This study has aimed to examine how Arjeplog recovered during a five-year period after the Spanish flu using a post-crisis theoretic model and method. Arjeplog is of interest due to the lack of previous studies on the subject despite having the highest mortality rate in Sweden. The post-crisis model present four challenges for Arjeplog after the Spanish flu which this study has examined. The means of handling four challenges was the reconstruction of healthcare, the importance of crisis heroes, the management of orphaned children and the minimization of mental illness. These factors have shown to have both long- and short-term consequences for its citizens and for Arjeplog to transform from a crisis to a post-crisis society. This paper concludes that the reconstruction of healthcare was not only necessary for the future wellbeing of Arjeplog’s citizens but also helped minimize mental illness due to the decreased risk for future widespread pandemics. The study could also conclude that crisis-heroes symbolized the solidarity the citizens displayed during the Spanish flue as well as strengthened existing social ties between families and neighbors. Management of orphaned children due to the Spanish flu was a new issue for Arjeplog where new institutions needed to be established as a result. The children’s and their parents’ perspectives showed the complicated implications regarding both the foster home and the newly established orphanage. The study concluded that the memory of the Spanish flu during the period was very prevalent and showed how crises can affect its victims despite life in general moving on.

No two species can indefinitely occupy the same ecological niche according to the competitive exclusion principle. When competing strains of the same pathogen invade a homogeneous population, the strain with the largest basic reproductive ratio R0 will force the other strains to extinction. However, over 51 pathogens are documented to have multiple strains [3] coexisting, contrary to the results from homogeneous models. In reality, the world is heterogeneous with the population varying in susceptibility. As such, the study of epidemiology, and hence the problem of pathogen coexistence should entail heterogeneity. Heterogeneous models tend to capture dynamics such as resistance to infection, giving more accurate results of the epidemics. This study will focus on the behavior of multi-pathogen heterogeneous models and will try to answer the question: what are the conditions on the model parameters that lead to pathogen coexistence? The goal is to understand the mechanisms in heterogeneous populations that mediate pathogen coexistence. Using the moment closure method, Fleming et. al. [22] used a two pathogen heterogeneous model (1.9) to show that pathogen coexistence was possible between strains of the baculovirus under certain conditions. In the first part of our study, we consider the same model using the hidden keystone variable (HKV) method. We show that under some conditions, the moment closure method and the HKV method give the same results. We also show that pathogen coexistence is possible for a much wider range of parameters, and give a complete analysis of the model (1.9), and give an explanation for the observed coexistence. The host population (gypsy moth) considered in the model (1.9) has a year life span, and hence, demography was introduced to the model using a discrete time model (1.12). In the second part of our study, we will consider a multi-pathogen compartmental heterogeneous model (3.1) with continuous time demography. We show using a Lyapunov function that pathogen coexistence is possible between multiple strains of the same pathogen. We provide analytical and numerical evidence that multiple strains of the same pathogen can coexist in a heterogeneous population.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att få fördjupad insikt i och att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor påverkas av, och förbereder sig inför, ett abstrakt hot såsom en förutspådd epidemi. Studien är empirisk med en enkätundersökning av kvalitativ karaktär. Inspiration till tolkning av data är hämtad från fenomenografin och resultatet belyses genom anknytning till KASAM. Studiens deltagare var 39 sjuksköterskor verksamma på en Akutklinik och en Infektionsklinik. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna påverkas av hot om epidemier bland annat genom en rädsla att själva smittas. De flesta uttryckte ett behov av ökade förberedelser. Två kategorier framkom Emotionell strategi och Praktisk strategi. / The aim for the present study was to reach a deeper understanding and to describe how nurses are affected and prepare themselves before facing an abstract threat as a predicted epidemic. The study is empirical with a questionnaire of qualitative nature. Inspiration for analyzing data is taken from phenomenology, and the result are illustrated through KASAM. The participants were 39 nurses, employed at an Acute ward and an Infection ward. The results showed that nurses were affected, for example with fear, by threats concerning an epidemic. The majority expressed the need for more preparations. Two categories appeared; Emotional strategy and Practical Strategy.

“Micro-innovation” has become the key to sustainable business success in the context of ‘intelligent businesses'. Different from technological innovation, micro-innovation calls for employees to make use of their rich practical experience and expertise while doing the most common tasks in work. They are encouraged to put forward effective small improvements, inventions and ideas which are conducive to further practical operation. Job crafting reflects such a process in which employees spontaneously design their work, optimize work requirements and resources, and finish tasks successfully. In the past decade, scholars of organizational behaviors have studied job crafting and agreed that job crafting of employees is so significant that it will lead to continuous improvement of products (services) and further promote “micro-innovation”. Job crafting is thought to be a dynamic and continuous work process which fluctuates every day. In order to fully understand the formation process of job crafting in the real world, research scholars recently have even called for the research on job crafting in the daily level, which was ignored by previous research. Thus, we intend to focus on employees' daily job crafting, and explore the influencing factors and mechanisms of employees' daily job crafting behaviors. In addition, leaders' emotion display is regarded as an immediate response to the interaction between leaders and employees, and has a more direct impact on the employees' daily job crafting behavior. Thus, we believe that leaders ' emotion display has a much higher information value on employees ' daily behaviors. Although it has been agreed that leaders are the source of positive and negative emotion of subordinates in the workplace, negative emotion is stronger determinant of subordinates' perceptions of leaders than positive emotion. Some clues in the current relevant research literature can confirm this point of view. For example, Dasborough and his colleagues (2016) have found that subordinates could perceive and recall more negative emotional events that have occurred in the past in work situations in greater depth and detail. In addition, Wang and his colleagues (2018) have emphasized that the influence of leaders' negative emotion on their subordinates is more helpful to fully understand the motivational effect of emotion on leadership. Therefore, this study intends to open the black box and investigate the influence of leaders' negative emotion display on employees' daily job crafting. Based on the theory of Emotion as Information, this study used job daily method to examine the influence mechanism of leaders' negative emotion display on subordinates' daily job crafting. This study is based on 1389 daily data from 105 employees in a Biological Industry Co., Ltd. which is located in the North of China. Empirical research has applied multilevel structural equation model to examine the mediation effect of state self-esteem and epidemic motivation, latent moderated structural equations to examine the moderating effect of Leader-Member Exchange, and bootstrapping method to examine the moderated mediation effect of state self-esteem and epidemic motivation. The following conclusions were found: 1) Leaders' negative emotion display negatively predicted subordinates' state self-esteem; Subordinates' state self-esteem positively predicted daily job crafting; The relationship between leaders' negative emotions display and daily job crafting was mediated by subordinates ‘ state self-esteem; 2) Leaders’ negative emotion display positively predicted subordinates' epidemic motivation; Subordinates' epidemic motivation positively predicted job crafting; The relationship between leaders' negative emotions display and daily job crafting was mediated by subordinates ‘ epidemic motivation; 3) Leader-member exchange relationship moderated the relationship between leader’ s negative emotion display and subordinates ‘ state self-esteem / subordinates’ epidemic motivation. 4)The mediation effect of subordinates' state self-esteem / subordinates ' epidemic motivation is moderated by Leader-member exchange relationship. The above results not only respond to the confusion of previous research about whether Leader's negative emotion show negative effect on subordinates, but also help to take a more comprehensive look at the effect of leaders ' negative emotion display on employees' daily job crafting. In addition, the research results expand the practical research of Emotion as Information theory, clarify the influence mechanism of leaders ‘ negative emotion display on employees’ daily job crafting including affective reaction path and cognition-driven path, extend emotion display to the field of job crafting research, and further deepen the research about job crafting

Significant progress has been made in understanding different scenarios for disease transmissions and behavior of epidemics in recent years. A considerable amount of work has been done in modeling the dynamics of diseases by systems of ordinary differential equations. But there are very few mathematical models that deal with the genetic mutations of a pathogen. In-fact, not much has been done to model the dynamics of mutations of pathogen explaining its effort to escape the host's immune defense system after it has infected the host. In this dissertation we develop an SIR model with variable infection age for the transmission of a pathogen that can mutate in the host to produce a second infectious mutant strain. We assume that there is a period of temporary immunity in the model. A temporary immunity period along with variable infection age leads to an integro-differential-difference model. Previous efforts on incorporating delays in epidemic models have mainly concentrated on inclusion of latency periods (this assumes that the force of infection at a present time is determined by the number of infectives in the past). We begin with reviewing some basic models. These basic models are the building blocks for the later, more detailed models. Next we consider the model for mutation of pathogen and discuss its implications. Finally, we improve this model for mutation of pathogen by incorporating delay induced by temporary immunity. We examine the influence of delay as we establish the existence, and derive the explicit forms of disease-free, boundary and endemic equilibriums. We will also investigate the local stability of each of these equilibriums. The possibility of Hopf bifurcation using delay as the bifurcation parameter is studied using both analytical and numerical solutions.

Beginning in 2019 and quickly spreading internationally, the Coronavirus disease Covid-19 became the first pandemic that many people have witnessed firsthand along with the severe disruption to their daily lives. A key field of research for Covid-19 that is studied by epidemiologists, biologists, and computer scientists alike is modeling the spread of Covid-19 in order to better predict future outbreaks of the pandemic and evaluate potential strategies to reduce infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. This thesis proposes a method of modeling Covid-19 spread and interventions for local environments based on different levels of perspective. The goal for this thesis is to be able to present a model of Covid-19 in terms of surrounding areas in San Luis Obispo including the unique mobility dynamic currently held in the global pandemic. Furthermore, we use our model to explore different methods of ensuring a low infection rate such as isolation methods and mobility restrictions.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a virus effecting swine. It is the cause of disease that manifests with symptoms ranging from depression, to severe dehydration and death. Young piglets are particularly susceptible to the virus, which can reach mortality rates of 100%. Presence of the virus on a swine farm can therefore cause severe economic losses. Treatments currently exist for PEDV, but are mostly generated from the virus itself. There has recently been renewed interest in a vaccine that is made from a different source, which might help eliminate some of the side effects of those that currently exist on the market. This project outlines three experiments performed in animals. During the first experiment, a structural protein from the Hepatitis B virus was genetically altered to include important structural portions of PEDV. This new protein is generated in E. coli and purified. After purification, the protein assembles into a virus-like particle (VLP). VLPs are structural proteins of existing viruses that are expressed and assembled to mimic the virus. By doing so, the immune system recognizes the protein as a potential threat, and launches a response in the form of antibodies. Manipulations of the VLPs as describe herein allow the new vaccine to generate antibodies toward other diseases such as PEDV. Although all five of the vaccines used in the first experiment were able to generate appropriate antibodies, only two of them were effective at preventing PEDV from entering susceptible cells (virus neutralization). A second experiment, with three newly designed vaccines was therefore performed. This experiment, like the first, was successful in producing antibodies to several of the included PEDV protein sections, but none were able to neutralize the virus. These results led to a third experiment, during which further design improvements were made to the basic vaccine structure in an attempt to increase the neutralization capabilities of the vaccines. The results from the third experiment indicated that several changes to the vaccine increased the immune response to the structural portions of PEDV, providing a better overall vaccine candidate. This also led to the conclusion that one specific sequence from PEDV has a better ability to neutralize the virus than the other sections. / PHD