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The aim of this doctoral dissertation project has been to investigate and describe Entrepreneurship Education in one Swedish county, E‐county. The dissertation is based on five studies, four case studies and a minor follow‐up study. Together these studies constitute a multiple case study called The Main Study. The purpose of the study has been to investigate how European policy on entrepreneurship education has been reproduced and realized in different educational settings in E‐county, and the consequences this has had for fostering students and local identity building. The two first studies, cases A and B were carried out in three schools where three high school programs were studied, the Haircare program, a technical program and a social science program. The programs were chosen so that the whole range of highschool programs were represented; a practical program, a semi‐academic program and an academic program. The third case, C, contained the specific educational program ʺSummer Entrepreneur” which was developed in a local municipality in Ecounty, and had been spread throughout Sweden. The program was developed by local people within the framework of an educational concept that had been imported from Canada, “Open For Business“. The fourth study, case D, was carried out in the educational program Youth Enterprise in local high schools, including the so called “Practice school”. The fifth study was a minor study through interviews with representatives from the different educational programs. To enable methodical triangulation, studies A to D were carried out with interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analysis. The studies were based on theories of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and general education. The theoretical framework for analysis was based on Basil Bernstein’s (2000) theoretical concepts classification, framing, the pedagogic device and pedagogic identities. The major finding from the Main Study was that entrepreneurship education was already part of the educational programs studied for some time before it became part of the Swedish national curricula in 2011. Entrepreneurship had become an element in the fostering of local identities in E‐county. Since it has become a major element of the value base in the national curricula, it will probably be an important part in fostering and identity building in all Swedish schools in the future.

<p>This paper establishes the life-cycle dynamics of Corporate Venture Capital (CVC) to explore the information acquisition role of CVC investment in the process of corporate innovation. I exploit an identification strategy that allows me to isolate exogenous shocks to a firm's ability to innovate. Using this strategy, I first find that the CVC life cycle typically begins following a period of deteriorated corporate innovation and increasingly valuable external information, lending support to the hypothesis that firms conduct CVC investment to acquire information and innovation knowledge from startups. Building on this analysis, I show that CVCs acquire information by investing in companies with similar technological focus but have a different knowledge base. Following CVC investment, parent firms internalize the newly acquired knowledge into internal R&D and external acquisition decisions. Human capital renewal, such as hiring inventors who can integrate new innovation knowledge, is integral in this step. The CVC life cycle lasts about four years, terminating as innovation in the parent firm rebounds. These findings shed new light on discussions about firm boundaries, managing innovation, and corporate information choices.</p> / Dissertation

This study focuses on female entrepreneurship in Afghanistan as a relatively new phenomenon in the country. It captures women entrepreneurs’ lived experiences and investigates their motivations, the factors affecting their businesses, the challenges they face, and their survival strategies. It also explores entrepreneurship's impacts on women’s lives, particularly affecting their ascribed gender roles and contributions to social transformation. The findings of this research, based on qualitative interviews with 19 female entrepreneurs in Afghanistan, suggest that female entrepreneurship could be an effective way of involving women in social and economic development. This thesis also contributes to women’s empowerment and increases job opportunities for other women. It also has the potential to address women’s previously unmet needs. I argue that in conservative societies, entrepreneurship brings about social change by normalizing women’s presence in the public sphere, particularly in business, and therefore it should be supported and promoted.

Les entrepreneurs par nécessité créent une entreprise car ils ne perçoivent pas d'alternative valable d'emploi. Ils font l'objet de nombreux travaux de recherche depuis le début des années 2000, qui orientent des politiques publiques spécifiques à l'égard de cette catégorie d'entrepreneurs, en particulier en période de crise économique. Ils sont opposés, dans une dichotomie communément acceptée par la communauté de recherche, aux entrepreneurs par opportunité, poursuivant eux de lucratives opportunités d'affaires. La première partie de ce travail doctoral retrace l'émergence du concept d'entrepreneuriat de nécessité, puis une seconde partie synthétise, après une étude exhaustive de la bibliographie, les apports de la littérature dans ce champ. Une attention particulière est portée à la multiplicité des définitions. Nous démontrons dans une troisième partie que le terme d'entrepreneuriat de nécessité, largement répandu, n'est pas un concept d'identification solide, car ses significations se diluent dans l'espace et se morcellent selon les contextes individuels et socio-économiques. Le quatrième volet de cet exposé propose une typologie, issue de la littérature, en huit catégories d'entrepreneurs par nécessité, pour illustrer la variété des profils. Une étude quantitative exploratoire sur un échantillon de mille entrepreneurs permet d'apporter une première validation à cette typologie et de mesurer le poids des différentes catégories. Ce travail permet également de construire une grille d'analyse du degré de criticité de la nécessité entrepreneuriale, en développant une liste de l'ensemble des facteurs contraignants, internes ou exogènes, modifiables ou non, poussant l'individu à devenir créateur d'entreprise. Dans un objectif d'accompagnement des entrepreneurs par nécessité, afin d'en accroître la résilience, voire la réussite, la dernière partie de la recherche étudie, par la méthode biographique, les processus entrepreneuriaux, dans le cadre de la théorie de l'effectuation. Ce volet met en lumière les obstacles propres à la création d'entreprise par nécessité, en particulier la difficulté à mobiliser des ressources et un réseau de parties prenantes. Il souligne aussi le recours spontané et par défaut des entrepreneurs par nécessité aux principes de l'effectuation. Il s'interroge enfin sur les limites de la théorie de l'effectuation : ces principes sont démontrés par des entrepreneurs experts, mais leur application par des entrepreneurs par nécessité n'implique pas le succès de l'entreprise. Nos travaux concluent cependant à l'intérêt d'enseigner ces principes, pour renforcer la confiance en soi des entrepreneurs par nécessité. / Necessity entrepreneurs create ventures since they perceive they can find no other suitable work. The number of research articles on the subject has skyrocketed in the 2000s. Some of these papers influence the public policies worldwide, aiming at reducing unemployment by stimulating entrepreneurship, especially at a time of economic crisis. Necessity entrepreneurs are opposed to opportunity entrepreneurs, who pursue profitable market opportunities, in a commonly accepted dichotomy. First part of our doctoral dissertation presents how the « necessity entrepreneurship » concept developed. A second chapter summarizes the current global state of knowledge on necessity entrepreneurship, based on a thorough literature review. Particular focus is placed on the wide range of definitions. In a third part, we demonstrate that the « necessity entrepreneurship » category is not a reliable one. Although widely found in research papers, it is not a solid concept to identify entrepreneurs : its meanings vary according to regions, individuals, social and economic contexts. Fourth chapter of this work proposes a typology of necessity entrepreneurs to illustrate in eight categories the various profiles encountered in the literature. A quantitative exploratory study based on a sample of 1000 French entrepreneurs offers a first validation tool for the typology and gives percentages of entrepreneurs per profile. An operational list of all necessity factors, internal or external, unchangeable or modifiable, has then been developed to measure a degree of criticality and assign a score to necessity entrepreneurs. In order to improve the mentoring of necessity entrepreneurs, to develop their resilience and venture's success, last part of this paper is devoted to an in-depth analysis of necessity entrepreneurial processes. Therefore we used the biographical method in the framework of the effectuation theory. Specific issues and barriers related to necessity entrepreneurial venture set up have been identified, especially concerning resources gathering, funding and stakeholders' involvement. It appears necessity entrepreneurs resort to effectuation spontaneously and by default. However, although effectual principals have been developed based on expert entrepreneurs, it seems that applied by necessity entrepreneurs, they are no guaranty of success at all. As a conclusion, we demonstrate that teaching effectuation should however structure necessity entrepreneurial processes in a straightforward manner, in order to increase self-confidence and self-esteem of necessity entrepreneurs.

<div> <p>In this dissertation, I investigate how entrepreneurial ventures and industry incumbents enter into interorganizational relationships in the context of corporate venture capital (CVC) investments. In Essay 1, drawing from the literature on employee mobility and entrepreneurship, I investigate how the competitive tension between spinouts and their parent firms with regard to potential knowledge diffusion influences other industry incumbents’ decisions to invest in spinouts. Specifically, I suggest that a high level of technological overlap between a spinout and its parent firm deters other industry incumbents from investing in the spinout due to anticipated hostile actions by the parent firm. Moreover, such negative effects can be amplified when the parent firm has a strong litigiousness to claim its intellectual property rights. I also consider that the negative effects can be mitigated when industry incumbents expect to benefit from gaining indirect access to parent firms’ technological knowledge through investing in spinouts.</p><p><br></p> <p>In Essay 2, I focus on academic hybrid entrepreneurs—defined as individuals who found their own ventures while working at academic institutions (e.g., professors, scientists)—and investigate how their intended exit strategy influences their decisions regarding CVC financing. Specifically, I first propose that academic hybrid entrepreneurs may have strong preferences for acquisitions over initial public offerings as an exit strategy for their ventures because of the high level of opportunity/switching costs associated with transitioning between their academic roles and entrepreneurial activities. Drawing from the literature on mergers and acquisitions, I then suggest that compared to other ventures, those founded by academic hybrid entrepreneurs are more likely to receive funding from CVC investors to effectively disclose the quality of their resources and knowledge to potential acquirers.</p><p><br></p> <p>In Essay 3, I examine how the industry incumbents’ relative positions in technology domains vis-à-vis other firms influence their CVC investment activities. Drawing upon the literature on factor market, I conceptualize CVC investments as external knowledge acquisition activities in knowledge factor markets consisting of several different technology domains. Building on this conceptualization, I emphasize that industry incumbents’ choices of investment areas are dependent on their positions vis-à-vis their rival investors in a given technology domain. This is because a firm’s technology position in a given domain can simultaneously influence the opportunities and incentives that jointly determine the likelihood of CVC investments in the domain. The theoretical arguments and empirical results suggest that firms with intermediate technology positions (i.e., technology intermediates) with moderate levels of opportunities and incentives are more likely to make CVC investments than are technology laggards and leaders with the lowest levels of opportunities and incentives, respectively.</p></div>

This thesis explores the challenges and opportunities of cultural entrepreneurship, exploring current conceptualisations of cultural entrepreneurs and to find new perspectives and recommendations for cultural entrepreneurs of the future. Cultural entrepreneurship is a contested, yet essential aspect of the growth of artists and arts organisations globally. Though there are similarities, this research demonstrates that cultural entrepreneurs from different backgrounds, industries and of varied sizes need different things and have different barriers so cannot be understood in the same way. Digital technologies and local networks do offer new possibilities for innovation however these are limited in scope and require further investigation and investment. Despite psychological, political and financial barriers to entrepreneurship in the creative industries, finding a balance between artistic, social, economic and institutional innovation for the various actors throughout the arts offers key insights to how artists and arts organisations can be more entrepreneurial. Through a grounded theory approach, this research connects previously disparate fields of cultural policy, social entrepreneurship and business model innovation to derive new perspectives of how cultural entrepreneurs can survive and thrive in the dynamically shifting world. Themes that emerged through the data analysis connect in new ways to Cohendet et al.’s (2012) ‘Anatomy of a Creative City’, outlining the underground, middleground and upperground actors; Albinsson’s (2017) theories of the quadruple bottom line in the creative industries; and a value ecosystem’s approach with a focus on value creation (Allee, 2002; Curtis, 2017). From this combination of literature and data collected, a novel approach to understanding cultural entrepreneurs emerges, creating a model to understand more holistically how value is created and captured for the artist or arts organisation. This model has a range of practical approaches intended to provide tangible pathways into combining the concepts of the quadruple bottom line, value ecosystems and different conceptualisations of cultural entrepreneurs, offering a novel contribution to all of these fields in addition to, and most significantly the topic of cultural entrepreneurship.

毛瑋豫. / "2009年8月". / "2009 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-171). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Mao Weiyu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.5 / Chapter 第一節 --- 高校畢業生的就業狀況 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- "國外關於""創業´ح的相關硏究" --- p.12 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中國的創業政策 --- p.34 / Chapter 第四節 --- 中國關於大學生創業的硏究 --- p.42 / Chapter 第五節 --- 大學生創業與社會福利 --- p.50 / Chapter 第三章 --- 理論框架 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究問題的切入點 --- p.53 / Chapter 第二節 --- 理論框架的建構 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 具體硏究問題的形成 --- p.61 / Chapter 第四章 --- 硏究設計和方法 --- p.63 / Chapter 第一節 --- 哲學取向 --- p.63 / Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究設計 --- p.67 / Chapter 第三節 --- 定性硏究方法：個別深度訪談 --- p.69 / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究倫理 --- p.83 / Chapter 第五章 --- 硏究發現 --- p.84 / Chapter 第一節 --- 創業的理解 --- p.84 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政府政策及其它影響因素對大學生創業經歷產生的影響 一 從“動機´ح、“機會´ح、“技能´ح三方面探討 --- p.100 / Chapter 第三節 --- 來自受訪者們的建議 --- p.132 / Chapter 第四節 --- 本章總結 --- p.136 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.141 / 附錄一 --- p.155 / 附錄二 --- p.156 / 附錄三 --- p.158 / 參考文獻 --- p.159

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Entrepreneurship has become an important issue both locally and internationally in recent years due to its contribution to job creation and economic development. The decision to be entrepreneurial is determined by certain factors, as well as individual traits, and it is a planned behaviour that is not engaged in accidentally. Thus, underlying factors that enhance students’ intention towards entrepreneurship as a career option are vital. However, it is not known if the students have the knowledge of the various support measures available to assist them in starting their own businesses and to support existing ventures. This study wanted to find out if students studying entrepreneurship have any intention of starting their own business ventures and whether they have any knowledge of the support programmes at their disposal. Students studying entrepreneurship as one of their modules at the National Certificate Vocational (NCV) level at Capricorn College for TVET constituted the targeted population for the study. Self-administered questionnaires were given to a total of 170 participants and all of them responded. The results mainly indicated that the students do have the intention of starting their own businesses after completion of their course and that their knowledge of the different entrepreneurship support incentives is not adequate. The study recommends that a more concerted effort be made to make students more aware of engaging in entrepreneurial ventures as a career option and making them aware of the support options that are available to them should they need to start their own businesses. In addition, these support initiatives should publicise their services more, especially to the rural communities.

Thesis (MBA.) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / This study focused on finding out whether or not the grade nine learners in the Zebediela area displayed an entrepreneurial potential. The main purpose was that those learners with entrepreneurial potential would be considered for appropriate training so that at the end they would contribute positively towards the economic development and growth of the community, province and country. The population consisted of 2 693 learners from 35 secondary schools in the Zebediela area. The sample of 45 respondents (learners) from a total of 658 grade nine learners was drawn from nine secondary schools. The respondents filled in the General Enterprising Tendencies (GET) questionnaire each (to assess five elements such as the need for achievement, the need for autonomy, a creative tendency, moderate risk-taking , as well as drive and determination) and also took part in a group and structured interview. This study discovered that the respondents indeed showed the entrepreneurial potential and therefore, the strategies were recommended in the last chapter in order to nurture this potential.