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Índice de sustentabilidade do perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú-Ceará / Sustainability index in the irrigated Baixo Acaraú -CearáLopes, Fernando Bezerra January 2008 (has links)
LOPES, Fernando Bezerra. Índice de sustentabilidade do perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú-Ceará. 2008. 117 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-21T19:03:01Z
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Previous issue date: 2008 / The aimed of this work was an integrated sustainability analysis of the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU) sited in Acaraú basin, Ceará, Brazil. The analysis was labeled by an agro ecological sustainability index (ASI). The approach was based on 22 cross-over form applied to small producers that live in the PIBAU. In the irrigated areas selected to perform the interviews, it was developed the irrigation system evaluation. Factory Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA) was employed to select the factors sustainability indicators of the irrigated perimeter as well as to define the agro ecological sustainability index. Results showed that 64% of the producers had a power education and 77% of them had no experience with irrigation agriculture before. Also, it was identified that only 18% of irrigation systems presented an excellent CUD, while 28% of them were classified with a bad performance. According to the sensitive test effectuated by FA/PCA, only 12 of 27 variables that composed the initial matrix were significant to explain the total variance of data set. The 12 variables selected by the model were grouped in five factors explaining 79.14% of the total variance. The factors loading indicated that the PIBAU sustainability is, principally, related to the lack of acknowledgment as well as the used of suitable management of agricultural practices. The sustainability index of each productive units ranges from 0.283 to 0.916 and the average was 0.538. Only 9.0% of the pooled productivity were classified as sustainable, while 18.2% of them presented a kind of sustainability. Almost the half of producers (45.5%) showed a threatened sustainability and the others (27.3%) were in unsustainable condition. Also, it was identified that some units with a good irrigation system performance, without of salinization risk presented a low sustainability index (0.371). This is explained by the fact the index express an integration of different variables. Even though, no risk of salinization was identified, this work registered an addition high of significance of salt in the irrigated area when compared to undisturbed one. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise integrada da sustentabilidade do Perímetro Irrigado Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU), localizado na Bacia do Acaraú a norte do Estado do Ceará, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de um índice de sustentabilidade agro-ambiental. Para isso, aplicou-se uma amostragem exploratória, adotando um modelo de amostragem não probabilístico, obtendo uma população amostral de 22 produtores agrícolas beneficiados pelo respectivo projeto de irrigação e aplicando-se questionários do tipo “cross-over”. Nos lotes selecionados para a aplicação dos questionários, foi realizada uma avaliação dos sistemas de irrigação. Os fatores determinantes da sustentabilidade do Perímetro, bem como o índice de sustentabilidade foram identificados pelo emprego da técnica de Análise Fatorial/Análise da Componente Principal (AF/ACP). A pesquisa identificou que mais da metade dos produtores agrícolas apresentam baixo nível educacional (64%) e que 77% dos irrigantes não tinham experiência com a prática da agricultura irrigada antes de ser proprietário de um lote no Perímetro. Apenas 18% dos sistemas de irrigação localizada do Perímetro apresentam Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) classificado como excelente e 28% apresentam CUD classificado como ruim. Pelo teste de sensibilidade, efetuado utilizando-se o modelo da AF/ACP, identificou-se que, das 27 variáveis que compunham a matriz inicial, apenas 12 delas apresentaram alguma significância na explicação da variância total dos dados. O emprego do modelo promoveu a redução de 12 características dos fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade do Perímetro para cinco componentes, que explicam 79,14% da variância total. Os pesos atribuídos a cada fator indicaram que a sustentabilidade do Perímetro Baixo Acaraú está, principalmente, relacionada à falta de conhecimento e do uso de técnicas corretas de produção agrícola. Os índices de sustentabilidade obtidos para cada unidade produtiva variaram no intervalo de 0,283 a 0,916. A média global de sustentabilidade dos lotes foi de 0,538 representando uma condição de sustentabilidade comprometida. Apenas 9,0% das unidades produtivas estudadas encontram-se numa situação de sustentabilidade equilibrada. Outros 18,2% dos produtores ainda são considerados sustentáveis, mas em condição de ameaça, que pode advir de qualquer um dos fatores contabilizados no índice. Quase metade dos colonos (45,5%) pesquisados registrou uma sustentabilidade que já se apresenta de alguma forma comprometida e os demais (27,3%) estão em condições de insustentabilidade. A unidade produtiva em estudo não apresenta solos com problema de salinização, porém com exceção da camada inferior (0,90 a 1,20 m), para as demais camadas estudadas (0 a 0,30, 0,30 a 0,60 e 0,60 a 0,90 m) a adição de sais ao solo pelo manejo inadequado da irrigação foi altamente significativa. Apesar do solo não apresentar risco de salinização e o sistema de irrigação funcionar com uma uniformidade de distribuirão classificado como bom, a unidade em estudo apresenta índice de sustentabilidade de 0,371, devido o índice ser formado por um conjunto de variáveis.
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Índice de sustentabilidade do perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú-Ceará / Sustainability index in the irrigated Baixo Acaraú -CearáLopes, Fernando Bezerra January 2008 (has links)
LOPES, Fernando Bezerra. Índice de sustentabilidade do perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú-Ceará. 2008. 116 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:53:36Z
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2008_dis_fblopes.pdf: 8811876 bytes, checksum: 201eefecde686ccd48ca07732060ab33 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008 / The aimed of this work was an integrated sustainability analysis of the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU) sited in Acaraú basin, Ceará, Brazil. The analysis was labeled by an agro ecological sustainability index (ASI). The approach was based on 22 cross-over form applied to small producers that live in the PIBAU. In the irrigated areas selected to perform the interviews, it was developed the irrigation system evaluation. Factory Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA) was employed to select the factors sustainability indicators of the irrigated perimeter as well as to define the agro ecological sustainability index. Results showed that 64% of the producers had a power education and 77% of them had no experience with irrigation agriculture before. Also, it was identified that only 18% of irrigation systems presented an excellent CUD, while 28% of them were classified with a bad performance. According to the sensitive test effectuated by FA/PCA, only 12 of 27 variables that composed the initial matrix were significant to explain the total variance of data set. The 12 variables selected by the model were grouped in five factors explaining 79.14% of the total variance. The factors loading indicated that the PIBAU sustainability is, principally, related to the lack of acknowledgment as well as the used of suitable management of agricultural practices. The sustainability index of each productive units ranges from 0.283 to 0.916 and the average was 0.538. Only 9.0% of the pooled productivity were classified as sustainable, while 18.2% of them presented a kind of sustainability. Almost the half of producers (45.5%) showed a threatened sustainability and the others (27.3%) were in unsustainable condition. Also, it was identified that some units with a good irrigation system performance, without of salinization risk presented a low sustainability index (0.371). This is explained by the fact the index express an integration of different variables. Even though, no risk of salinization was identified, this work registered an addition high of significance of salt in the irrigated area when compared to undisturbed one. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise integrada da sustentabilidade do Perímetro Irrigado Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU), localizado na Bacia do Acaraú a norte do Estado do Ceará, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de um índice de sustentabilidade agro-ambiental. Para isso, aplicou-se uma amostragem exploratória, adotando um modelo de amostragem não probabilístico, obtendo uma população amostral de 22 produtores agrícolas beneficiados pelo respectivo projeto de irrigação e aplicando-se questionários do tipo “cross-over”. Nos lotes selecionados para a aplicação dos questionários, foi realizada uma avaliação dos sistemas de irrigação. Os fatores determinantes da sustentabilidade do Perímetro, bem como o índice de sustentabilidade foram identificados pelo emprego da técnica de Análise Fatorial/Análise da Componente Principal (AF/ACP). A pesquisa identificou que mais da metade dos produtores agrícolas apresentam baixo nível educacional (64%) e que 77% dos irrigantes não tinham experiência com a prática da agricultura irrigada antes de ser proprietário de um lote no Perímetro. Apenas 18% dos sistemas de irrigação localizada do Perímetro apresentam Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) classificado como excelente e 28% apresentam CUD classificado como ruim. Pelo teste de sensibilidade, efetuado utilizando-se o modelo da AF/ACP, identificou-se que, das 27 variáveis que compunham a matriz inicial, apenas 12 delas apresentaram alguma significância na explicação da variância total dos dados. O emprego do modelo promoveu a redução de 12 características dos fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade do Perímetro para cinco componentes, que explicam 79,14% da variância total. Os pesos atribuídos a cada fator indicaram que a sustentabilidade do Perímetro Baixo Acaraú está, principalmente, relacionada à falta de conhecimento e do uso de técnicas corretas de produção agrícola. Os índices de sustentabilidade obtidos para cada unidade produtiva variaram no intervalo de 0,283 a 0,916. A média global de sustentabilidade dos lotes foi de 0,538 representando uma condição de sustentabilidade comprometida. Apenas 9,0% das unidades produtivas estudadas encontram-se numa situação de sustentabilidade equilibrada. Outros 18,2% dos produtores ainda são considerados sustentáveis, mas em condição de ameaça, que pode advir de qualquer um dos fatores contabilizados no índice. Quase metade dos colonos (45,5%) pesquisados registrou uma sustentabilidade que já se apresenta de alguma forma comprometida e os demais (27,3%) estão em condições de insustentabilidade. A unidade produtiva em estudo não apresenta solos com problema de salinização, porém com exceção da camada inferior (0,90 a 1,20 m), para as demais camadas estudadas (0 a 0,30, 0,30 a 0,60 e 0,60 a 0,90 m) a adição de sais ao solo pelo manejo inadequado da irrigação foi altamente significativa. Apesar do solo não apresentar risco de salinização e o sistema de irrigação funcionar com uma uniformidade de distribuirão classificado como bom, a unidade em estudo apresenta índice de sustentabilidade de 0,371, devido o índice ser formado por um conjunto de variáveis.
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Exploring the potential of cultural ecosystem services in social impact assessment of Finnish mining projects : Assessment of local cultural values in the municipality of Kolari in Finnish LaplandKnuuttila, Jussi January 2018 (has links)
Large-scale mining modifies the existing physical environment and has multiple long-term impacts on landscape but also on communities, and their cultural values. In Finland, social impact assessment has become a customary practice in assessing and estimating mining impacts that cause changes to the well-being of individual people and their livelihoods. However, the assessment is often lacking notions of social dimensions of the environment, neglecting discussing aspects such as localities and subjective well-being. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of considering the cultural benefits of the environment to human well-being in environmental decision-making. The purpose of this study is to explore and illustrate how cultural ecosystem services could contribute to the current practice in social impact assessments in Finnish mining projects by highlighting the relation between local people and environment through the valuation of cultural services. The study used a conceptual framework approach of cultural ecosystem services and conducted eight qualitative semi-structured interviews in two villages in Finnish Fell Lapland. The aim was to explore how the local people themselves describe their non-material benefits from the environment. Six out of the eight interviews were conducted walking with the participants. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed for analysis against the conceptual cultural ecosystem services framework. The results show how the well-being of local people was strongly linked to cultural benefits such as sense of place, enabled by meaningful activities in places that were often happening in mundane everyday places. The study implies the importance of considering cultural ecosystem services such as sense of place in the current social impact assessment practice as they help unveiling connections between people, the natural environment and subjective well-being.
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Struggles Over Governance of Oil and Gas Projects in the Peruvian AmazonLu De Lama, Graciela 27 October 2016 (has links)
This dissertation examines the shifting and multi-scalar governance of oil and gas projects in Peruvian Amazon. Using cases studies of oil extraction in blocks 1AB (192), 8 in Loreto (2006 to 2015), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the expansion of the Camisea gas project in block 88 in Cusco, this dissertation explores how environmental decision-making processes of oil and gas projects are structured and enacted. In doing so, this study sheds light on the shifting interactions, negotiations, struggles and (at times) open conflicts between actors that define why, how and where hydrocarbon projects take place in the Amazon. Recognizing the variety of actors, I organize my analysis around government institutions, indigenous mobilizations, environmental assessments and the economic distribution of revenues from oil and gas projects.
From my analysis I argue that resource extraction is changing substantially the relationship between the government and the indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon. These changes involve profound changes in indigenous rights and the creation of new institutions and capacities in the state to address the social-environmental effects of extractive industries. The surge of social-environmental conflicts and the influence of international finance institutions have prompted the Peruvian government to reform the institutional framework regulating resource extraction. This reforms are taking place amid the globalization of indigenous rights, discourses, and laws (such as the Prior Consultation Law) granting special rights to indigenous peoples. However, power-knowledge asymmetries in the decision-making processes (such as the environmental assessments) tend to increase the sense of mistrust among the local populations, resulting in increasing social-environmental conflicts.
In addition, the uneven distribution of benefits from resource extraction is creating regional disparities, increasing the dependency of some regions on resource extraction. An examination of the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment process for the expansion of the Camisea project in block 88 exposes unresolved practices of representation and citizenship of the indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. However, overall, Amazonian indigenous people’s struggles are shifting the traditional national, social, and political life. They are ethnic minorities and citizens struggling for their rights to participate in decision-making processes and in the distribution of economic benefits from extraction, both particularity and equality.
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Klimatperspektivet i MKB för svenska väg- och järnvägsplaner : En studie gällande hur klimataspekten hanteras i rådande miljöbedömningar och hur hanteringen bör utvecklas till följd av nya EU-direktiv / The climate change perspective in EIAs for Swedish road and rail plans : A study on how climate aspects are handled in current environmental assessments and how the handling can develop as a result of new EU directivesBrännström, Linn January 2018 (has links)
Sverige har fastslagit nationella miljömål som bland annat fastställer att Sverige inte ska orsaka några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2045. För att nå klimatmålen krävs insatser från en rad olika sektorer. Transportsystemets miljöpåverkan är stor men därav är också möjligheterna att minska de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser. En utmaning för att lyckas med detta är att hitta helt nya lösningar samtidigt som redan existerande funktionella lösningar behöver effektiviseras och byggas ut. En hållbar samhällsutveckling kan bara uppnås genom ett helhetsperspektiv. I syfte att minska den antropogena påverkan på klimatet och miljön, men även för att anpassa stadsmiljön till klimatförändringarna, är det därför av stor vikt att tillfullo integrera klimatförändringar i planerade planer, program och projekt. Miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) är lagstadgade och metodiska verktyg, passande för detta ändamål. Därmed finns det en möjlighet att systematiskt integrera klimatförändringar i en rad olika offentliga och privata projekt, i arbetet mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Fram till nyligen (år 2018) har detta inte varit lagstadgat men ändringen av Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv (2011/92/EU) till (2014/52/EU) gällande miljöbedömningar förändrar detta. Nu måste även klimatförändringar behandlas tydligare i miljöbedömningar. Trafikverket är en aktör som ansvarig för statlig infrastruktur och för att styra anläggningsbranschen mot ett mer ”utsläppsvänligt” byggande. Ändringen av EU-direktivet ställer nya krav på hur Trafikverket framöver behöver behandla denna miljöaspekt. Syftet med examensarbetet var därför att förtydliga klimatperspektivet i MKB:er och målet att ge rekommendationer till hur Trafikverket bör hantera klimataspekten i MKB:er för svenska väg- och järnvägsplaner för att tillmötesgå nya EU-direktiv. Tre olika fallstudier genomfördes för att undersöka dels: om och hur Trafikverket behandlar klimataspekten i sina MKB:er i dagsläget; för att undersöka hur andra aktörer implementerar klimataspekten; för att undersöka hur olika vägledningar föreslår att implementeringen bör gå till. Även en litteraturstudie genomfördes för att sammanställa forskningsområdet om bland annat vad MKB-processen för svagheter, om E-LCA bör användas vid transportplanering och vilka utmaningarna är med att lyckas integrera klimataspekten. I EU-direktivet framkommer det att MKB:er framöver bör behandla: Lindring av klimateffekter: alltså utredning av förväntade utsläpp av växthusgaser till följd av projektet och hur dessa kan reduceras (så kallade miljöåtgärder). Klimanpassning av projektet: utredning gällande hur projektet kan komma att påverkas av framtida klimatförändringar och huruvida projektet kan anpassas efter dessa. Resultatet visar att endast 20 % av Trafikverkets slumpmässigt utvalda MKB:er behandlar klimataspekten på ett tydligt sätt medan 45 % behandlar klimataspekten ”ytterst lite”. Av Trafikverkets 20 MKB:er nämner 45 % nyckelordet ”koldioxid/CO2” och 40 % nämner nyckelordet ”växthusgas”. Rekommendationerna som resultatet mynnat ut i förslår att: Om klimataspekten inte redovisas bör en motivering finnas till detta. Redovisa utfall kvantitativt. Rimligtvis i form av CO2-ekvivalenter (både positiva och negativa). Tydligare bedömningsgrunder. Förslagsvis: Koppla ihop projektet till globala, nationella och regionala mål; använd funktionella enheter, exempelvis CO2-ekv/Km järnväg. Tydligare definitioner och uttryck. Använd ett E-LCA-perspektiv i MKB:en och redovisa systemgränser och livsfaser. (Lyft fram sådant som framkommer i en eventuell EPD tydligare) Belys osäkerheter med känslighetsanalyser och scenarioanalyser. Förtydliga kopplingen mellan klimatanpassning och klimatförändringar Inför klimataspekten i ett ”eget” avsnitt eller under ett avsnitt kallat ”kumulativa effekter” För att stödja processen med införandet av klimataspekten kan en lathund likt tabell 20 (se Fallstudie 3) utformas. / Sweden has prescribed national environmental targets which states that Sweden should not cause any greenhouse emissions by 2045. To achieve these goals, efforts are required from a variety of sectors. The environmental impact of the transport system is high, but therefore are the opportunities to reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions also great. A challenge to succeeding in this is to find completely new solutions while already god existing solutions needs to be streamlined and expanded. Sustainable social development can only be achieved through a holistic perspective. To reduce the anthropogenic impact on the climate and the environment, but also to adapt the urban environment to climate change, it is therefore important to integrate climate change into planned plans, programs and projects. Environmental impact Assessments (EIA) are statutory and methodological tools, suitable for this end goal. Thus, there is an opportunity to systematically integrate climate change into a variety of public and private projects, in the work towards a more sustainable society. However, until recently (2018) this has not been statutory, but the amendment of Directive (2011/92 / EU) to (2014/52 / EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council to on environmental assessments alters this. Now climate change is also required to be treated more clearly in environmental assessments. The Swedish Transport Administration oversees government infrastructure and therefore an important actor to direct the construction and infrastructure industry towards a more "emission-friendly" construction. The amendment to the EU directive places new demands on how the Swedish Transport Administration will need to address this environmental aspect in the future. The purpose of the thesis work was therefore to clarify the climate perspective in EIAs and the goal to give recommendations for how the Swedish Transport Administration should handle the climate aspect in EIAs for road and rail plans in order to comply with new EU directives. Three different case studies were conducted to partly investigate: If and how the Swedish Transport Administration deals with the climate aspect in their present EIAs; to investigate how other actors implement the climate aspect; to investigate how different guides suggest that the implementation should take place. I addition to the Case Studies a literature study was conducted to compile the research area on the weaknesses in the EIA-process, if E-LCA is a good tool to use in transport planning and what the challenges are to successfully integrate the climate aspect into EIAs. The new EU directive states that EIAs should address: Mitigation of climate effects: i.e., investigation of expected greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the projects and how these can be reduced (so called environmental measures). Climate adaption of the project: an assessment of how the project may be affected by future climate change and whether the project can be adapted accordingly. The result shows that only 20 % of the Swedish Transport Administrations randomly selected EIAs is addressing the climate aspect in a clear way, while 45 % addresses the climate aspect very little. Only 45 % of the Swedish Transport Administrations 20 randomly selected EIAs mention "Carbon dioxide/CO2" and only 40 % mention the keyword “greenhouse gas”. The recommendations that resulted from the results include: If the climate aspect is not recognized, a motivation should be given to this. Report outcomes quantitatively. Reasonably in terms of CO2 equivalents (both positive and negative). Clearer grounds for assessment. Proposed: Link the project to global, national and regional goals; Use functional units, such as CO2 Equal / Km Rail. Clearer definitions and expressions. Use an E-LCA perspective in the EIA and report system boundaries and life scenarios. (Highlight the content of a possible EPD more clearly). Illustrate uncertainties with sensitivity analyzes and scenario analyzes. Clarifying the link between climate change and climate adaption. Introduce the climate aspect into an "own" section or under a section called "cumulative effects" To support the process of introducing the climate aspect, a reference guide, like table 20 (see Case Study 3) can be designed.
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Environmental Impact Analysis of Flax Fibre Cultivation for Composite ReinforcementJacobsson, Elin January 2018 (has links)
Searching for environmentally sustainable alternatives for reinforcement of composite materials, flax fibre has one of the most promising potentials due to its desired mechanical properties. The fact that flax is a bio-material, in contrast to conventional synthetic fibres, does not ensure a less environmental impact. One of the major source of environmental impact related to flax fibre as a reinforcement material is the cultivation of flax fibre. In this study the environmental impact of flax fibre cultivation was studied by performing an environmental impact analysis with a life cycle assessment inspired approach. The result showed that the quantification of the environmental impacts varied to a large extent depending on several parameters such as allocation method and whether carbon sequestration was included in the calculations. One striking example is the results for global warming potential, ranging from 10 000 kg CO2-equivivalents to a negative value per 1 tonne of flax fibre. The study showed the production and use of fertilizers to be the major contribution to the environmental impact by as much as 70-90 %. In order to limit the environmental impact from flax fibre cultivation suggested environmental improvements are to optimise the fertiliser use according to the flax type and soil conditions, improving nitrogen fixation as well as using organic fertilizers. / <p>2018-06-27</p>
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Avaliação de impactos ambientais de rodovias: análise de projetos de ampliação da capacidade rodoviária e proposição de diretrizes para o licenciamento ambientalRoman, Maína January 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho aborda a avaliação de impactos ambientais de empreendimentos rodoviários, no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental. As obras rodoviárias geram numerosos impactos ambientais e atualmente ainda existem falhas na gestão ambiental destes projetos, desde a pequena dimensão dada aos aspectos ambientais ainda na fase de planejamento da obra, perpassando por falhas nos estudos ambientais, dificuldades na previsão dos impactos e dimensionamento das medidas preventivas e mitigadoras, pelas rotinas controversas dos processos de licenciamento até o acompanhamento ambiental deficiente. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa propor diretrizes e procedimentos para o licenciamento ambiental de rodovias, tendo como base a análise de diferentes projetos rodoviários em licenciamento ambiental federal, localizados no Sul do país. Foram analisados os empreendimentos rodoviários BR 285 (Timbé do Sul/SC – São José dos Ausentes/RS) e BR 386 (Tabaí/RS – Estrela/RS), por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, com revisão teórica e documental. Ao final da análise foram apresentadas propostas de medidas preventivas e mitigadoras sistematizadas às etapas de instalação e operação de empreendimentos rodoviários, além dos estudos ambientais necessários ao licenciamento ambiental, de acordo com as tipologias pavimentação, implantação e duplicação de rodovias. Foram elaborados roteiros orientativos para o licenciamento de obras de apoio e para a escolha dos Programas Ambientais mais adequados às diferentes fases do projeto e diferentes tipologias de obras rodoviárias. Concluiu-se o trabalho com diretrizes básicas para os processos de licenciamento ambiental e de avaliação de impactos ambientais de rodovias. Para o processo de licenciamento: tramitação eletrônica do processo de licenciamento; licenciamento trifásico com possibilidade de fusão em duas ou uma etapa; criação de padrões para o estabelecimento de condicionantes para as licenças; participação popular em outros momentos do processo, além das audiências públicas; divulgação de impactos positivos e boas práticas adotadas; consulta aos órgãos intervenientes na fase de planejamento; exigência de manutenção de equipe de supervisão ambiental durante toda a fase de obras. Para a avaliação de impactos ambientais: criação de banco de dados nacional compartilhado com informações ambientais de empreendimentos já licenciados; elaboração de um manual de avaliação de impacto ambiental, com regras claras para a elaboração dos estudos ambientais; elaboração de manuais técnicos para temas relacionados ao licenciamento, passíveis de padronização de técnicas e metodologias; criação de roteiro metodológico com critérios para avaliação dos estudos pelos analistas ambientais; limitação do diagnóstico às variáveis ambientais com possibilidade de interagirem com o empreendimento e obrigatoriedade de um Programa de Controle Ambiental para execução durante a paralisação de obras. / This study discusses the environmental impact assessment of highways projects in the context of project licensing. Constructing highways create many environmental impacts and, nowadays, there are still flaws in environmental management of these projects, including the little importance given to environmental aspects in project planning, low quality of environmental impact statements, difficulties in impact prediction and mitigation design, common shortfalls in the project licensing process and, lastly, deficient environmental monitoring. In this context, this study aims to propose guidelines and procedures to improve the project licensing process, based on the analysis of different highways projects under government permitting process, located in southern Brazil. The following highways projects were selected: BR 285 (Timbé do Sul/SC – São José dos Ausentes/RS) and BR 386 (Tabaí/RS – Estrela/RS). The study was based on qualitative research with theoretical and documentary review. At the end of analysis, the proposals were focused on preventive and mitigating measures, considering installation and operation stages of highways projects, in addition to the main issues and statements to be considered in the licensing process, according to the different types of highways projects: paving, implementation and duplication. Some guidelines for the support project licensing were presented, as well as guidelines for the most appropriate environmental programs to be applied along different stages of the projects and to different types of highways projects. The study was completed with basic guidelines for environmental impact assessment and for project licensing of highways projects. Suggestions for project licensing: electronic processing, licensing processes in three phases with possibility of fusing into two or one, creation of standards for constraints imposed in the environmental permit, popular participation in all stages of the process, dissemination of positive impacts and best practices adopted, discussion with government agencies in highway planning moment, mandatory requirement of environmental supervision team throughout the construction phase. Suggestions for environmental impact assessment: creation of a national and shared database with environmental information from already licensed projects, development of environmental impact assessment guideline, with clear rules for the preparation of environmental impact statements, preparation of manuals on issues related to licensing with the possibility of standardization of methodologies and techniques, creation of methodological script with criteria for evaluation of studies by staff members at government agencies in charge of the licensing process, scoping on issues associated with the project (that truly matter), and mandatory requirement of a control program to run during the stoppage of works.
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O impacto ambiental da ocupação urbana na vila saibreira no Município de Portão - RSRocha, Claudete Brandolt January 2013 (has links)
O trabalho consiste no levantamento do impacto ambiental gerado pela ocupação irregular de uma área no município de Portão situado na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A fim de atingir o objetivo principal foi realizado o levantamento histórico do local e a identificação dos primeiros moradores com o propósito de resgatar o início do processo de ocupação e os proprietários de terras da localidade. A ocupação ocorreu quando a área pertencia à zona rural e como esta foi incluída no perímetro urbano do último Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano surgiu a necessidade de uma análise a respeito. Mesmo sendo uma área irregular, pois os lotes não foram divididos legalmente, ainda persistem agentes produtores do espaço atuando no mercado informal de terras. A caracterização física do local enfatizando aspectos da composição do subsolo e as modificações realizadas no ambiente tanto pelos moradores como pelo uso do solo foram relacionadas com a legislação urbana do município e analisadas conforme o referencial teórico. / This paper consists in a survey of the environmental impact generated by the illegal occupation of an area in the municipality of Portão located in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. In order to achieve the main goal, the history of the site was surveyed and its first residents were identified to recover the beginning of the occupation and the landowners of the locality. The occupation occurred when the area belonged to rural zoning and since it was included in the urban area of the last Master Plan of Urban Development a need for an analysis emerged. Although it is an irregular area, because the lots were not legally divided, space producing agents still persist acting in the informal land market. Physical characteristics of the site highlighting aspects of the composition of the subsoil and the alterations made in the environment both by residents and by land use were related to the municipality's urban legislation and analyzed according to the theoretical framework.
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Avaliação do impacto ambiental de resíduos de elastômeros termoplásticos SEBS/PP com propriedades antimicrobianasTomacheski, Daiane January 2017 (has links)
A preocupação com a saúde tem levado ao uso de produtos com propriedades antimicrobianas, visando reduzir a proliferação de micro-organismos patogênicos. Ao mesmo tempo em que aditivos antimicrobianos são benéficos, pois reduzem a transmissão de doenças, os efeitos negativos, ainda, não estão bem elucidados. Estes aditivos podem afetar organismos essenciais ao meio ambiente e no desenvolvimento de plantas de interesse agrícola. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto ambiental causado por resíduos de elastômeros termoplásticos aditivados com três antimicrobianos comerciais à base de prata e pelos aditivos puros: (1) nanopartículas de prata adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNp_sílica); (2) bentonita organomodificada com prata (Ag+_bentonita) e (3) prata em vidro fosfato (Ag+_fosfato). Os aditivos foram incorporados em uma formulação de composto termoplástico, a base de copolímero em bloco estireno-etileno/butileno-estireno (SESB), polipropileno (PP) e óleo mineral por mistura no estado fundido em extrusora dupla rosca e moldados por injeção. Os aditivos foram caracterizados por tamanho, forma e composição com o objetivo de avaliar a influência destas características nas seguintes propriedades do composto: mecânicas, térmicas, químicas, físicas, morfológicas e antimicrobianas. Além disso, foram avaliadas a variação na degradação abiótica e biótica dos compostos termoplásticos. A influência na degradação abiótica e a consequente redução de vida útil dos compostos foram avaliadas pelo ensaio de intemperismo. Já para a avaliação do impacto no solo foi realizado ensaio de biodegradação em câmara respirométrica (degradação biótica) e germinação de plantas no solo contendo os aditivos. O microcrustáceo aquático Daphnia magna (D. magna) foi utilizado como bioindicador de toxicidade dos aditivos na água. Os resultados indicam que compostos com AgNp_sílica possuem melhor propriedade antibacteriana que os demais aditivos testados, eliminando mais de 95% da população de Escherichia coli e 80% da população de Staphylococcus aureus após 24 horas de contato. A incorporação dos aditivos teve pouco efeito sobre as propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, químicas, físicas e morfológicas dos compostos. Os compostos aditivados e sem aditivo não apresentaram diferença no ensaio de intemperismo. No ensaio respirométrico, as amostras aditivadas tiveram pouca variação na produção de gás carbônico em comparação ao composto padrão. No teste de toxicidade em água com D. magna, houve mortalidade de todos os organismos, mesmo na concentração de 0,0001 mg L-1 de aditivo. No ensaio de germinação, os resultados foram adversos, não possibilitando estabelecer um padrão de toxicidade. Por fim, conclui-se que com o manejo adequado dos resíduos, compostos termoplásticos antimicrobianos são ambientalmente seguros, além de auxiliar no controle da propagação de doenças. / The concern with health has led to the use of products with antimicrobial properties aiming to reduce the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time that antimicrobial additives are useful to reduce the transmission of disease, adverse effects under human and environmental health still not well understood. These additives can affect organisms essential to the environment and plant development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental impact caused by residues from thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) containing three commercial, silver-based antimicrobial additives and the pure additives. The additives tested were: (1) silver nanoparticles adsorbed on fumed silica (AgNp_silica); (2) bentonite organomodified with silver (Ag+_bentonite) and (3) silver phosphate glass (Ag+_phosphate). The additives were incorporated into a thermoplastic compound formulation, based on styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SESB), polypropylene (PP) and mineral oil by melt-blend in a twinscrew extruder and injection molded. A non loaded sample (standard) was used as control. The additives were characterized according to their size, shape and composition to evaluate the influence of these characteristics on the properties of the compound (mechanical, thermal, chemical, physical, morphological and antimicrobial). The influence on the abiotic degradation and consequent reduction in the life cycle of the compounds was evaluated by weathering test. To evaluate the impact of loaded TPE in soil, a soil biodegradation test was carried out in a respiratory chamber (biotic degradation) and germination of plants. The aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna (D. magna) was used as a bioindicator of toxicity of the additives in water. The results indicate that AgNp_silica compounds have better antibacterial properties than the other additives tested, eliminating more than 95% of the Escherichia coli population and 80% of the Staphylococcus aureus population after 24 h of contact. The incorporation of the additives had little effect on the mechanical, thermal, chemical, physical and morphological properties of the compounds. The results indicated that the additives presented a moderate effect on the properties of the above-mentioned metal loaded TPE compounds. The loaded and standard samples showed no difference in the weathering tests. In the respirometric assay, loaded samples had little variation in the production of carbon dioxide compared to the standard one. In the D. magna assay, there was mortality of all organisms, even at the concentration of 0.0001 mg L-1 of additive. In the germination test, the results were inconsistent and it was not possible to determine the toxicity potential of the additives tested. Lastly, it is possible to conclude that, taking into account the correct final disposition of TPE residues; thermoplastic compounds are environmentally safe and can assist in the control of diseases.
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Análisis de rechazo de proyectos mineros en Chile, presentados al sistema de evaluación de impacto ambiental entre 2005-2014Ibáñez López, Grethell C. January 2017 (has links)
Memoria para optar al Título
Profesional de Ingeniera Forestal / Este trabajo tiene como finalidad el análisis de las causales de reprobación de proyectos
mineros presentados al Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental en un periodo de 10 años.
Clasifica estos factores y/o causales en cinco componentes ambientales: Suelo, Recursos
hídricos, Aire, Flora y Fauna. y los contrapone a otras características de los proyectos, como
ubicación, producto minero, inversión, entre otras, a fin de hacer un análisis de ellos de
manera descriptiva, se propone también una lista de normativas ambientales aplicables a
proyectos mineros a fin de que al titular se le haga más expedita la tramitación de Estudios
y/o Declaraciones de impacto ambiental en el área. Finalmente se concluye que la normativa
ambiental en Chile es aún insuficiente, demostrando que la minería es una actividad que,
mirada desde un punto de vista amplio, deteriora poco a poco los ecosistemas desde un punto
de vista ecológico y también social. / This work has the purpose of analyzing the causes of reprobation of mining projects
presented to the Environmental Assessment Service in a period of 10 years. It classifies these
factors and / or causes into five environmental components: Soil, Water Resources, Air, Flora
and Fauna. And contrasts them to other characteristics of the projects, such as location,
mining product, investment, among others, in order to analyze them in a descriptive way, it
is also proposed a list of environmental regulations applicable to mining projects, so that
Holder will be made expedite the processing of Studies and / or Declarations of
environmental impact in the area. Finally, it is concluded that the environmental regulations
in Chile are still insufficient, demonstrating that mining is an activity that, viewed from a
broad point of view, gradually deteriorates ecosystems from an ecological and social point
of view.
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