Student participation in online courses has been growing steadily for the past decade, and the trend appears to continue the growth in this form of instructional delivery method for the foreseeable future (iNACOL, 2012). To date, little research exploring student success rates exists in the social studies. This particular study was conducted to examine what differences, if any, existed in the End-Of-Course (EOC) scores of 11th grade United States history students who took the course in a traditional, face-to-face format versus students who took the same course online through Florida Virtual School. For this study, proper permission was received from all interested parties, and a sample of 9,339 End of Course (EOC) examinations were taken from 36 high schools in a large, urban school district in Central Florida. All identifiable data were scrubbed from the sample. Due to the extremely small sampling of online students, the One-Sample Wilcoxon test was used on four research questions to compare students in the traditional, face-to-face versus online format and based on ethnicity, gender, and free-and-reduced lunch status. Overall, none of the One-Sample Wilcoxon tests indicated the presence of a significant difference among any subgroup-overall, White, non-White, female, male, high socioeconomic status, or low socioeconomic status. Therefore, none of the null hypotheses presented were rejected. Recommendations included replicating the study on a broader scale and conducting a qualitative study to examine the characteristics of online students, their similarities and differences, to those of students who attend class in a face-to-face format.

Serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a potent suppressor of the immune defense. Here, we studied interactions between EOC and the immune system that lead to escape from tumor immune surveillance. We explored: 1) tumor escape from cytotoxicity by exosome-mediated modulation of the NK-cell receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1; 2) cytokine mRNA profiles in the EOC microenvironment and peripheral blood and their role in the suppression of the anti-tumor immune responses; 3) expression of long non-coding (lnc) RNAs in EOC tumors and exosomes. We found that EOC-secreted exosomes carried MICA/B and ULBP1-3, ligands of NKG2D, and could downregulate the NKG2D receptor and impair NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, the DNAM-1 receptor ligands PVR and nectin-2 were seldom found in exosomes and were not associated with the exosomal membrane leaving the DNAM-1 receptor-mediated cytotoxicity intact. We compared cytokine mRNA expression in the tumor microenvironment and in immune cells of peripheral blood in EOC patients and patients with benign ovarian conditions. EOC patients were unable to mount an IFN-gamma mRNA response needed for tumor cell elimination. Instead, there was a significant up-regulation of inflammation and immune suppression i.e. responses promoting tumorigenesis and T-regulatory cell priming that suppress anti-tumor immunity. In addition, we studied lncRNAs in tissues and sera exosomes from EOC and benign ovarian conditions aiming to assess the lncRNA(s) expression profile and look for lncRNA(s) as possible marker(s) for early diagnosis. We found a deregulated lncRNAs expression in EOC tissues that correlated well with the lncRNAs expression in exosomes. Candidate lncRNAs with the highest expression and abundance were suggested for evaluation as EOC diagnostic markers in a future large cohort study. Our studies of EOC tissue and EOC exosomes highlight the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the complex tumor exosome-mediated network of immunosuppressive mechanisms, and provide a mechanistic explanation of the observation that NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity does not function in EOC patients and is partially replaced by the accessory DNAM-1 dependent cytotoxic pathway. The deregulated lncRNAs expression in EOC tissues and exosomes might serve for diagnostic purposes but could also be a potential risk of spreading tumor-derived lncRNAs in EOC exosomes to recipient cells throughout the body.

Background: To win the “war for talent” and recruit highly skilled candidates, employers need to distinguish themselves from their competitors by securing employer-of-choice (EOC) status. In competitive industries such as information technology (IT), companies focus on shaping unique employer branding (EB) strategies to help find or retain top talent and the indispensable edge or advantages that come along with them. At the same time, diverse IT employees are contending with different forms of prejudice and discrimination within the industry, making it essential for companies to clearly present their agendas of diversity and inclusivity through EB that communicates a “great place to work” for employees.   Purpose: While there are various bodies of EB-focused research, few studies have empirically explored how diversity and inclusion are communicated across industries. Accordingly, this study explores the use of external digital communication for promoting EB inclusivity deployed by the human resources (HR) and marketing departments of IT companies.   Method: This study uses exploratory research within a qualitative research design, along with an abductive approach, preexisting theories, and empirical data gathered from seven semi-structured interviews and digital communication materials from three IT companies: CGI, Nexer, and Toxic. The data is analyzed using the Gioia method and content analysis. Finally, a revised conceptual framework is developed.   Conclusion: The results of this study show that a range of external digital communication channels are needed to effectively communicate EB inclusivity. This can be achieved by portraying diversity and inclusion in different dimensions, in addition to successful diversity- and inclusion-driven projects, initiatives, and storytelling. It is essential to highlight different demographics within the company, for instance, from junior and senior, to male and female employees, as well as individuals from underrepresented groups. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the IT industry is in a state of continuous innovation and evolution while also being highly competitive in terms of securing top recruits who can choose between their prospective employers. There is also a need to gain wider perspectives when creating IT solutions for diverse groups worldwide and there is a clear shortage of women in the industry. Therefore, it is important for IT companies to communicate their EB with diversity and inclusion in mind — and in practice through using the revised framework that presents relevant actors, tools, communication channels, and dimensions of D&I. On a managerial level, local and international actors are recommended to work in close collaboration, utilize modern technology, and follow up their external communication to attract potential employees who may one day become ambassadors for the company. / Bakgrund: För att vinna "kriget om talang" och rekrytera högkvalificerade kandidater behöver arbetsgivare särskilja sig från sina konkurrenter genom att framstå som en attraktiv arbetsgivare. Inom konkurrensutsatta branscher som informationsteknik (IT) fokuserar företag på att hitta unika strategier för att bygga sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke (EB) för att hitta och behålla högkvalificerad personal och de ovärderliga fördelar som följer av detta. Samtidigt möter IT-anställda olika former av fördomar och diskriminering inom branschen, vilket gör det nödvändigt för företag att tydligt presentera sina principer för mångfald och inkludering genom EB som ger bilden av en "fantastisk arbetsplats" för anställda.   Syfte: Trots att det finns tidigare forskning inom EB, har få studier empiriskt utforskat hur mångfald och inkludering kommuniceras i olika branscher. Denna studie undersöker därför användningen av extern digital kommunikation för att främja inkludering genom EB, vid personalavdelningar och marknadsavdelningar hos IT-företag.   Metod: Denna studie använder sig av utforskande forskning inom en kvalitativ forskningsdesign, tillsammans med en abduktiv ansats, befintliga teorier och empirisk data från sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer och digitala kommunikationsmaterial från tre IT-företag: CGI, Nexer och Toxic. Data har analyserats med Gioia-metoden och genom innehållsanalys. Slutligten utvecklas ett reviderat konceptuellt ramverk.   Slutsats: Resultaten av denna studie visar att olika externa digitala kommunikationskanaler behövs för att effektivt kommunicera inkludering genom EB. Detta kan uppnås genom att porträttera mångfald och inkludering i olika dimensioner; som tillsammans med framgångsrika projekt eller initiativ och berättelser som drivs av mångfald och inkludering. Det är viktigt att framhäva olika demografier inom företaget, till exempel juniora och seniora anställda, manliga och kvinnliga anställda, samt individer från underrepresenterade grupper. Resultaten visar att IT-branschen befinner sig i en ständig process av innovation och utveckling samtidigt som den är starkt konkurrenspräglad vad gäller att attrahera topprekryter som kan välja mellan sina framtida arbetsgivare. Det finns också ett behov av att bredda perspektiven vid skapandet av IT-lösningar för olika grupper globalt, och det råder en tydlig brist på kvinnor inom branschen. Därför är det viktigt för IT-företag att kommunicera sitt EB med mångfald och inkludering i åtanke – och i praktiken genom att använda det reviderade ramverket som presenterar relevanta aktörer, verktyg, kommunikationskanaler och dimensioner av mångfald och inkludering. På ledningsnivån rekommenderas ett nära samarbete mellan lokala och internationella aktörer, att modern teknik utnyttjas, och att och extern kommunikation följs upp för att locka potentiella kandidater som en dag kan bli ambassadörer för företaget.

Le cancer épithélial de l’ovaire (CÉO) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal. Le CÉO de type séreux, la forme la plus commune avec plus de 50% des cas, est souvent diagnostiqué tardivement et associé à un mauvais pronostic. Le CÉO avancé, surtout traité par chimiothérapie, va devenir chimiorésistant chez la majorité des patientes traitées. Bien que des lignées cellulaires du CÉO aient été dérivées à partir de tumeurs solides et d’ascites de patientes ayant ou non subi une chimiothérapie, aucune des lignées cellulaires du CÉO provenant d’une même patiente avant et après ses traitements de chimiothérapie n’ont été établies précédemment. Notre laboratoire est le premier à développer de telles lignées cellulaires. Nos nouvelles lignées cellulaires sont dérivées de trois patientes différentes (1369, 2295 et 3133) et classées selon leur provenance, soit la tumeur solide (TOV) ou l’ascite (OV). Nous avons donc caractérisé ces nouvelles lignées de cellules pré-chimiothérapie (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D et TOV3133G) et post-chimiothérapie (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 et OV3133(2)) par diverses approches. Par immunohistochimie et immunobuvardage de type Western, nous avons caractérisé les niveaux d’expression de marqueurs épithéliaux typiques de kératines (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) pour confirmer l’origine épithéliale et ovarienne des cellules. Nous avons également analysé le niveau d’expression de HER2 et p53, deux marqueurs importants dans le CÉO. Cependant, il ne semble pas y avoir d’expression différentielle évidente de ces marqueurs entre les lignées pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie. Plus encore, nous avons étudié plusieurs caractéristiques tumorigéniques des lignées cellulaires, dont la prolifération cellulaire (par compte cellulaire), la migration cellulaire (par recouvrement de plaie), la capacité à former des sphéroïdes en 3D (par la méthode des gouttelettes inversées), et la formation de tumeurs in vivo dans des souris SCID (xénogreffes sous-cutanées). En général, il ne semble pas y avoir de différences claires entre les cellules pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie au niveau du comportement cellulaire, à l’exception du fait qu’aucune des lignées post-chimiothérapie semblent être en mesure de former des structures tridimensionnelles compactes, contrairement à certaines lignées post-chimiothérapie. Nos résultats pourront servir à mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes régissant les tumeurs malignes du CÉO de type séreux et à mieux comprendre la progression de la maladie à travers les différents traitements, ce qui nous permettra d’acquérir des informations essentielles pour mieux évaluer et traiter différentes patientes. / Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest of all gynecologic cancers. The serous type of EOC is the most common form of the disease, and it accounts for more than 50% of the cases. It is often diagnosed at advanced stages where its prognosis is poor. Advanced EOC is treated mainly with chemotherapy. However, chemoresistance development eventually impedes the success of the treatments for most patients. Researchers have derived cell lines from EOC from solid tumors or from ascites. So far, there has not been EOC cell lines established from samples taken before and after chemotherapy treatments within the same patient. Our laboratory is thus the first to develop a new and powerful model of pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy cell lines. All cell lines were derived sequentially from 3 different patients (1369, 2295 and 3133), from either solid tumors (TOV) or ascites (OV). We therefore characterized these new pre-chemotherapy cell lines (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D and TOV3133G) and post-chemotherapy cell lines (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 and OV3133(2)) through several approaches. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we have characterized the level of expression of typical epithelial keratin markers (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) to confirm the epithelial and ovarian nature of the cells. We have also analysed the expression level of important EOC markers, such as that of HER2 and p53, and found no clear difference between the pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy EOC cells. Moreover, we have studied various tumorigenic features of the cell lines, such as cell proliferation (by cell count), cell migration (by the wound healing assay), 3D spheroid formation (by the hanging drop method), in vivo tumor formation in SCID mice (subcutaneous xenografts). In general, there were no notable differences between the two categories of cell lines at the cellular level, except that post-chemotherapy cell lines seemed to be unable to form compact 3D structures, contrary to some pre-chemotherapy cell lines. The obtained results would aid in better understanding the different mechanisms that malignant serous EOC tumors undergo and the progression of the disease with respect to the different treatments. Such study would allow us to gain valuable insight into the optimal treatment decisions to take for different EOC patients.

Le cancer épithélial de l’ovaire (CÉO) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal. Le CÉO de type séreux, la forme la plus commune avec plus de 50% des cas, est souvent diagnostiqué tardivement et associé à un mauvais pronostic. Le CÉO avancé, surtout traité par chimiothérapie, va devenir chimiorésistant chez la majorité des patientes traitées. Bien que des lignées cellulaires du CÉO aient été dérivées à partir de tumeurs solides et d’ascites de patientes ayant ou non subi une chimiothérapie, aucune des lignées cellulaires du CÉO provenant d’une même patiente avant et après ses traitements de chimiothérapie n’ont été établies précédemment. Notre laboratoire est le premier à développer de telles lignées cellulaires. Nos nouvelles lignées cellulaires sont dérivées de trois patientes différentes (1369, 2295 et 3133) et classées selon leur provenance, soit la tumeur solide (TOV) ou l’ascite (OV). Nous avons donc caractérisé ces nouvelles lignées de cellules pré-chimiothérapie (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D et TOV3133G) et post-chimiothérapie (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 et OV3133(2)) par diverses approches. Par immunohistochimie et immunobuvardage de type Western, nous avons caractérisé les niveaux d’expression de marqueurs épithéliaux typiques de kératines (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) pour confirmer l’origine épithéliale et ovarienne des cellules. Nous avons également analysé le niveau d’expression de HER2 et p53, deux marqueurs importants dans le CÉO. Cependant, il ne semble pas y avoir d’expression différentielle évidente de ces marqueurs entre les lignées pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie. Plus encore, nous avons étudié plusieurs caractéristiques tumorigéniques des lignées cellulaires, dont la prolifération cellulaire (par compte cellulaire), la migration cellulaire (par recouvrement de plaie), la capacité à former des sphéroïdes en 3D (par la méthode des gouttelettes inversées), et la formation de tumeurs in vivo dans des souris SCID (xénogreffes sous-cutanées). En général, il ne semble pas y avoir de différences claires entre les cellules pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie au niveau du comportement cellulaire, à l’exception du fait qu’aucune des lignées post-chimiothérapie semblent être en mesure de former des structures tridimensionnelles compactes, contrairement à certaines lignées post-chimiothérapie. Nos résultats pourront servir à mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes régissant les tumeurs malignes du CÉO de type séreux et à mieux comprendre la progression de la maladie à travers les différents traitements, ce qui nous permettra d’acquérir des informations essentielles pour mieux évaluer et traiter différentes patientes. / Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest of all gynecologic cancers. The serous type of EOC is the most common form of the disease, and it accounts for more than 50% of the cases. It is often diagnosed at advanced stages where its prognosis is poor. Advanced EOC is treated mainly with chemotherapy. However, chemoresistance development eventually impedes the success of the treatments for most patients. Researchers have derived cell lines from EOC from solid tumors or from ascites. So far, there has not been EOC cell lines established from samples taken before and after chemotherapy treatments within the same patient. Our laboratory is thus the first to develop a new and powerful model of pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy cell lines. All cell lines were derived sequentially from 3 different patients (1369, 2295 and 3133), from either solid tumors (TOV) or ascites (OV). We therefore characterized these new pre-chemotherapy cell lines (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D and TOV3133G) and post-chemotherapy cell lines (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 and OV3133(2)) through several approaches. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we have characterized the level of expression of typical epithelial keratin markers (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) to confirm the epithelial and ovarian nature of the cells. We have also analysed the expression level of important EOC markers, such as that of HER2 and p53, and found no clear difference between the pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy EOC cells. Moreover, we have studied various tumorigenic features of the cell lines, such as cell proliferation (by cell count), cell migration (by the wound healing assay), 3D spheroid formation (by the hanging drop method), in vivo tumor formation in SCID mice (subcutaneous xenografts). In general, there were no notable differences between the two categories of cell lines at the cellular level, except that post-chemotherapy cell lines seemed to be unable to form compact 3D structures, contrary to some pre-chemotherapy cell lines. The obtained results would aid in better understanding the different mechanisms that malignant serous EOC tumors undergo and the progression of the disease with respect to the different treatments. Such study would allow us to gain valuable insight into the optimal treatment decisions to take for different EOC patients.