Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Environmental impact assessments have become increasingly popular over the past few years, by necessity and due to the general increase in environmental awareness. By definition, environmental impact assessment is a process having the ultimate objective of providing decision makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their intended actions. First popularized in the United States of America in the seventies, environmental impact assessments have since evolved worldwide into an effective decision making tool. In South Africa, environmental impact assessments became legally enforceable in 1998 under the Environment Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989) and presently serves as an effective tool in facilitating decision making for sustainable development. A large number of impact assessments are at present being produced for all categories of activities, but questions arise about the effectiveness of these assessments in fulfilling their intended purpose. The present study aims to answer these questions and provide insight into the nature, content and standard of environmental impact assessment in South Africa by examining the foundations and application of the concept. The main method of research was the analysis of various assessments, already submitted to regional authorities, on the basis of content, methods used, depth of analysis, degree of public input and their overall contribution to the better understanding of the problem at hand. During the analysis many inadequacies and merits of these impact assessments were revealed. The quality of reports ranged from good (about one third) to average and poor (about one third). Shortcomings identified related inter alia to data collection; ignorance of socio-economic factors; ignorance of cumulative effects; and analysis and evaluation problems. The benefits that these impact assessments could bring about, were also analysed. It was deduced that there were inherent benefits the most practical being that the good reports assisted the decision making process considerably. Sustainable development was also promoted. It was found that the implementation of the concept still needs more stringent management and monitoring with improved application and incorporation into the present planning approach / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope paar jaar het omgewingsimpakstudies (OIS) toenemend populêr geword as gevolg van noodsaaklikheid en die algemene toename in omgewingsbewustheid. By definisie is OIS 'n proses met die uiteindelike doel om besluitnemers in te lig oor die waarskynlike gevolge van hul handelinge. OIS het wêreldwyd ontwikkel in 'n effektiewe besluitnemingshulpmiddel sedert dit aanvanklik tydens die sewentiger jare in die Verenigde State van Amerika gepopulariseer is. Omgewingsimpakstudies is wetlik afdwingbaar in Suid Afrika sedert 1998 onder die Wet op Omgewingsbewaring (Wet 73 van 1989). Dit dien as 'n effektiewe middel in die fasilitering van besluitneming oor volhoubare ontwikkeling. 'n Groot aantal impakstudies word tans opgestel vir alle kategorieë van aktiwiteite, maar die effektiwiteit van hierdie studies in die vervulling van hul doelstellings word bevraagteken. Die doel van hierdie studie is om hierdie vraag te beantwoord en insig te verskaf oor die aard, inhoud en standaard van impakstudies in Suid Afrika deur grondslae en toepassing van die konsep te ondersoek. Die hoof metode van navorsing was die ontleding van verskeie studies reeds ingedien by plaaslike owerhede, op grond van inhoud, metodes gebruik, diepte van ontleding, graad van publieke deelname en hul algehele bydrae tot 'n beter begrip van die probleem. Tydens die ontleding is verskeie beperkings en meriete van impakstudies ontbloot. Die kwaliteit van verslae het gewissel van goed (omtrent een derde) tot gemiddeld en swak (omtrent een derde). Tekortkominge geïdentifiseer hou verband met o.a. data insameling, onkunde van sosio-ekonomiese faktore, onkunde van kumulatiewe effekte en ontleding-en evalueringsprobleme. Voordele van impakstudies is ook geanaliseer. Die belangrikste was dat goeie verslae besluitnemingsprosesse aansienlik kan bystaan. Volhoubare ontwikkeling is ook bevorder. Daar is gevind dat die implementering van die konsep steeds strenger bestuur en beheer benodig, met verbeterde integrasie in die beplanningsproses.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study acknowledges the status quo in South Africa as a country in transformation. Leaders concur that people live under the spell of the evil triplets of poverty, inequality and unemployment amidst the need for development and economic growth. In order to initiate positive change, the 1996 Constitution of South Africa supports integrated environmental management (IEM) and sustainability principles towards ecological, economic and social compromise. Furthermore, the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) was legislated in 1996 along with the mandatory environmental impact assessment (EIA) tool in 1998. Despite this legislation being of global standards, current discourse highlights the need for new strategies and tools to improve IEM. The constraint lies in the implementation of policy as the EIA process is limited by inconsistency and project specific focus. Fortuitously technology has developed to levels where web-based tools encourage spatial awareness and individual responsibility for the environment. Usage of participative GIS supported by best practice in governance has the potential to successfully drive IEM. This research builds on the integration of a policy instrument (EIA), spatial technology (GIS), development and human factors (people) as pillars of transdisciplinary methodology to collaborate and gather new information to expand knowledge and augment existing processes. The study objectives required rigorous research and involved a wide range of participants in a feasibility study to provide details of the viability of integrating GIS usage into EIA conduct in South Africa. Participants in the research were selected from the geographical scope of Cape Town and represent involved parties in EIA and potential users of GIS in EIA. The legislative scope is the Western Cape Province. Triangulation, a mixed method approach, was employed to collect and collate qualitative and quantitative information based on the opinions of involved parties in the IEM, EIA and GIS domains. Primary data collection methods included observation, fieldwork, informal, formal and focus group discussions as well as an e-mail questionnaire and a Likert scale e-survey. The knowledge gained was evaluated using SWOT and graphics. The findings indicated that the majority of participants agreed that technology and skills are available to design and develop a web-based application for GIS usage in EIA. However, from the outcome of the study the main challenge is not related to technical skills and capacity, but to align the EIA with IEM sustainability principles for effective decision making and self-regulation. It is therefore envisaged that web-based GIS usage in EIA based on IEM has the potential to reconnect the EIA process by uniting people in knowledge with easy access to information from a central data base repository to an on-line web-based platform that links time and space to inform decision making. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uitgangspunt van hierdie studie is dat Suid-Afrika 'n land in transformasie is en die behoefte aan ontwikkeling en ekonomiese groei van kardinale belang is weens die armoede, ongelykheid en werkloosheid waaronder baie mense lei. Effektiewe omgewingsbestuur is uiters belangrik om omgewingsbesoedeling en agteruitgang te verhoed. Ten einde 'n positiewe verandering te inisieer, ondersteun die 1996 Grondwet van Suid-Afrika geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuur (GOB) en volhoubaarheidsbeginsels teenoor ekologiese, ekonomiese en sosiale kompromie. Die 1996 Nasionale Wet op Omgewingsbestuur (NEMA) het die omgewingsimpakstudie (OIS)-instrument in 1998 verpligtend verklaar. Die OIS wetgewing is gebaseer op hoë internasionale standaarde, maar ten spyte hiervan beklemtoon die huidige diskoers die behoefte aan nuwe strategieë om OIS in die praktyk effektief te belyn met die GOB beleid. Tans word die OIS proses beperk deur teenstrydigheid tussen gebruikers van die proses sowel as projekspesifieke fokus. Tegnologie het ontwikkel tot 'n vlak waar webgebaseerde GIS ruimtelike bewustheid aanmoedig en individuele verantwoordelikheid vir die omgewing aanbeveel en ondersteun word. Deelnemende GIS, ondersteun deur goeie regering, het die potensiaal om OIS en GOB suksesvol in die praktyk te implementer. Hierdie navorsing bou voort op die integrasie van 'n beleidsinstrument (OIS), ruimtelike tegnologie (GIS) asook ontwikkeling en menslike faktore (mense) en ondersteun die transdissiplinêre metodologie om nuwe inligtig te versamel en vryelik te deel. Die studiedoelwitte het streng navorsingsmetodologie vereis deur 'n wye verskeidenheid van deelnemers te betrek in 'n ondersoek na die haalbaarheid van die integrasie van GIS gebruik in OIS in Suid-Afrika. Deelnemers aan die navorsing is gekies uit die geografiese domein van Kaapstad en was betrokke partye in omgewingsbestuur en potensiële gebruikers van GIS in OIS. Die wetgewende domein is die Wes-Kaap. 'n Gemengde-metode benadering is gevolg om kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe inligting te versamel en was gebaseer op die menings van die betrokke partye in die IEM, OIE en GIS terreine. Die kennis is geëvalueer met behulp van SWOT analise en grafika. Die bevindinge dui aan dat die meerderheid van die deelnemers saamstem dat tegnologie en vaardigheid beskikbaar is om 'n program vir GIS-gebruik in OIS te ontwikkel. Die uitslag van die studie dui daarop dat die grootste uitdaging vir effektiewe besluitneming en self-regulering nie verband hou met tegniese vaardighede en kapasiteit nie, maar om die OIS te verenig met GOB-volhoubaarheid beginsels. Die vooruitsig is dus dat web-gebaseerde GIS gebruik in OIS gebaseer op GOB die potensiaal het om mense met kennis te verenig en omgewingsbestuur effektief in te lig.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000758134.pdf: 2233982 bytes, checksum: f2065607f9686984fdd20769d4229c06 (MD5) / Os represamentos estão entre as atividades antrópicas que causam mais danos na bacia do Paraná, como a desestruturação de comunidades aquáticas e transferência de parasitas. Os peixes apresentam uma maior quantidade e variedade de parasitas do que qualquer outra classe de vertebrados. Os parasitas indicam vários aspectos da biologia de seus hospedeiros, assim alterações na biodiversidade de comunidades parasitárias podem ser utilizadas como indicadoras da saúde de sistemas ecológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a helmintofauna de Steindachnerina insculpta e Astyanax fasciatus no rio Taquari, tributário da represa de Jurumirim, São Paulo, e verificar se alguma das espécies de helmintos pode atuar como bioindicadora de impacto ambiental. As amostragens dos peixes hospedeiros S. insculpta e A. fasciatus foram compostas de 60 espécimes para cada espécie, com 30 indivíduos coletados no trecho lótico e 30 no trecho lêntico. Para S. insculpta foram recuperados os monogenóides: Anacanthoroides mizelli, Diaphorocleidus kabatai, Urocleidoides sp., e Euryhaliotrema chaoi; o digenético Sphincterodiplostomum musculosum e metacercárias não identificadas; o nematoide Travnema travnema e larvas não identificadas, e o acantocéfalo Gorytocephalus plecostomorum. Para A. fasciatus os monogenóides: Cacatuocotyle paranaensis, Characithecium costaricensis, Diaphorocleidus kabatai, Jainus sp., Notozothecium sp. e Gyrodactylus sp.; o digenético Antorchis lintoni e metacercárias não identificadas; o nematoide Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus e larvas não identificadas. Para S. insculpta tanto a prevalência de monogenóides total (z = 3,14; p = 0,002) e A. mizelli (z = 3,879; p ≤ 0,001) como a abundância média de monogenóides total (U = 642,0; p ≤ 0,001) e A. mizelli (U = 623,5; p ≤ 0,001) foram maiores no trecho lêntico. Para A. fasciatus a abundância média de monogenóides total ... / Impoundments are among the most damaging anthropic action upon Parana river basin, such as community structure destruction and parasites transferring. Fishes present the greatest parasites amount and variety compared to any other vertebrate class. Parasites indicate several biology aspects of their hosts, thus alterations in biodiversity of parasite communities may be used as health indicators of ecological system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the helminth fauna of Steindachnerina insculpta and Astyanax fasciatus in Taquari River, a tributary of Jurumirim Dam, São Paulo State, and verify whether some helminth species may act as bioindicator of environmental impact. The samples of the host fishes S. insculpta and A. fasciatus were composed of 60 specimens for each species, with 30 individuals sampled in a lotic stretch and 30 in a lentic stretch. For S. insculpta it was found the monogeneans: Anacanthoroides mizelli, Diaphorocleidus kabatai, Urocleidoides sp., and Euryhaliotrema chaoi; the digenean Sphincterodiplostomum musculosum and no-identified metacercariae; the nematode Travnema travnema and no-identified larvae, and the acanthocephalan Gorytocephalus plecostomorum. For A. fasciatus the monogeneans: Cacatuocotyle paranaensis, Characithecium costaricensis, Diaphorocleidus kabatai, Jainus sp., Notozothecium sp. e Gyrodactylus sp.; o digenético Antorchis lintoni and no-identified metacercariae; the nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and no-identified larvae. For S. insculpta the overall prevalence of monogeneans (z = 3,14; p = 0,002) and ...

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Tonello. / Banca: Manuel Enrique Gamero Guandique / Banca: Kelly Cristina Tonello / Resumo: A diminuição dos ecossistemas promove o isolamento populacional de espécies da fauna e flora, impedindo-as de continuarem suas justas perpetuações existenciais, rumo às inerentes evoluções de que cada espécie tem o direito de traçar. Diante disso, são necessárias extensas parcelas de habitats a fim de manter e garantir a permanência da extraordinária biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo. Com a intenção de contribuir para o incremento ambiental no Município de Votorantim, SP, este estudo realizou diagnósticos hidroambientais em áreas estratégicas e com potenciais atributos à criação de Parques Naturais Municipais. Para isso, as duas principais áreas selecionadas foram física e espacialmente delimitadas utilizando-se técnicas de geoprocessamento, quando foram catalogadas as nascentes e corpos d'água existentes e realizadas coletas de amostras de água e sedimentos destinadas às análises laboratoriais para determinação de suas características físico-químicas, bacteriológicas e de metais pesados para seus respectivos enquadramentos perante os valores estabelecidos pela legislação pertinente. Os diagnósticos hidroambientais das áreas selecionadas possibilitaram a avaliação da existência de impactos positivos e negativos sobre o meio ambiente. A partir daí foram propostas ações planejadas de conservação e recuperação ambiental para a devida criação de Parques Naturais Municipais. Além dos diagnósticos hidroambientais para a criação de áreas legalmente protegidas em Votorantim, o intuito deste estudo suplementa-se por meio do auxílio à perpetuação das espécies nativas da região, ao favorecer o estabelecimento de amplos corredores ecológicos entre remanescentes florestais saudáveis e assim contribuir para a garantia no provimento dos serviços ambientais essenciais à qualidade de vida de todos / Abstract: The decline of ecosystems promotes the populational isolation of fauna and flora species, preventing them to continuing their fair existential perpetuations, towards their inherent evolutions that each species has the right to follow. Therefore, becomes needed large habitat parcels in order to maintain and ensure the permanence of the extraordinary biodiversity of São Paulo State. In order to contribute to the environmental development in the city of Votorantim, SP, this study conducted hydro-environmental diagnosis in strategic areas of the municipality potential to creation of Natural Public Parks. For this, the two main areas selected were physically and spatially delimited using geoprocessing techniques, when were cataloged the springs and streams, and made collections of water and sediment samples for laboratory tests to determine their physical, chemical, bacteriological and heavy metals characteristics to their respective frameworks before the values set by the relevant legislation. The hydro-environmental diagnosis of the selected areas allowed the observation of the existence of positive and negative impacts on the environment. From there have been proposed planned actions to environmental conservation and recovery aiming due creations of Natural Public Parks. Besides the hydro-environmental diagnosis for legally creation protected areas in Votorantim, the purpose of this study supplements by means of the aid to the native species perpetuation in the region, by favoring the establishment of large wildlife corridors between healthy forest remnants and thereby to contribute to the guarantee the provision of environmental services essential to the life quality of all / Mestre

O agravamento dos problemas ambientais e sociais representa um quadro de insustentabilidade do atual padrão de desenvolvimento. Portanto, as empresas devem adotar instrumentos de gestão ambiental como uma das alternativas na busca da sustentabilidade. Este estudo prevê a aplicação de um modelo de gestão ambiental para a triparia implantada no sudoeste do estado do Paraná, visando aumentar o nível de sustentabilidade ambiental da empresa. Inicialmente foi realizada a caracterização da empresa, elaborando-se descrições e fluxogramas das atividades desenvolvidas, incluindo processo industrial, estações de tratamento de água e de efluentes líquidos, geração de vapor e de resíduos sólidos, frota de veículos e setor administrativo. A seguir, por meio de quadros de entradas e saídas, foi realizada a identificação dos aspectos ambientais de cada atividade, propiciando a análise ambiental da empresa, de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, confrontando-se a situação atual com a legislação ambiental, quando aplicável. Na próxima etapa, aplicando-se um instrumento de gestão, foi realizada a avaliação de impactos ambientais, que contempla a identificação e avaliação dos impactos. Concluindo, foram identificados impactos negativos, principalmente relacionados aos meios físicos e biológicos, que podem ser minimizados pela implantação dos programas e medidas sugeridos, entre eles redução no consumo de água, reuso de efluentes e águas pluviais, otimização do tratamento de efluentes, ajuste no processo de combustão, regularização das inconformidades legais. Por outro lado foram identificados impactos positivos, principalmente relacionados ao meio socioeconômico, que devem ser mantidos ou ampliados, para que a empresa possa aumentar seu nível de sustentabilidade. / The worsening environmental and social problems represents a framework of unsustainability of the current standard of development, therefore, the companies must adopt instruments of environmental management as an alternative in search of sustainability. This study provides an application of a model of environmental management for gut sectors implanted in the southwest Paraná, seeking to increase the level of environmental sustainability of the company. Initially it was carried out the characterization of the company, producing descriptions and flowcharts activities, including industrial process, water treatment plants and liquid effluents, steam generation and solid waste, fleet of identification of environmental aspects of each activity, allowing the environmental analysis of the company, qualitatively and quatitatively, confronting the current situation with the environmental legislation, when applicable. In the next step, by applying a management tool, was carried out the assessment of environmental impacts, which includes the identification and assessment of the impacts. In conclusion, negative impacts were identified, particularly related to biological and physical environment, that can be minimized by the implementation of the programs and measures suggested, among them reduction in water consumption, reuse of effluent and rainwater, optimization of the treatment of effluents, adjust in the combustion process, regularization of legal non-conformities. On the other hand were identified positive impacts, particularly related to the socio-economic environment, that must be kept or extended, in order to allow the company to increase its level of environmental sustainability.

This work aims to analyze the current situation of electric vehicles in the world, considering the factors that assisted their insertion in the world market and the public policies that are used to encourage this technology. Based on this analysis, is performed a prediction of a scenario in which electric vehicles are inserted in the Brazilian market through simulation results using the Monte Carlo Method a known and widespread mathematical method. Therefore, two cities are compared, a national pole of development and diversity, Sao Paulo, and the city known as the Capital of Electric Vehicle, Oslo, which will provide the information that will be used as a basis for the simulation. With this forecast, it is possible to predict an estimative of the environmental impact that replacing gasoline-powered vehicles for electric vehicles would bring to the environment. Furthermore, an analysis of energy impact in the Brazilian matrix is discussed and evaluated. / Este trabalho visa analisar a situação atual dos veículos elétricos no mundo, considerando os fatores que auxiliaram sua inserção no mercado mundial e as principais políticas de incentivo a esta tecnologia. Com base nesta análise, é realizada uma previsão na qual os veículos elétricos são inseridos no mercado brasileiro, através de resultados de simulação utilizando o Método de Monte Carlo, conhecido e difundido. Para tanto, duas cidades serão comparadas, um pólo de desenvolvimento e diversidade nacional, São Paulo, e a cidade conhecida como a Capital do Veículo Elétrico, Oslo, da qual serão extraídas as informações que servirão de base para a simulação e estimativa do impacto na matriz energética brasileira. Com esta previsão, também é possível avaliar o impacto que a substituição dos veículos movidos à gasolina por veículos elétricos traria para o meio ambiente. Além disso, uma análise de impacto energético na matriz brasileira é discutida e avaliada.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_al_dr_jabo.pdf: 1252051 bytes, checksum: 75f4c6278341a031dac8c25b6910afd0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar níveis de restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos machos castrados pesados. Foram utilizados 60 suínos (89,1 l 4,2 kg), alojados em baias individuais de 2,55 m2. Os animais receberam dietas com níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de restrição qualitativa - 3400, 3240, 3060, 2890 e 2720 kcal de energia digestível / kg de ração - obtidas com a inclusão de casca de arroz, sendo mantidos os teores de lisina digestível, cálcio e fósforo disponível. Dez animais foram abatidos no início do experimento, e os demais foram alimentados com as dietas experimentais até atingirem o peso médio de 128 kg, quando foram abatidos. Suínos mais pesados (128 kg) apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça e quantidade de carne, porém, pior índice de bonificação, devido à redução na porcentagem de carne magra. A restrição qualitativa reduziu a digestibilidade energética, levando à piora no desempenho e melhor eficiência energética, sem alterar o ganho diário em carne magra, de forma a proporcionar melhores carcaças, com maior valor e sem depreciar a qualidade da carne, inclusive reduzindo seu teor de colesterol e levando à máxima concentração de ácido oléico a 12,5% de restrição, enquanto a máxima hipertrofia das células musculares foi obtida ao redor do nível de 12%. A viabilidade econômica da restrição qualitativa foi dependente principalmente do preço do milho. A inclusão de casca de arroz aumentou a área de lavoura de milho a ser adubada com as fezes, apresentando melhor relação N - P- K entre 5 e 15%. Portanto, a restrição qualitativa foi eficiente em melhorar a carcaça dos suínos, agregando valor a um resíduo agrícola. / The objective of this work was to evaluate levels of qualitative feed restriction for heavy barrow pigs. Sixty pigs (89.1 l 4.2 kg) were allotted to individual pens with 2.55 m2. The animals were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels of qualitative restriction - 3400, 3240, 3060, 2890 e 2720 kcal of digestible energy / kg of ration - obtained by rice hulls inclusion, and the contents of digestible lysine, calcium and available phosphorus were kept. Ten animals were slaughtered at the begin of the experiment and the others were fed with the experimental diets until they reach the average weight of 128 kg when they were slaughtered. Heavy pigs (128 kg) show higher carcass holding and lean meat content, but worse payment index because of the reduction in the lean meat percentage. Qualitative feed restriction reduced energetic digestibility, resulting in worse performance and better energetic efficiency without changing the daily lean meat gain, so as to obtain better carcasses with high value and without depreciating the meat quality. Qualitative feed restriction reduced cholesterol levels and gave the greatest level of oleic acid of the meat at the level of 12.5% and maximum muscle cell hypertrophy at the level of 12% of restriction. The economic viability of qualitative restriction was dependent on corn price. The rice hulls inclusion increased the area of the corn agriculture to be fertilized with the feces, showing the best N - P - K ratio between 5 and 15% levels. So, qualitative feed restriction was efficiency to improve pig carcass quality adding value to an agricultural residue.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBD_DISSERT.pdf: 1988359 bytes, checksum: 0207f1a988edf03be9aba6cc36f1919a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / The sharp consumption of natural resources by the construction industry has motivated numerous studies concerning the application of waste to replace partially or fully, some materials, such as aggregates, thereby reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction of sand and crushing process. The application of stone dust from crushing process arising as an aggregate for the production of Portland cement concrete is a viable alternative in view of the high cost of natural sands, in addition to the environmental damage which causes its operation to the environment. The stone dust has reduced cost compared to natural sand because it is produced in the beds of their own quarries, which are usually located close to major urban centers. This study examined the feasibility of using stone dust from the crushing of rock gneisses in the state of Bahia, replacing natural quartz sand. In the development of scientific study was conducted to characterize physical and chemical raw materials applied and molded cylindrical specimens , using as reference values Fck 20, Fck 25 and Fck 30 MPa ( resistance characteristic of the concrete after 28 days) in following compositions stone powder: 10%, 30%, 50 %, 100% and 100% with additive. The specimens were cured and subjected to the tests of compressive strength and water absorption, then the samples were subjected to the tests of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that the composition with 10% stone powder showed the best results regarding the physical and mechanical tests performed, confirming the reduction in compressive strength and increased water uptake increased as the content of the powder stone in the concrete composition / O acentuado consumo de recursos naturais pela ind?stria da constru??o civil tem motivado in?meros estudos referentes ? aplica??o de res?duos que substituam parcialmente ou totalmente alguns materiais, como os agregados, reduzindo assim o impacto ambiental causado pela extra??o da areia e pelo processo de britagem. A aplica??o do p? de pedra oriundo do processo de britagem como agregado para a produ??o de concretos de cimento Portland, ? uma alternativa vi?vel, tendo em vista o alto custo das areias naturais, al?m dos danos ambientais que sua explora??o ocasiona ao meio ambiente. O p? de pedra possui custo reduzido comparado ao da areia natural pelo fato de ser produzido nos canteiros das pr?prias pedreiras, que geralmente ficam localizadas pr?ximas aos grandes centros urbanos. A presente pesquisa analisou a viabilidade da utiliza??o do p? de pedra proveniente da britagem de rochas gnaisses no estado da Bahia, em substitui??o ? areia natural quartzosa. No desenvolvimento deste estudo cient?fico foi realizada a caracteriza??o f?sica e qu?mica das mat?rias-primas aplicadas e moldados corpos de prova cil?ndricos, utilizando-se como refer?ncia os valores de Fck 20, Fck 25 e Fck 30 MPa (Resist?ncia caracter?stica do concreto aos 28 dias) nas seguintes composi??es de p? de pedra:10%, 30%, 50%, 100% e 100% com aditivo. Os corpos de prova foram curados e submetidos aos ensaios de resist?ncia ? compress?o e absor??o de ?gua, em seguida as amostras foram submetidas ? ensaios de difra??o de raios X e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. A an?lise dos resultados obtidos constatou que a composi??o com 10% de p? de pedra apresentou os melhores resultados referentes aos ensaios f?sicos e mec?nicos realizados, confirmando a redu??o da resist?ncia ? compress?o e o aumento da absor??o de ?gua ? medida que se aumentou o teor do p? de pedra na composi??o do concreto

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T13:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS EDUARDO DOMINGOS CINTRA.pdf: 9028123 bytes, checksum: 1e6d01e7063757db871a9a610ede84ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T13:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS EDUARDO DOMINGOS CINTRA.pdf: 9028123 bytes, checksum: 1e6d01e7063757db871a9a610ede84ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / The habitat loss by environmental degradation and fragmentation due to human activities is the most relevant impact to the drastic reduction of biodiversity. However, to the populations of Amazonian chelonians, above all the animals of the genus Podocnemis, we must add the direct capture of eggs and adult individuals that are historically and culturally used as food by indigenous people since before the European colonization persisting on riverine populations to this day. Despite the increasing academic and conservationist, interest that lead to the growth scientific publications about these podocnemidideans in the Amazon, most of the studies have dealt with reproductive aspects in nesting sites in large Brazilian rivers. Rare are the studies that deal with density, environmental use, and how seasonal variations influence their thermoregulatory behavior in habitats highly pressured by anthropic pressure. The construction Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant, on the Xingu River, Pará, will cause relevant environmental changes either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. To know the ecological parameters of Podocnemis unifilis a priori of the river impoundment, it is extremely important to evaluate the responses to these environmental changes and to guide actions directed to minimize the negative effects of such alterations might represent to this species. In this study, we evaluated the different factors that, together with the seasonal variation, might influence on the population abundance and density of P. unifilis in this area of the Xingu River. During field works, we proceeded with visual count of specimens in thermoregulatory activity on the three sampling areas, during the four regional hydrological cycles, seeking out density, abundance and possible preferences of habitat use and its relationships with abiotic variables as air and water temperature and depth of the water body. As a result, we observed that the population density of P. unifilis is not uniform among the sampling areas, probably due the unequal human occupation of the study area. As to seasonality, there were evidences of a higher number of individuals sighted during the dry season of the Xingu River followed by the rainy season. The abundance difference between seasons was not statistically significant and the density presented the same pattern of variability along the season periods. As to habitat use it was not possible to statistically determine preferences as to the side (left or right) nor the kind of margin (island or riverbank) used by these animals. However, it was noted a uneven distribution on these environments which might also be related with the irregular anthropic occupation between both margins and to the known seasonal migratory movement of this species. Generally, when we evaluate the influence of water temperature and depth of the sighting spots, between hydrological cycles, we did not verify statistical differences with positive correlation. However, when the environmental variable analyzed is the air temperature we observed a strong statistical significance when compared to the population density in all hydrological cycles evaluated. We suggest that this environmental variable may better explain the density patterns when the method used to estimate abundance is the count of the number of specimens in thermoregulatory activities. The differences observed in the population density among sampling areas and hydrological cycles in this part of Xingu River demonstrate the importance of knowing the influence of the environmental characteristics in the process of habitat use facing the indiscriminate consumption of this species by the local community. Moreover, the data obtained will enable that comparative studies a posteriori of the Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant impoundment permit to know the real effect of these environmental changes on this important zoological category. / A perda de habitat pela fragmentação e degradação do ambiente decorrentes das atividades humanas é o impacto mais relevante para a drástica redução da biodiversidade. Todavia, para as populações de quelônios amazônicos, sobretudo do gênero Podocnemis, soma-se ainda a coleta direta de ovos e indivíduos adultos, que são historicamente e culturalmente utilizados na alimentação por povos indígenas desde antes da colonização europeia, persistindo nas populações ribeirinhas até os dias atuais. Apesar do crescente interesse acadêmico que levou ao aumento das publicações científicas sobre estes podocnemidídeos, a maioria dos estudos têm abordado os aspectos reprodutivos em sítios de desova nos grandes rios brasileiros. São raros os estudos que abordam a densidade, o uso do ambiente e como as variações sazonais influenciam seu comportamento de termorregulação em habitats sobre forte pressão antrópica. A implantação da hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, acarretará em relevantes modificações ambientais, tanto em ecossistemas aquáticos como terrestres. Conhecer os parâmetros ecológicos de Podocnemis unifilis a priori do represamento do rio é extremamente importante para avaliar as respostas a estas alterações ambientais e nortear ações que visem minimizar os efeitos negativos que tais alterações possam representar a esta espécie. Neste estudo, avaliou-se os diferentes fatores que aliados a variação sazonal possam influenciar na abundância e densidade populacional de P. unifilis neste trecho do rio Xingu. Durante os trabalhos de campo foram realizadas contagens visuais de espécimes em atividade de termorregulação durante os quatro diferentes ciclos hidrológicos regionais, buscando determinar a densidade, a abundância e possíveis preferências de uso do habitat, e suas relações com variáveis abióticas como temperatura do ar e água e a profundidade do corpo hídrico. Como resultado observou-se que a densidade populacional de P. unifilis não é uniforme entre as áreas amostrais, provavelmente devido à ocupação humana desigual na região do estudo. Quanto à sazonalidade, evidencia-se um maior número de indivíduos avistados durante a vazante do rio Xingu seguida pela estação de enchente. A diferença na abundância entre as estações não foi estatisticamente significativa, e por estar diretamente ligada à abundância, a densidade apresentou o mesmo padrão de variabilidade ao longo dos períodos sazonais. No que se refere ao uso do habitat, não foi possível determinar estatisticamente preferências quanto às margens utilizadas por estes animais. Porém, nota-se uma distribuição desigual nestes ambientes, que podem também estar relacionados a ocupação antrópica irregular entre as duas margens e ao conhecido movimento migratório sazonal desta espécie. De modo geral, quando se avalia a influência da temperatura da água e profundidade dos locais de avistamento, entre ciclos hidrológicos, não se verificou diferenças estatísticas com correlação positiva. Entretanto, quando a variável ambiental analisada é a temperatura do ar observa-se uma forte significância estatística quando comparada a densidade populacional em todos os ciclos hidrológicos avaliados, sugerindo que esta variável ambiental pode melhor explicar os padrões de densidade. As diferenças observadas na densidade populacional entre as áreas amostrais e ciclos hidrológicos neste trecho do rio Xingu, reforçam a importância de conhecer a influência das características ambientais no processo de dispersão e uso do ambiente frente ao consumo indiscriminado desta espécie pela comunidade local. Ademais, os dados obtidos possibilitarão que estudos comparativos a posteriori a implantação usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte permitam conhecer o real efeito destas alterações ambientais sobre essa importante categoria zoológica.

The subject of this essay is waste and waste management in Sweden during the years1975-2005. The purpose of this investigation is to identify which factors that have affectedthe development of waste management from a political angle in order to identifycharacteristic features of the period in terms of waste management regime. The investigationorigins from Ylva Sjöstrand’s thesis about resource recovery, incineration and tippingof waste in Stockholm 1900-1975 and the theoretical framework in this essay is based onher thesis.By analysing three propositions from the years 1975, 1993 and 2003 concerning wasteand waste management I will argue that the new waste management regime that dominatedSweden during 1975-2005 is called sustainability regime. The name sustainabilityregime is therefore the result which this essay leads to.