Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T15:19:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2723644 bytes, checksum: b7e79401cc2e021297718d9baf7a1016 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T15:19:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2723644 bytes, checksum: b7e79401cc2e021297718d9baf7a1016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-05 / Environmental impacts, which alter the environment and result in the quality of life and well-being of society, can have their causes in the constructive process of buildings. This work presents the results of a research that had as objective to analyze the significance of the environmental impacts resulting from the construction process of three building works. Initially, it was necessary to know the causes of the environmental impacts in the different stages of the constructive process of buildings, as well as to identify these impacts, in order to evaluate their significance, through the criteria used in the method of Seiffert (2011). According to the said method, this significance can be: despicable, moderate and critical. The results showed that 83.78% of the identified environmental impacts represent moderate to critical significance, which is a worrying situation. This demonstrates that the environment is being polluted considerably by the construction industry due to the lack of environmental management and the wrong working method of the companies. The neglect of these companies in the face of environmental issues is notorious, since there is no control in the causes of environmental impacts, that is, there are no actions aimed at eliminating or minimizing them, thereby compromising the quality of life of society. . / Os impactos ambientais, que alteram o meio ambiente e trazem consequência para a qualidade de vida e bem estar da sociedade, podem ter suas causas no processo construtivo de edificações. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar a significância dos impactos ambientais resultantes do processo construtivo de três obras de edificação. Inicialmente, foi necessário conhecer as causas dos impactos ambientais nas diferentes etapas do processo construtivo de edificações, bem como identificar estes impactos, para na sequência avaliar a sua significância, através dos critérios utilizados no método de Seiffert (2011). De acordo com o referido método, essa significância pode ser: desprezível, moderada e crítica. Os resultados mostraram que 83,78% dos impactos ambientais identificados representam significância entre moderada e crítica, o que se constitui numa situação preocupante. Isto demonstra que o meio ambiente está sendo poluído consideravelmente pela indústria da construção, devido à ausência de gestão ambiental e método de trabalho equivocado das empresas. O descaso dessas empresas perante as questões ambientais é notório, pois não há controle nas causas dos impactos ambientais, ou seja, não existem ações que visem eliminá-los ou minimizá-los, comprometendo assim cada vez mais a qualidade de vida da sociedade.

Les produits high-tech sont couramment utilisés dans de nombreux secteurs industriels ainsi que dans nos vies de tous les jours. Ils améliorent notre qualité de vie, mais à quel prix ? En effet, la fabrication, l’utilisation et la fin-de-vie de ces produits high-tech génèrent des impacts environnementaux, économiques et sociaux importants. Ces impacts proviennent principalement des matériaux utilisés, de l’énergie consommée pour leur fabrication et pendant leur utilisation et des mauvaises conditions de travail pour l’extraction des matières premières et leur transformation. L’étape de fin-de-vie des produits high-tech contribue également à une grande partie des impacts, car cette phase est souvent négligée lors du processus de conception.Certaines études ont été faites afin de réduire l’impact environnemental des produits, mais ne considèrent qu’une partie des étapes de cycle de vie (par ex. la fabrication) et excluent d’autres étapes comme la fin-de-vie. D’autres études essayent d’intégrer les contraintes de toutes les étapes de cycle de vie mais négligent l’intégration des enjeux environnementaux et ne considèrent que les enjeux classiques de la conception (coûts, qualité, performance, etc.). D’autres études encore visent à intégrer les contraintes de toutes les étapes de cycle de vie et les enjeux environnementaux, mais ne sont pas adaptées à l’évolution rapide des développements dans le cas des produits high-tech (nouvelles technologies, nouveaux matériaux, etc.).Nous proposons donc un outil d’aide à la conception de produits high-tech, qui a pour objectif la prise en compte de toutes les étapes de cycle de vie — et notamment de la fin-de-vie — pour mieux considérer les enjeux environnementaux en plus des enjeux classiques de la conception. Il s’agit d’un modèle-produit agile pour l’écoconception : le MPAE, capable de guider les concepteurs tout au long du processus de conception sur les questions environnementales, malgré les nombreuses alternatives de conception envisagées lors de la conception des produits high-tech.Dans cette thèse, l’outil est appliqué sur un cas théorique de conception avec l’exemple des batteries Li-ion utilisées dans les véhicules électriques. Le modèle développé permet de cibler les paramètres de conception et les acteurs du cycle de vie à l’origine des impacts environnementaux, pour mieux considérer et tenter de les réduire.En résumé, cette thèse réinterroge l’application du concept de modèle produit dans le cas de la prise en compte des impacts environnementaux en conception afin d’aboutir à leur intégration efficace. / High-tech products are widely used in many industrial sectors as well as in our everyday lives. They improve our quality of life, but with a high price to pay? The manufacture, use and end-of-life of these products cause strong environmental, economic and social impacts. These impacts are mainly due to the materials and to the energy used for the manufacturing, to their use, but also to bad working conditions to obtain raw materials. The end-of-life stage for high-tech products is a huge source of impacts because not considered during the design.Some researches have been conducted to reduce the environmental impact of high-tech products, but they only consider partially the life cycle stages (eg. The manufacturing phases) and exclude other stages, such as the end-de- life. Further studies are trying to integrate all the life cycle constraints but neglect the integration of environmental issues and they only consider the classical design constraints (cost, quality, performance, etc.). Other studies aimed at integrating the al the life cycle constraints and the environmental issues, but they are not adapted to quick features evolutions during the design process of high-tech product (new technologies, new materials, etc.We therefore propose a tool to guide the design of high-tech products, which aims to integrate all life-cycle stages including the end-of-life and environmental issues in addition to classic design issues. This is an agile product model for eco-design (APME), which considers the rapid evolution of the solutions during the development of high-tech products.In this thesis, the model is theoretically applied in a case study related to Li-ion batteries for electric automotive applications. The developed model is able to highlight the main design parameters and the main actors of the product life cycle which induce high environmental impacts to try to reduce them.This thesis considers the use of the product model concept when taking into account environmental impacts during the design process, for their efficient integration.

A preocupação com a saúde tem levado ao uso de produtos com propriedades antimicrobianas, visando reduzir a proliferação de micro-organismos patogênicos. Ao mesmo tempo em que aditivos antimicrobianos são benéficos, pois reduzem a transmissão de doenças, os efeitos negativos, ainda, não estão bem elucidados. Estes aditivos podem afetar organismos essenciais ao meio ambiente e no desenvolvimento de plantas de interesse agrícola. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto ambiental causado por resíduos de elastômeros termoplásticos aditivados com três antimicrobianos comerciais à base de prata e pelos aditivos puros: (1) nanopartículas de prata adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNp_sílica); (2) bentonita organomodificada com prata (Ag+_bentonita) e (3) prata em vidro fosfato (Ag+_fosfato). Os aditivos foram incorporados em uma formulação de composto termoplástico, a base de copolímero em bloco estireno-etileno/butileno-estireno (SESB), polipropileno (PP) e óleo mineral por mistura no estado fundido em extrusora dupla rosca e moldados por injeção. Os aditivos foram caracterizados por tamanho, forma e composição com o objetivo de avaliar a influência destas características nas seguintes propriedades do composto: mecânicas, térmicas, químicas, físicas, morfológicas e antimicrobianas. Além disso, foram avaliadas a variação na degradação abiótica e biótica dos compostos termoplásticos. A influência na degradação abiótica e a consequente redução de vida útil dos compostos foram avaliadas pelo ensaio de intemperismo. Já para a avaliação do impacto no solo foi realizado ensaio de biodegradação em câmara respirométrica (degradação biótica) e germinação de plantas no solo contendo os aditivos. O microcrustáceo aquático Daphnia magna (D. magna) foi utilizado como bioindicador de toxicidade dos aditivos na água. Os resultados indicam que compostos com AgNp_sílica possuem melhor propriedade antibacteriana que os demais aditivos testados, eliminando mais de 95% da população de Escherichia coli e 80% da população de Staphylococcus aureus após 24 horas de contato. A incorporação dos aditivos teve pouco efeito sobre as propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, químicas, físicas e morfológicas dos compostos. Os compostos aditivados e sem aditivo não apresentaram diferença no ensaio de intemperismo. No ensaio respirométrico, as amostras aditivadas tiveram pouca variação na produção de gás carbônico em comparação ao composto padrão. No teste de toxicidade em água com D. magna, houve mortalidade de todos os organismos, mesmo na concentração de 0,0001 mg L-1 de aditivo. No ensaio de germinação, os resultados foram adversos, não possibilitando estabelecer um padrão de toxicidade. Por fim, conclui-se que com o manejo adequado dos resíduos, compostos termoplásticos antimicrobianos são ambientalmente seguros, além de auxiliar no controle da propagação de doenças. / The concern with health has led to the use of products with antimicrobial properties aiming to reduce the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time that antimicrobial additives are useful to reduce the transmission of disease, adverse effects under human and environmental health still not well understood. These additives can affect organisms essential to the environment and plant development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental impact caused by residues from thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) containing three commercial, silver-based antimicrobial additives and the pure additives. The additives tested were: (1) silver nanoparticles adsorbed on fumed silica (AgNp_silica); (2) bentonite organomodified with silver (Ag+_bentonite) and (3) silver phosphate glass (Ag+_phosphate). The additives were incorporated into a thermoplastic compound formulation, based on styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SESB), polypropylene (PP) and mineral oil by melt-blend in a twinscrew extruder and injection molded. A non loaded sample (standard) was used as control. The additives were characterized according to their size, shape and composition to evaluate the influence of these characteristics on the properties of the compound (mechanical, thermal, chemical, physical, morphological and antimicrobial). The influence on the abiotic degradation and consequent reduction in the life cycle of the compounds was evaluated by weathering test. To evaluate the impact of loaded TPE in soil, a soil biodegradation test was carried out in a respiratory chamber (biotic degradation) and germination of plants. The aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna (D. magna) was used as a bioindicator of toxicity of the additives in water. The results indicate that AgNp_silica compounds have better antibacterial properties than the other additives tested, eliminating more than 95% of the Escherichia coli population and 80% of the Staphylococcus aureus population after 24 h of contact. The incorporation of the additives had little effect on the mechanical, thermal, chemical, physical and morphological properties of the compounds. The results indicated that the additives presented a moderate effect on the properties of the above-mentioned metal loaded TPE compounds. The loaded and standard samples showed no difference in the weathering tests. In the respirometric assay, loaded samples had little variation in the production of carbon dioxide compared to the standard one. In the D. magna assay, there was mortality of all organisms, even at the concentration of 0.0001 mg L-1 of additive. In the germination test, the results were inconsistent and it was not possible to determine the toxicity potential of the additives tested. Lastly, it is possible to conclude that, taking into account the correct final disposition of TPE residues; thermoplastic compounds are environmentally safe and can assist in the control of diseases.

Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira / Banca: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi / Banca: Douglas Emygdio de Faria / Banca: Edivaldo Antônio Garcia / Resumo: Avaliou-se a enzima fitase, através de sua matriz nutricional, em rações formuladas com níveis decrescentes de nitrogênio e fósforo, sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras, visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental. Foram alojadas 336 poedeiras comerciais com 24 semanas de idade da linhagem Isa Brown, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com sete repetições de oito aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíram de três níveis de proteína bruta (17, 15 e 13%) e dois níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase (0 e 500 FTU/kg ração). Durante cinco períodos de produção (28 dias cada), foram avaliados os carasterísticas de desempenho (consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos e conversão alimentar) e qualidade dos ovos (unidade Haugh, índice gema, espessura de casca e percentagem de casca, gema e albúmen). A excreção ambiental de nutrientes e a viabilidade econômica do uso dessas rações também foram avaliadas. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que a matriz nutricional da fitase utilizada permitiu diminuir a quantidade de fosfato bicálcico da ração sem causar prejuízos ao desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras, bem como reduções moderadas dos níveis de proteína bruta (15%) da ração. Além disso, conseguiu-se reduzir a excreção de nitrogênio em 10,8% e de fósforo de 37,8%, diminuindo o impacto ambiental e utilizando uma ração economicamente viável / Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the enzye phytase, through his matrix nutritional, in diets with decreasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on performance and egg quality of laying hens, order at reducing environmental impact. Were housed 336 laying hens at 24 weeks old Isa Brown line, distributed in a completely randomized in a 3 x 2 factorial design with seven replications of eight birds. The treatments consisted of three levels of crude protein (17, 15 and 13%) and two levels of phytase (0 and 500 FTU / kg diet). Five periods producing (28 days each) analyzed the performance characteristics (feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed conversion) and egg quality (Haugh unit, yolk index, shell thickness and percentage of shell, yolk and albumen). Environmental excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and economic feasibility of using these diets were also evaluated. Through the results can be verified that the matrix's nutritional phytase used thus reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate to the diet without jeopardize the performance and egg quality of laying hens and moderate reductions in the levels of crude protein (15%) ration. Furthermore, was achieved able to reduce nitrogen excretion by 10.8% and 37.8% of phosphorus, reducing the environmental impact and using a feed economically viable / Doutor

The aim of this case study has been to evaluate differences between the public and the private sector based on interest and knowledge of Life cycle assessments, LCA, of residential buildings. The construction and building sector have a major impact on the environment and the climate change. Methods and tools are required to measure and compare the environmental impacts generated from human activities and products within the sector. The entire life cycle must be known and kept in mind in order to value the total environmental impact of activities and products. The environmental life cycle of a product consists all the different stages, from raw material, through use, to waste management. Life cycle assessment is a method that makes it possible to value and then minimize the environmental impact throughout the whole life cycle. Telephone interviews with representatives from participant counties and companies have been made in order to compare their answers and to achieve great insight of how they work towards environmental questions. The results show that the sectors differ from each other. The private sector was further in the development, although a larger number of the counties had plans on using the assessment in the future. The interviews indicated LCA’s future role in the sector, and even though LCA’s is quite new in the area the future seems bright. The global population and the demand for residents are continuously increasing and the need to adopt the sector to sustainable development is substantial.

As the capital city of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Dammam has undergone rapid economic development in the last fifty years. Desert areas on the outskirts of the city have become outdoor recreational places and picnicking areas, despite not being designed for such use nor having basic facilities. In fact, local residents are finding these sites more attractive than the projects established specifically by the city authorities for recreational purposes. This research examines if socio-cultural factors in Saudi society are the only reasons for this pattern of outdoor recreation and also, the resulting impact on the desert environment itself. A mixed-methods approach is used, based on questionnaires, go-along interviews and participant observation, in order to understand how people are using the desert and what it means to them. The physical and ecological condition of the popular sites was also compared with the condition of an unused and also, a protected area in the same region. In addition, a Global Positioning System was used to establish the mutually acceptable distances maintained between desert picnickers to satisfy privacy and territorial needs. The research shows that Dammam residents use desert areas as outdoor recreation spaces to escape from their urban environment, allowing women, particularly, to be close to nature and retain their privacy, besides experiencing a feeling of freedom and undertaking numerous activities with the full confidence that no stranger will intrude. It also shows that for many users, the silence of the desert and its remoteness enhances spirituality, and contemplation of God’s natural creation. In general, it builds a picture of family members and also groups of single males gathering in the desert for specific recreational reasons, highlighting the importance of such recreation in local people’s lives across different ages and genders. This increasing number of desert users, however, is found to be damaging the desert environment and its long-term sustainability is threatened by vehicle use, litter, fires and erosion. This is an urgent issue for residents and the professional and governmental bodies responsible for its management. Thus, this research also establishes basic guidelines for new developments that can better manage and protect the desert environment.

Agricultural practices face a difficult dilemma of producing enough food for a growing population and evolving to greatly diminish its large impact on the environment. Soilless cultures such as hydroponics has been put forth as an alternative solution due to the possibility of larger yields and, in some departments, less impact on the environment. This study sought to investigate if there are any statistically proven differences in biomass gain for Ocimum basilicum when growing hydroponically or in course sand with full nutrient treatment, as well as growing with a calcium deficiency. Key findings show that full nutrient treatment gathered few to none differences, whilst calcium scarcity resulted in greater biomass and greater leaf biomass when planted in sand, whilst the water culture displayed less chlorophyll degradation. Due to challenges in methodology the study would benefit from being undertaken again with greater scientific precision, but variants can also be explored such as different growing mediums and nutrient scarcities. Soil-based growing is considerably more forgiving to mistakes and errors rather than soilless cultures, and so, for the positive qualities of hydroponics (space efficiency, no runoff, more effective use of resources, no pesticides/herbicides, less transport, etc.) to be effectual, knowledge, experience and further investigation is required.

Esta tese é composta por três ensaios que versam sobre a complexa relação entre desenvolvimento e meio ambiente. No primeiro ensaio é feita uma revisão das principais abordagens teóricas que tratam do assunto, com destaque para a Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK) e para os conceitos de sustentabilidade fraca e forte. Ambos apontam o crescimento econômico como um importante indutor de impacto ambiental. No entanto, a CAK afirma que a geração de riqueza pode ser aliada na proteção ambiental quando o país alcança um patamar de desenvolvimento suficientemente elevado para que o meio ambiente passe a ser incorporado como um bem superior. Já a conceituação de sustentabilidade não reforça esta conclusão ao passo que sugere que o capital natural precisa ser preservado: seja relativamente (conceito fraco) ou absolutamente (conceito forte). Para estes, a relação entre crescimento e impacto é sempre direta. As abordagens multidimensionais vão além e afirmam que a relação entre o homem e os ecossistemas se dá uma forma impossível de ser mensurada através da simples relação entre crescimento econômico e degradação. Para se aproximar minimamente deste modo de pensar, um conjunto maior de indutores precisa ser considerado. O ensaio 2 desta tese apresenta modelos na literatura que buscam estimar impactos ambientais causados pela atividade humana através de um número maior de indutores (produtivos, populacionais, institucionais, entre outros). Estes modelos (IPAT e STIRPAT) têm como característica a possibilidade de estimar o impacto ambiental esperado através da verificação das variáveis consideradas indutoras. Mas, duas fragilidades são especialmente importantes: i) a variável que mede impacto ambiental é, em geral, reportada com poluição apenas; e, ii) os modelos não fornecem cenários não lineares nos indutores, ou seja, o patamar das variáveis não faz diferença no tamanho do impacto gerado. Então, é proposta a aplicação de um modelo logístico ordenado que seja capaz de estimar as probabilidades de diferentes níveis de impacto ambiental, que é medido através do tamanho da Pegada Ecológica dos países. A metodologia proposta, além de contar com uma medida mais ampla e completa de impacto ambiental, também é capaz de fornecer cenários com maior riqueza informativa, pois levam em consideração os níveis das variáveis indutoras. No trabalho, foram avaliados cenários a partir de um modelo que contou com as seguintes variáveis: percentual de população urbana, percentual de população entre 15-64 anos, densidade demográfica, PIB per capita e percentual de área agrícola. Os sinais e magnitudes das variáveis utilizadas são condizentes com o que a literatura vem apresentando. O diferencial da proposta é, de fato, a possiblidade de análise de cenários através de outra perspectiva. O ensaio 3 da tese aplica este modelo estimado para o globo aos municípios gaúchos. A partir da suposição de que os impactos ambientais são homogêneos ao redor do mundo, foi possível estimar as probabilidades de impacto para cada município. Com estes resultados, foi elaborada uma análise regional dos potenciais impactos ambientais dos municípios a partir dos indutores que apresentavam. Trata-se de um exercício interessante quando se considerada a carência de informações ambientais neste nível de desagregação. / This thesis presents three essays on the complex relationship between development and the environment. On the first essay is performed a survey of the main theoretical approaches on this matter with an emphasis on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the weak and strong sustainability concepts. Both approaches points out the economic growth as an important driver of environmental impact. However, the EKC sustains that the pursuit of economic wealth can be responsible for environmental protection as the country reaches a certain level of income which turns the environment into a superior good. On the other hand, the concepts of sustainability do not enforce this conclusion either in relative terms (weak concept) or absolute terms (strong concept); in this scope, the relationship between growth and environment is constantly direct. The multidimensional approaches propose that the relationship between humankind and the ecosystems are established in a way which is impossible to measure through economic growth and environmental degradation. To become closer to this sort of approach it is necessary to consider a wider set of drivers. The essay 2 of this thesis analyses some statistical models that aim to estimate environmental impacts caused by human activity based on a larger number of drivers (production, population, institutions, etc.). These models (IPAT and STIRPAT) present as a major characteristic the ability to estimate the expected environmental impact grounded on the drivers considered. Nevertheless, two important caveats should be considered: i) the impact variable is most of the time just a pollution measure; and, ii) the models do not offer a nonlinear analysis on the drivers, i.e., the level of the drivers does not make any difference in terms of impact. So, we propose an ordered logistic model that is suitable for estimating the probabilities of different levels of environmental impact which is represented by the size of the Environmental Footprint. The proposed methodology, besides counting on a wider and more complete measure of environmental impact, is capable to offer scenarios with a richer degree of information because the level are effectively taken into consideration. The study has evaluated scenarios base on the following drivers: percentage of population in urban areas, percentage of population between 15-64 years old, demographic density, GDP per capita, and the percentage of agricultural land. The signs and magnitudes of the drivers have proven to be the same as those found in the literature. The main difference of this proposal is, in fact, the possibility of analyzing scenarios through a different (wider) perspective. The essay 3 applies the model, which was prior estimated for the globe, to the municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Based on the assumption that the environmental impact generated by those drivers is homogeneous around the world, it was possible to estimate the probabilities of environmental impact for each municipality and to draw a regional study of these results. It is an interesting exercise if you take into account that there exists a huge lack of information of environmental conditions for municipalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 226476 bytes, checksum: 80cb1ca6708bbfe5f8a776c7ba070921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption and mobility of sulfentrazone in five soil types (Haplic Planosol, Red Argisol, Humic Cambisol, Entisol and Red-Yelow Latosol) with different physical and chemical characteristics. Were collected samples of soil to a depth of 0-20 cm, lump breaking, sieved through 4 mm mesh and characterized physically and chemically. To determine the sorption of sulfentrazone bioassays were conducted in a greenhouse, one for each soil in a completely randomized design (CRD), in which treatments consisted of seven increasing doses of the herbicide on different substrates, to determine the dose of the herbicide can to inhibit 50% of the accumulation of dry matter by the leaf part of the plants of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), used as an indicator species. From the data obtained was calculated sorption ratio (SR) of soils in relation to the substrate (sand washed). This study showed the following order according to the ratio of sorption: Haplic Planosol < Red-Yelow Latossol < Red Argisol < Humic Cambisol < Entisol. To evaluate the mobility of sulfentrazone in different soils were used properly prepared PVC columns, which were moistened and placed vertically to drain excess water. After this period, was applied on top of them, the herbicide dose of 1.0 kg ha-1 and, after 12 hours, it was the simulation of a rain of 60 mm. After 72 hours, the columns were opened lengthwise and placed in a horizontal position, being planted them along the indicator species (Sorghum bicolor) to evaluate the mobility of sulfentrazone in soils. The experiment was conducted in split plot in randomized with four replications, and plots formed by the columns filled with each of the five land plots and the 10 spinal segments (development of indicator plants in substrates of the columns in the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 and 45-50 cm). As a complement, we used no herbicide for each soil. It was concluded that greater mobility of sulfentrazone occurred in sandier soils and lower organic matter content and the pH of the soil, combined with other physical and chemical characteristics of these also interfere with the movement of the herbicide. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a sorção e a mobilidade do sulfentrazone em cinco tipos de solos (Planossolo Háplico, Argissolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Húmico, Neossolo Regolítico e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo), com diferentes características físicas e químicas. Foram coletadas amostras dos solos à profundidade de 0-20 cm, destorroadas, peneiradas em malha de 4 mm e caracterizadas física e quimicamente. Para determinação da sorção do sulfentrazone foram realizados bioensaios em casa de vegetação, um para cada solo no Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (D.I.C.), com 7 doses crescentes do herbicida nos diferentes substratos, visando determinar a dose capaz de inibir em 50% o acúmulo de massa de matéria seca pela parte área das plantas indicadoras (Sorghum bicolor). A partir dos dados obtidos foi calculada a relação de sorção (RS) dos solos em relação ao substrato inerte (areia lavada). Esse estudo mostrou a seguinte ordem de acordo com a relação de sorção: Planossolo Háplico < Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo < Argissolo Vermelho < Cambissolo Húmico < Neossolo Regolítico. Para a avaliação da mobilidade do sulfentrazone nos diferentes solos utilizou-se colunas de PVC devidamente preparadas. Foi aplicado, no topo das mesmas, o herbicida na dose de 1,0 kg ha-1 e, 12 horas após, fez-se a simulação de uma chuva de 60 mm. Decorridas 72 horas, as colunas foram abertas longitudinalmente e colocadas na posição horizontal, sendo semeadas ao longo delas a espécie indicadora (Sorghum Bicolor) para se avaliar a mobilidade do sulfentrazone nos solos. O experimento foi realizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no D.I.C, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas as colunas preenchidas com cada um dos cinco solos e as subparcelas os 10 segmentos da coluna (desenvolvimento das plantas indicadoras nos substratos das colunas nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40- 45 e 45-50 cm). Foi utilizada uma testemunha sem herbicida para cada solo. Concluiu-se que maiores mobilidades do sulfentrazone ocorreram em solos mais arenosos e com menores teores de matéria orgânica e que os valores de pH dos solos, aliado às demais característica físicas e químicas dos mesmos também interferiu na movimentação do herbicida.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-05-31T15:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100012.pdf: 2128753 bytes, checksum: 667b5dc5c6e231ebd93077f09dab6fc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-31T15:45:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100012.pdf: 2128753 bytes, checksum: 667b5dc5c6e231ebd93077f09dab6fc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-31T15:46:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100012.pdf: 2128753 bytes, checksum: 667b5dc5c6e231ebd93077f09dab6fc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-01T16:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100012.pdf: 2128753 bytes, checksum: 667b5dc5c6e231ebd93077f09dab6fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / Concomitant with the production of ethanol from the fermentation of different raw materials (sugar cane, sugar beet, corn, wheat, potatoes, cassava) the vinasse is produced. The vinasse from sugar cane is generated in the average proportion of 12 liters for every liter of ethanol. Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane (570 million tons in 2009). It has produced 27 billion liters of ethanol per year, in the 2009/2010 cycle, primarily for fuel purposes, and therefore the amount of vinasse produced is around 320 billion liters per year. Among the possible usages of vinasse, such as concentration, chemical and biological treatment or production of biomass, the most common form of its disposition is soil application. However, its application in soil can not be excessive or indiscriminate, failing to endanger the environment and profitability of agricultural and industrial sugarcane plantation. The need for control measures on the application of vinasse on the soil in the State of Sao Paulo, which concentrates 60% of the production of ethanol produced in Brazil, led to the drafting of the Technical Regulation P4.231 in 2005. The establishment of the effective items of this regulation is one of the inspector agent’s actions, in the monitoring of the conception and destination of the vinasse by the ethanol-producing undertakers. Items 5.7.1 and 5.7.2 in this regulation make mandatory the referral to CETESB (Environmental Company of São Paulo), for purposes of monitoring and surveillance, until April 02 of each year, the Vinasse Application Plan (VAP). In order to provide better understanding of the Regulation P4.231 and contribute to the optimization of its applicability and to improve and understanding the practical reality of vinasse application there were analyzed VAPs filed in the Environmental Agency of Piracicaba by carrying out licenses issued, licensing procedures and inspections. It is possible to conclude that the Regulation P4.231 represents a breakthrough in managing the use of vinasse in São Paulo, by the disciplinary provision of vinasse on the soil, making it mandatory: demarcation of protected areas and population centers, soil and vinasse characterization and vinasse full doses to be applied, studies of geology and hydrogeology sites, monitoring of groundwater, waterproofing of tanks and pipelines. It establishes criteria to be obeyed by law, and all pipes are good practices to protect environment, which result in greater agricultural and industrial profitability. The Regulation P4.231 is well designed, complex and extensive, making it difficult to implement. To facilitate its applicability, it is suggested to establish a schedule of priorities: waterproofing of tanks and pipes, drains control with optimized operation and good characterization of what is being applied, pure or mixed vinasse with wastewater. Among the eight companies in this study, only 4 (the biggest ones) are filing the VAPs regularly since 2005. The information presented was incomplete and in some cases, insufficient. Even with gaps, all data provided from the beginning of the mandatory VAP was helpful to outline the profile of ethanol activity in this studied region. / Concomitantemente à produção de etanol, a partir da fermentação de diferentes matérias-primas (cana-de-açúcar, beterraba, milho, trigo, batata, mandioca), produz-se a vinhaça. A vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar é gerada na proporção média de 12 litros para cada litro de etanol. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar (570 milhões de toneladas, em 2009) com a produção de 27 bilhões de litros/ano de etanol, no ciclo 2009/2010, basicamente para fins carburantes, e, portanto, a quantidade de vinhaça produzida é da ordem de 320 bilhões de litros/ano. Dentre as possíveis soluções para a destinação da vinhaça, tais como: concentração, tratamento químico e biológico ou produção de biomassa, é sua aplicação no solo a forma mais usual de disposição. No entanto, sua aplicação no solo não pode ser excessiva nem indiscriminada, sob pena de comprometer o ambiente e a rentabilidade agrícola e industrial da unidade sucroalcooleira. A necessidade de medidas de controle sobre a aplicação de vinhaça no solo do Estado de São Paulo, que concentra a produção de 60% do etanol produzido no Brasil, levou à elaboração da Norma Técnica P4.231, em 2005. A constatação do cumprimento dos itens desta Norma é uma das ações do agente fiscalizador, no monitoramento da geração e destinação da vinhaça pelos empreendimentos produtores de etanol. Os itens 5.7.1 e 5.7.2, desta Norma, tornam obrigatório o encaminhamento à CETESB (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), para fins de acompanhamento e fiscalização, até o dia 02 de abril de cada ano, o PAV (Plano de Aplicação de Vinhaça). Com o intuito de proporcionar melhor entendimento da Norma P4.231, contribuir para otimização de sua aplicabilidade e melhoria e perceber a realidade prática da aplicação da vinhaça, foram analisados PAVs protocolados na Agência Ambiental de Piracicaba, licenças concedidas, processos de licenciamento e realizadas vistorias a campo. Conclui-se que a Norma P4.231 representa um avanço no gerenciamento do uso da vinhaça no Estado de São Paulo, por disciplinar a disposição de vinhaça no solo, tornando obrigatórios: demarcações de áreas protegidas e núcleos populacionais, caracterização de solo e da vinhaça, doses máximas a serem aplicadas, estudos da geologia e hidrogeologia locais, monitoramento das águas subterrâneas, impermeabilização de tanques e dutos. Estabelece critérios a serem obedecidos por lei, e todos são condutas de boas práticas de proteção ao meio, que repercutem em maior rentabilidade agrícola e industrial. A Norma P4.231 é bem elaborada, complexa e extensa, o que a torna de difícil execução. Para facilitar sua aplicabilidade, sugere-se o estabelecimento de um cronograma de prioridades: impermeabilização dos tanques e dutos, drenos testemunha com funcionamento otimizado e boa caracterização do que está sendo aplicado, se vinhaça pura ou se misturada a águas residuárias. Das oito empresas deste estudo, apenas quatro (as maiores) vêm protocolando os PAVs com regularidade, desde 2005. As informações apresentadas foram incompletas e, em alguns casos, precárias. Mesmo com lacunas, os dados fornecidos, desde o início da obrigatoriedade do PAV, foram de utilidade para esboçar o perfil da atividade sucroalcooleira na região estudada.