20 ± 3,22 anos). Nos testes para verificação da FC-VO2, foram realizados o CONT e IT-R, e comparado com as informações do J-T. O VO2 estimado a partir da FC-VO2 foi calculado por 2 métodos, usando a média do consumo estimado (VO2-M), e considerando a aérea integral do consumo estimado (VO2-A). A estimativa do VO2 pela FC-VO2 não diferiu estatisticamente do VO2 medido durante o J-T, tanto quando estimado por CONT ou IT-R. Na análise de correlação de Pearson, a estimativa do VO2 através das equações geradas pelo CONT apresentou correlação classificada como muito fraca e sem significância estatística (P>0,05) com o J-T, por ambos os métodos (VO2-M, r = 0,10; VO2-A, r = -0,01). Já na estimativa do VO2 a partir do IT-R, apresentou correlação moderada e sem significância estatística (P>0.05) (VO2-M, r = 0,47; VO2-A, r = 0,42). A análise de Bland Altman, demonstrou que a estimativa do VO2 por meio da FC-VO2 possui baixa associação com o J-T, tanto quando realizada a partir de teste CONT quando por IT-R. O metabolismo predominante durante a partida (J-T) foi o aeróbio (93%), seguido do anaeróbio alático (5%) e anaeróbio lático (2%). Além disso, foi verificado que o J-T teve intensidade 6% menor do que um J-O. O DE em atividade de futsal (J-T) apresentou 12,92 ± 1,15 kcal•min-1 (MET: 10,66 ± 1,48) quando considerado só o metabolismo aeróbio, e 13,89 ± 1,33 kcal•min-1 (MET: 11,46 ± 1,66) quando considerado aeróbio mais anaeróbio. O DE energético da análise de jogos não oficiais devem ser corrigidos pela intensidade do jogo real, caso se pretenda calcular o DE do J-O de futsal, uma vez que o J-T subestimou o J-O em 6%. A estimativa do VO2 e DE com base na FC-VO2 não deve ser utilizada para estimar o VO2 individualmente. No entanto, considerando que o teste IT-R apresentou correlação moderada e resultados mais próximos ao do J-T, em comparação ao CONT (correlação muito fraca), o teste intermitente com recuperação em quadra (IT-R) pode ser uma alternativa para estimar o VO2 médio de grupos de sujeitos com características similares. / The main objective of the present study was to compare the oxygen consumption (VO2) measured in futsal training game (T-G) with the estimated VO2 through the regression equations generated from the relation between heart rate (HR) and VO2 (HR-VO2) obtained in continuous treadmill (CONT) and intermittent with recovery on court (IT-R) tests. Based on VO2, the energy expenditure (EE) in the T-G was calculated, considering only the aerobic demand and the total demand, aerobic, anaerobic, alatic and lactic, estimated from VO2, fast component of VO2 post exercise and the equivalent of 1 mmol•L-1 of blood lactate ([La-]) para 3 mL de O2•kg-1, respectively. In addition, the intensity of the T-G was compared with an official game (O-G) through HR. Ten professional futsal players participated in the study (22.20 ± 3.22 years). In the tests for HR-VO2 verification, the CONT and IT-R were performed, and compared to T-G information. The estimated VO2 from the HR-VO2 was calculated by 2 methods, using the estimated average consumption (VO2-M), and considering the integral area of the estimated consumption (VO2-A). The estimation of VO2 by HR-VO2 did not differ statistically from VO2 measured during T-G, either when estimated by CONT or IT-R. In the Pearson correlation analysis, the estimation of VO2 through the equations generated by CONT showed a very weak correlation and without statistical significance (P> 0.05) with T-G, by both methods (VO2-M, r = 0, 10; VO2-A, r = -0.01). In the estimation of VO2 from the IT-R, it presented moderate correlation and no statistical significance (P> 0.05) (VO2-M, r = 0.47, VO2-A, r = 0.42). The analysis by Bland Altman, showed that the estimation of VO2 by HR-VO2 has a low association with T-G, both when performed from the CONT test and by IT-R. The predominant metabolism during the game (T-G) was aerobic (93%), followed by alactic anaerobic (5%) and lactic anaerobic (2%). In addition, it was verified that the T-G had intensity 6% smaller than an official game (O-G). The EE in futsal (T-G) activity showed 12.92 ± 1.15 kcal•min-1 (MET: 10.66 ± 1.48) when considering only the aerobic metabolism, and 13.89 ± 1.33 kcal•min-1 (MET: 11.46 ± 1.66) when considered aerobic plus anaerobic. The EE of the analysis of unofficial games must be corrected by the intensity of the real game, if you want to calculate the EE of the futsal O-G, since the T-G underestimated the O-G by 6%. The estimation of VO2 and EE based on HR-VO2 should not be used to estimate VO2 individually. However, considering that the IT-R test presented moderate correlation and results closer to that of the T-G, compared to the CONT (very weak correlation), the intermittent with recovery on court test (IT-R) may be an alternative to estimate VO2 average in groups of subjects with similar characteristics. / CNPq: 160137/2014-4

Avaliou-se o balanço energético de 386 funcionários horistas produtivos, distribuídos por 12 funções de uma indústria automobilística do Estado de são Paulo. O dispêndio energético extra laborativo e o consumo alimentar foi estabelecido por meio de inquérito recordatório, de atividades e alimentar. O gasto, exclusivamente laborativo, foi determinado através do consumo de oxigênio pelo método de Douglas-Haldane em 30 funcionários. São apresentados dados sobre a forma como o empregado distribui seu tempo, assim como o consumo energético exclusivamente laborativo de cada função. O conteúdo calórico do café da manhã, do almoço e do jantar é discutido. O balanço calórico extra laborativo encontrado foi de 111,64 por cento e o laborativo foi de 89,14. Conclui que a relação entre o gasto energético e a reposição calórica pelos alimentos em termos diários globais para a população e época pesquisadas foi de 101,43, estando, portanto; em equilíbrio. / The energy balance of 386 hourly employed workers distributed in twelve functions in an automobile industry in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, was evalueted. The leisure energy expenditure and the food intake were established through the 24 hr recall as regards activities and foods. The energy expenditure was measured through oxygen intake by the Douglas-Haldane method in 30 employees. Data is presented as regards the way in which the employees spend their time as well as energy expenditure in each function. The caloric content of breakfast, lunch and dinner are discussed. The leisure caloric balance was 111,64 per cent and the work time caloric balance was 89,14. It is concluded that the ratio between energy expenditure and caloric replacement by food in a general day, for the population and time researched was 101,43, being , therefore, in energy balance.

O desenvolvimento de adipócitos termogênicos/bege no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) pode reduzir os efeitos adversos da obesidade e melhorar a saúde metabólica. Certos agentes farmacológicos e nutricionais podem promover esses efeitos ativando fatores de transcrição ou vias regulatórias, promovendo o browning do TAB. Como suplemento nutricional ou dietético, os compostos presentes no chá verde (CV) têm demonstrado fortes correlações entre o metabolismo energético e a perda de peso corporal (PC), no entanto, sua potencial contribuição para o desenvolvimento de células termogênicas/bege foram fracamente investigadas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre as alterações metabólicas induzidas por uma dieta obesogênica e a indução de células termogênicas/bege em camundongos obesos tratados com CV. Além disso, foi avaliado o efeito de uma mistura contendo as principais catequinas do CV (EGCG (2 <font face = \"symbol\">mM), EGC (1 <font face = \"symbol\">mM), ECG (0,6 <font face = \"symbol\">mM) e EC (0,4 <font face = \"symbol\">mM)) (Sigma) em uma concentração final de 4 <font face = \"symbol\">mM e o extrato de CV a 0,19% na indução de fenótipo bege in vitro (pré-adipócitos 3T3-F442A). Nós demonstramos que os camundongos induzidos à obesidade (dieta de cafeteria/16 semanas) e tratados com CV (500 mg/kg de PC) durante 12 semanas mostraram uma redução significativa nos indicadores de obesidade, ganho de peso, depósitos de gordura, hiperlipidemia e incremento nos níveis plasmáticos de adiponectina sem alteração na ingestão alimentar. A taxa metabólica basal foi aumentada, assim como, os genes envolvidos na oxidação de AG, termogênese e marcadores de células bege no TA subcutâneo de animais obesos tratados com CV. O CV também diminuiu a inflamação e o estresse de retículo endoplasmático induzido pela dieta e a resistência à insulina (RI). Nós também sugerimos pela primeira vez que o tratamento com CV induz um ciclo fútil que envolve a de novo lipogênese para ativação da via termogênica in vivo e in vitro. A mistura de catequinas e o extrato de CV demonstraram redução significativa no acúmulo de lipídios, além de induzir a expressão de marcadores termogênicos relacionados à oxidação de AG e ativação mitocondrial, bem como o consumo de oxigênio. O efeito termogênico do CV e do mix de catequinas ocorre de maneira autônoma e dependente da modulação temporal de fatores adipogênicos como o PPAR<font face = \"symbol\">g. Nosso estudo identificou que as alterações metabólicas promovidas pela ingestão de CV induzem o gasto energético e comprometem o destino final da célula adiposa, ainda em etapas iniciais do processo de adipogênese, com modulações que envolvem a via do PPAR<font face = \"symbol\">g, associado à ativação de um ciclo fútil e indução do fenótipo bege. Essas alterações culminam em uma estratégia terapêutica eficiente de combate à obesidade e suas co-morbidades. / The development of thermogenic/beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) might reduce the adverse effects of obesity and could help to improve metabolic health. Certain pharmacological and nutritional agents can promote those effects by activating transcription factors or regulatory signaling pathways furthering WAT browning. As a nutritional or dietary supplement, compounds present in green tea (GT) has demonstrated remarkable correlations between energy metabolism and body weight (BW) loss, however, their potential contributions to the development of thermogenic/beige cells have been scarcely investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between metabolic alterations induced by an obesogenic diet and the induction of thermogenic/beige cells in GT-treated obese mice. We also evaluated the effect of a mix containing the main catechins found in GT (EGCG (2<font face = \"symbol\">mM), EGC (1<font face = \"symbol\">mM), ECG (0.6<font face = \"symbol\">mM) and EC (0.4<font face = \"symbol\">mM)) (Sigma) in a final concentration of 4<font face = \"symbol\">mM and a GT extract at 0.19%.in the induction of beige phenotype in vitro (3T3-F442A preadipocytes). Here, we show that obese-induced mice (cafeteria diet/16 weeks) that were treated with GT (500 mg/kg of BW) for 12 weeks showed a significant reduction in indicators of obesity such as BW gain, fat depots, hyperlipidemia and an increment in plasma adiponectin levels without alteration in food intake. The basal metabolic rate was increased as well as genes involved in FA oxidation, thermogenesis and beige cells markers in the subcutaneous AT of obese animals treated with GT. GT also decreased inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by the diet and relief insulin resistance (IR). We also find that our treatment was able to induce a futile cycle through de novo lipogenesis to activate the thermogenic pathway in vivo and in vitro. The mix of catechins or the GT showed significant reduction of lipid accumulation and upregulated the expression of thermogenic markers related to FA oxidation and mitochondrial activation, as well as, oxygen consumption. The effects of GT and the mix of catechins occur in an autonomous manner and seems to be dependent on initial mechanism in adipogenesis through PPAR<font face = \"symbol\">g participation. Our study identified that the metabolic alterations caused by GT ingestion induce energetic expenditure and compromise the final commitment of adipose cell, still in the initial stages of the adipogenesis process, with modulations involving the PPAR<font face = \"symbol\">g pathway, associated to the activation of the futile cycle and induction of beige phenotype. These alterations culminate in an effective therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and its comorbidities.

Adolescência é o período de transição entre a infância e a vida adulta, caracterizado pelos impulsos do desenvolvimento físico, mental, emocional, sexual e social. Essa faixa etária, ao longo dos anos tem apresentado aumento da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e danos e agravos à saúde provocados pelas comorbidades associadas. Os fatores que contribuem para esse processo são a alimentação e a inatividade física, portanto conhecer e saber escolher o melhor método para avaliar gasto energético basal e total, atividade física e a composição corporal dessa população ajuda os profissionais da saúde a trilharem soluções mais promissoras para o combate da obesidade e a formação de adultos mais saudáveis. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar Gasto Energético e fatores diretamente relacionados como Consumo Alimentar e Padrão de Atividade Física em Adolescentes Obesos e Eutróficos. Foram estudados 86 adolescentes obesos e eutróficos de idade de 11 a 14 anos de ambos os sexos de escolas públicas e particulares de Ribeirão Preto. Foi avaliada a atividade física por meio do acelerômetro tri-axial, a composição corporal por absorcimetria de raio X de dupla energia, bioimpedância elétrica e óxido de deutério e gasto energético basal por calorimetria indireta e gasto energético total por água duplamente marcada. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de normalidade Kolmogorov Smirnov, teste Anova com pós teste de Tukey e comparações por método Bland-Altman. O peso muscular pelo DXA de adolescentes obesos foi maior do que em adolescentes eutróficos. Houve diferença estatística entre obesos e eutróficos nas variáveis MMkg, MM%, MGkg e MG%. Analisando a composição corporal por BIA e OD podemos ver que a BIA superestima os resultados. Quanto ao gasto energético, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupo em relação ao GEB e GET, para o GET ser maior independe da atividade física em número de passos no dia, pois o GEB em X obesos (meninos e meninas) é maior quando comparado com eutróficos. O nível de atividade física dos adolescentes se mostrou semelhante entre os obesos e eutróficos, apesar dos obesos darem muito menos passos ao longo do dia. Em nosso estudo todas as variáveis foram diferentes entre os grupos. Foi constatado que os adolescentes obesos apresentam maior GEB por terem maior massa muscular, o que já eleva o GET, apesar de apresentarem AF menos intensa que os eutróficos, confirmando nossa hipótese inicial. / Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by the impulses of the physical, mental, emotional, sexual and social development. This age group, all over the years, has shown increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, damage and health problems caused by associated comorbidities. Factors that contribute to this process are the diet and physical inactivity, so knowing how to choose the best method to assess basal and total energy expenditure, physical activity and body composition of this population helps health professionals to find the best solutions to deal with obesity and how to guide their patients on how to become healthier adults. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Energy Expenditure and directly related factors such as Food Consumption and Physical Activity in Adolescents Obese and Eutrophic. We studied 86 adolescents aged between 11 and 14 years of both genders, obese and non-obese, from public and private schools in Ribeirão Preto. Physical Activity was evaluate by tri-axial accelerometer, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, electric bioimpedance and deuterium oxide, and basal energy expenditure was evaluate by indirect calorimetry and total energy expenditure by doubly labeled water. Data was analysed by Kolmogorov Smirnov to check normality, Anova with post test Tukey and comparisons by Bland-Altman method. The muscle weight by DXA of obese adolescents was higher than in normal weight adolescents. There was statistical difference between obese and normal weight in MMkg variables, MM % BFkg and BF %. Analyzing body composition by BIA and OD we can see that the BIA overestimates the results. In relation to the energy expenditure, there was no statistical difference between the groups in relation to the REE and TEE to the TEE be most independent of physical activity in number of steps in the day, because the REE in obese (boys and girls) is higher as compared with eutrophic. XII The level of physical activity in adolescents was similar between the obese ones and normal weight ones, while obese ones had much less steps throughout the day. In our study all the variables were different between the grupos. We found that obese adolescents have higher REE because they have more muscle mass, which already raises the TEE, despite having less intense physical activity that eutrophic adolescents, confirming our initial hypothesis.

This study measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in adults at least 50 years of age. The goal was to determine the effect of the estimate of resting metabolic rate (RMR) on the relationship between energy expenditure estimates made using (a) self-reports of physical activity and (b) food intake records. The objectives were to determine if (a) RMR estimates based on body composition, body weight, and the 111 metabolic cart were strongly related to each other, and (b) TDEE estimates based on a 7- day physical activity diary and a 7-day food intake record were more strongly related to each other when an RMR was used that was based on body composition, body weight, or the met cart. This was a three-phase study. In phases I and II, the Pearson r was computed for all combinations of methods . If r > .80, the most practical method for field use was used in the next phase. Phase I: Estimated body composition using bioimpedance (BIA), skinfold (SKF), and girth. Phase II: Measured RMR using a met cart and three equations. Phase III: Computed TDEE using the self-reports. The Pearson r was computed to determine which methods of estimating RMR resulted in the strongest relationships. Forty-four older adults participated. Phase I: r = .88 for SKF, girth; r = .64 for SKF, BIA. Phase II: rs ranged from .47 to .59 between the met cart-RMR and all the other methods; rs ranged from .84 to .98 for the remaining methods. Phase III: r = .41 between the two estimates of TDEE that used a body weight -RMR; r = .59 between estimates using a met cart-RMR; and r = .58 between estimates using a body composition-RMR. Even though r = .59 and r = .58 are similar, the average individual difference between the two estimates for each participant was smaller for the metabolic cart- RMR (372 calories /day) than for the body composition-RMR (1,045 calories /day), which suggests that body composition is not as useful as a met cart when estimating TDEE for older adults . When estimating clients' daily calorie needs, health professionals ought to consider using a met cart to estimate RMR and TDEE instead of other methods .

The free-roaming ruminant requires energy for the demands of vii grazing, traveling and thermoregulation that are not required by its confined counterpart. Literature estimates of these additional costs range from 10 to 170 percent above maintenance. The uncertain magnitude of this increased demand and the factors that contribute to it impede the ability of the rangeland ruminant nutritionist to establish guidelines for the energy requirements of the free-roaming herbivore. This study was designed to estimate the energy expenditure of yearling Angus heifers while grazing a declining supply of available crested wheatgrass forage (Agropyron cristatum) on rangeland in west-central Utah. Free-ranging energy expenditure was estimated twice for four heifers during each of five ten-day periods during June, July August and early September, 1979. These estimates were obtained using the carbon dioxide entry rate technique. In addition, total fecal output, dietary crude protein and dietary in vitro organic matter digestibility were estimated for animals grazing the 20- hectare crested wheatgrass pasture. From these data, daily forage intake was calculated. The level of available forage during each period was estimated using the ocular weight-estimate technique applied on forty 1 m2 circular plots. Energy expenditure was estimated as 161 (with a confidence interval of ±43) kcal·kg body weight-.75.d-1 (n=10), and was independent of the decline in available forage from 880 to 284 kg dry matter·hectare-1 that occurred over the course of the grazing season. Daily intake was 54.5 grams (organic matter basis) per unit body weight.75 for the 305 kg heifers. Daily intake was independent of the supply of available forage. During early July, 1980, crested wheatgrass was harvested as hay and fed to 260 kg yearling Angus heifers in metabolism stalls in a thermoneutral and constantly illuminated laboratory. Daily feeding levels were set at 54.5 grams (organic matter basis) per unit body weight.75. Energy expenditure under these conditions was estimated as 111 (±12) kcal·kg body weight-.75·day-1 , 6 kcal per unit body weight.75 greater than the mean estimate of the fasting metabolism rate. The latter estimate was obtained following a 48-hour fast. These estimates of maintenance and fasting metabolism were combined to provide a mean estimate of 110 (±10) kcal·kg body weight-.75·day-1 (n=14). Of the 45 percent (51 kcal·kg body weight-.75·day-1) increase in the estimated energy expenditures by heifers under free-roaming conditions, 50 percent was attributed to the energetic cost of grazing. A daily average 9.2 hours were spent in this activity. The energetic cost of grazing was assumed as 0.82 kcal·kg body weight-1·hour-1 spent grazing. Daily travel was estimated as 3.9 km at an assumed energetic cost of 0.58 kcal·kg body weight-1·km-1. This accounted for a 20 percent estimated increase in energy expenditure. Average daily temperatures were generally between 12°C and 30°C and thermoregulatory demands were not considered as a substantial energetic expense. The remaining 30 percent (12 kcal) of the additional increment due to free-roaming conditions could not be explained.

This investigation examined acute energy compensation and macronutrient intake in habitually active and sedentary, college-aged males, following an exercise session as compared to a resting (control) session, to see if habitually active males compensate intake better to an energy deficit incurred by exercise, than sedentary males. Participants were males, aged 18-30 years, of a normal percent body fat and body mass index, and exercised < 60 min per week (sedentary) or > 150 min per week (habitually active). Participants came in for two sessions: 1) 45 minutes of resting (control) and then eating an ad libitum meal; and 2) riding a cycle ergometer for 45 minutes (exercise) and then eating an ad libitum meal. Sessions were counterbalanced across participants. Energy and macronutrient intake were calculated for the meal and over the remaining part of the day. Sedentary individuals ate significantly less during the meal in the exercise session (which expended a mean of 453.5 kcals across both groups) as compared to the control session (934.8 + 222.0 kcals vs. 1073.9 + 470.3 kcals, p < 0.03), which demonstrated negative energy compensation (-30.6%). The habitually active group showed no significant difference in energy intake between sessions at the meal (1016.8 + 396.7 kcal [control] vs. 1105.6 + 389.2 kcal [exercise]). While the habitually active group showed no significant difference in intake at the meal, the slight increase in intake at the meal in the exercise session demonstrated some energy compensation (19.6%), which was significantly better (p < 0.03) than that in the sedentary group. No differences in macronutrient intake at the meal were found between the sessions. Over the day following the sessions, both groups reported a significant increase in energy intake after the exercise session as compared to the control session (1457.5 + 646.2 kcals vs. 1356.1 + 657.2 kcals, p < 0.04), with no difference in macronutrient intake between the sessions. These results indicate that, although complete acute compensation did not occur, the habitually active group acutely compensated intake significantly more so than the sedentary group, demonstrating better energy regulation ability.

The overall aim of the research presented here was to expand the knowledge on metabolic course and nutritional outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and to analyze the use and accuracy of different methods of assessment. Study I, a systematic review of 30 articles demonstrated consistent data on increased metabolic rate, of catabolism and of upper gastrointestinal intolerance in the majority of the patients during early post injury period. Data also indicated a tendency of less morbidity and mortality in early fed patients. Study II, a retrospective survey, based on medical records of 64 patients from three regions in Sweden, showed that the majority of patients regained their independence in eating within six months post injury. However, energy intake was set at a low level and 68 % of the patients developed malnutrition with 10 to 29 % loss of initial body mass during the first and second month post injury. Study III, a questionnaire based study addressed to 74 care units caring for patients with severe traumatic brain injury showed that resources in terms of qualified staff members were reportedly good, but nutritional guidelines were adopted in less than half of the units, screening for malnutrition at admission was rarely performed and surveillance of energy intake declined when oral intake began. Moreover, assessment of energy requirements relied on calculations and the profession in charge to estimate energy requirement varied depending on nutritional route and unit speciality. At transferral between units nutritional information was lost. Study IV and V, a prospective descriptive study on metabolic course, energy balance and methods of assessment in six patients showed that patients were in negative energy balance from 3rd week post injury and lost 8-19 % of their initial body weight. Concurrent nutritional problems were difficulties in retaining enteral and/or parenteral nutrition delivery routes until oral feeding was considered satisfactory. The majority of methods for predicting energy expenditure agreed poorly with measured energy expenditure.  The Penn-State equation from 1998 was the only valid predictive method during mechanical ventilation. This thesis concludes that patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury exhibit a wide range of increased metabolic rate, catabolism and upper gastrointestinal intolerance during the early post-injury period. Most patients regain independence in eating, but develop malnutrition. Suggested explanations, other than the systemic disturbances early post injury, could be the use of inaccurate predictions of energy expenditure, deficient nutritional routines and difficulties in securing alternative nutritional routes until oral feeding is satisfactory. The impact of timing, content and ways of administration of nutritional support on neurological outcome after a severe traumatic brain injury remains to be demonstrated.