The self {--} assess questionnaire ESK is constructed to measure the mental abilities of the person, his readiness for valuable and meaningful life. The target of the ESK is not to examine the psychological dimension of the person but to study his experience with using mental competences. The scores achieved in the questionnaire ESK do not describe permanent personality traits but they reflect the person{\crq}s present experience with using potential features, which are given everyone equally but people realize them to a different extent in their lives. The examined person is asked about his usual reactions, which enable him to cope with the life situations. The validity of many items is not evident, so the examined person does not know what is measured, which reduces the possibility that the answers are distorted in order to be social acceptable. The answers are divided into four basic scales, every two of these scales are merged into the higher factors and the total score is made out by combining these two factors. The total score expresses ``the overall fullness of the existence{\crqq} or ``the subjective perceived meaningfulness of the existence{\crqq}. The questionnaire was answered by 210 respondents and the survey results were compared with the austrian norms. Finally the correlative analysis of the questionnaires ESK and SPARO was made to find out relations between ESK scales and the personality structure of an individual.

The geophysical technique known as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, or MASW (Park et al., 1999) is a relatively new seismic characterisation method which utilises Rayleigh waves propagation. With MASW, the frequency dependent, planar travelling Rayleigh waves are created by a seismic source and then measured by an array of geophone receivers. The recorded data is used to image characteristics of the subsurface. This thesis explains how MASW was used as a geotechnical investigation tool on windfarms in the lower North Island, New Zealand, to determine the stiffness of the subsurface at each wind turbine site. Shear‐wave velocity (VS) profiles at each site were determined through the processing of the MASW data, which were then used to determine physical properties of the underlying, weathered greywacke. The primary research site, the Te Rere Hau Windfarm in the Tararua Ranges of the North Island, is situated within the Esk Head Belt of Torlesse greywacke (Lee & Begg, 2002). Due to the high level of tectonic activity in the area, along with the high rates of weathering, the greywacke material onsite is highly fractured and weathering grades vary significantly, both vertically and laterally. MASW was performed to characterise the physical properties at each turbine site through the weathering profile. The final dataset included 1‐dimensional MASW shear‐wave evaluations from 100 turbine sites. In addition, Poisson’s ratio and density values were characterised through the weathering profile for the weathered greywacke. During the geotechnical foundation design at the Te Rere Hau Windfarm site, a method of converting shear wave velocity profiles was utilised. MASW surveying was used to determine VS profiles with depth, which were converted to elastic modulus profiles, with the input parameters of Poisson’s ratio and density. This study focuses on refining and improving the current method used for calculating elastic modulus values from shear‐wave velocities, primarily by improving the accuracy of the input parameters used in the calculation. Through the analysis of both geotechnical and geophysical data, the significant influence of overburden pressure, or depth, on the shear wave velocity was identified. Through each of the weathering grades, there was a non‐linear increase in shear wave velocity with depth. This highlights the need for overburden pressure conditions to be considered before assigning characteristic shear wave velocity values to different lithologies. Further to the dataset analysis of geotechnical and geophysical information, a multiple variant non‐linear regression analysis was performed on the three variables of shear wave velocity, depth and weathering grade. This produced a predictive equation for determining shear wave velocity within the Esk Head belt ‘greywacke’ when depth and weathering data are known. If the insitu geological conditions are not comparable to that of the windfarm sites in this study, a set of guidelines have been developed, detailing the most efficient and cost effective method of using MASW surveying to calculate the elastic modulus through the depth profile of an investigation site.

Geomorphic, structural and chronological data are used to establish the late Quaternary paleoseismicity of the active dextral-oblique Northern Esk Fault in North Canterbury, New Zealand. Detailed field mapping of the preserved c. 35 km of surface traces between the Hurunui River and Ashley Head reveals variations in strike ranging from 005° to 057°. Along with kinematic data collected from fault plane striae and offset geomorphic markers along the length of the fault these variations are used to distinguish six structural subsections of the main trace, four dextral-reverse and two dextral-normal. Displacements of geomorphic markers such as minor streams and ridges are measured using differential GPS and rangefinder equipment to reveal lateral offsets ranging from 3.4 to 23.7 m and vertical offsets ranging from < 1 to 13.5 m. Characteristic single event displacements of c. 5 m and c. 2 m have been calculated for strike-slip and reverse sections respectively. The use of fault scaling relationships reveals an anomalously high displacement to surface rupture length ratio when compared to global data sets. Fault scaling relationships based on width limited ruptures and magnitude probabilities from point measurements of displacement imply earthquake magnitudes of Mw 7.0 to 7.5. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages from displaced Holocene alluvial terraces at the northern extent of the active trace along with OSL and radiocarbon samples of the central sections constrain the timing of the last two surface rupturing events (11.15 ±1.65 and 3.5 ± 2.8 ka) and suggest a recurrence interval of c. 5612 ± 445 years and late Quaternary reverse and dextral slip rates of c. 0.31 mm/yr and 0.82 mm/yr respectively. The results of this study show that the Northern Esk Fault accommodates an important component of the c. 0.7 – 2 mm/yr of unresolved strain across the plate boundary within the North Canterbury region and affirm the Esk Fault as a source of potentially damaging ground shaking in the Canterbury region.

Geomorphological and paleoseismic studies provide insight into the fault geometry and kinematics of a series of dextral northeast striking faults, including the Porters Pass, Hawdon, Bullock Hill, and Esk faults, in the South Island of New Zealand. These faults show post-glacial offsets that are significantly larger than predicted from co-seismic displacement - surface rupture length regressions derived from empirical relationships. Geomorphological mapping reveals slip rates as high as 9 mm/year for the Hawdon fault and Bullock Hill fault over an expected fault length of c. 140 km. Surface expressions of some parts of the studied faults are obscured by glacial gravels, indicating that blind faults are present in parts of the Sourthern Alps and may be the source for a component of a reported slip deficit in North Canterbury. Concluding from comparing scaling relationship results for the individual faults I hypothesize that the Porters Pass, Hawdon, Bullock Hill and Esk faults are segments of an incipient fault system that stretches from the western tip of the Porters Pass fault to the Hope fault, east of Hanmer Springs. Considering the location, similar strike and dextral deformation mode, I suggest that this 140 km long dextral strike-slip fault system marks the southernmost extension of the Marlborough Fault System resulting from the ongoing southward propagation of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary in New Zealand's South Island.

This thesis is an intendedly critical, non-deterministic/non-reductionist, and, a tentatively theoretical, post-disciplinary narrative of the class struggles in Turkey over the period of 1989-1995. Much of the argumentation draws upon a critical reading of the corporatist literature, and, radical Political Economy, specifically focusing upon Marx&rsquo / s theory of distribution. Distribution is seen as, inter alia, a moment of production, as production-determined distribution. Wages and profits are argued to be determined as the joint effect of class struggles in production, in the realm of ideology/discourse, the condition of Labour, the State power, and, the organisational capacity of Labour. Particular emphasis is placed upon the formation of new Capital strategies in the late Eighties and early Nineties. More specifically, the ESK is seen as the archetype of the so-called competitive corporatism in Turkey. Competitive corporatism is a State form, a partial phenomenon, and, a question of hegemony.

Orogenic gold deposits occur within metamorphic belts throughout the world and have through time represented the source for over 25% of the world’s gold production. Although orogenic gold deposits are of great economic importance, controversies exist on the subject of fluid and metal sources and there have been few studies of gold´s distribution and mobility outside of large economic deposits. Research made by Pitcairn et al. (2006), on the Mesozoic Otago and Alpine schists of New Zealand, observed systematic depletion of Au and a suite of 6 associated elements with increasing metamorphic grade. This depletion was identical to the suite of elements enriched in the Otago gold deposits and provided strong evidence that orogenic gold deposits form due to metamorphic processes. The mobilization of metals was attributed to the recrystallization of sulfide minerals during prograde metamorphism causing dehydration and release of metal-rich metamorphic fluids.  This thesis is part of a larger project aimed at testing the “Otago model” in a classic metamorphic terrain: The Dalradian metamorphic belt of Scotland. Rocks in the study are from the southern higlands group and the Appin and Argyll group which range in metamorphic grade from chlorite zone greenschist facies to sillimanite zone amphibolite facies. Three main aspects, which supplement earlier research, are addressed in this study: 1) Investigation of the sulfide paragenesis at Loch Lomond and Stonehaven was carried out to map the evolution of sulfides with metamorphic grade and the possible relations to the distribution of gold. Using SEM scanning to quantify the abundance of different sulfide minerals together with previous data on the Glen Esk region, a complex sulfide evolution pattern for the Dalradian Supergroup is identified. The sulfide evolution describes the same changes in texture and chemistry as observed in the Otago Schists but is made complex by the difference in geological evolution for the different regions. 2) Reinvestigation of the higher grade zones of Glen Esk (staurolite to sillimanite) was carried out as samples from the previous study were very weathered. Results from ultralow detection limit methods (HG-AFS and a gold detection method developed by Pitcairn et al. 2006) showed significant systematic depletion of Au and As with metamorphic grade. From chlorite to sillimanite zone average values of Au and As were showed to decrease by 65% and 88% respectively. Furthermore, a suite of 10 major and 12 trace elements were analyzed using ICP methods showing no trends of systematic depletion with increased metamorphic grade.  3) Investigation of Pb-Ag Veining and vein samples from each of the metamorphic index mineral zones in the Glen Esk area was carried out to identify fluid composition and ore mineralogy. Using microthermometry and Raman laser spectroscopy two distinct fluids were identified. The first type is a H2O-CO2-N2-salt fluid of low salinity (0-15 weight percent NaCl equivalent) and medium temperature (150 to 250 °C) locally containing minor amounts of CH4. It is found in the veins from the mineral index zones of Glen Esk and was formed in the ductile regime most likely related to late stage metamorphic devolatilization released during Caledonian uplift of the Dalradian. Pb-Ag veins from the locality of Hardhill host the second fluid type which was formed in the brittle regime  accompanied by brecciation as a high salinity (15 to 20 weight percent NaCl equivalent) low temperature (70-140°C) H2O-salt fluid with calcic composition was precipitated. This fluid bears much resemblance to Carboniferous calcic brines responsible for economic base-metal precipitation with widespread occurrence in southwest Scotland and Northern Ireland. Results of this thesis show many similarities with the Otago study, with a connection between metal mobility and metamorphic grade, providing support for the dehydration model as a viable mechanism for the generation of orogenic gold deposits.

De nouveaux matériaux d'électrode positive, des couches minces TiOySz et MoOySz, ont été analysés par xps. Les caractéristiques intrinsèques de ces matériaux ont été déterminées et les processus rédox mis en jeu lors du cyclage de générateurs expérimentaux ont été précisés. Parallèlement, des études ont été effectuées en XPS sur des matériaux d'électrolyte ((1-x) B2S3-xLi2S et (1-x) As2S3-xLi2S) sur leurs domaines vitreux respectifs ; en utilisant comme sonde principale le pic de coeur S2p, l'influence du modificateur sur le formateur de réseau a été analysée.

Results from petrographic analyses, chemical analyses and mineral phase diagram calculations show that staurolite minerals grew in selvages adjacent to quartz veins. Previous studies show the same relationships between quartz veins and garnet, as well as kyanite growth. The selvages are formed as metamorphic fluids flow through cracks, altering the bulk composition by mass transfer and triggers the nucleation and growth of new minerals. A pseudosection for a staurolite absent sample has been calculated using THERMOCALC. No stability field correlates to visually observed mineralogy. This indicates that a reaction forming staurolite never was triggered since no fluids was present during metamorphism.

Bevarandet av den biologiska mångfalden är viktigt både på internationell, nationell, regional och lokal nivå, bland annat på grund av dess betydelse för vår livsmedelsproduktion. I dagsläget minskar dock den biologiska mångfalden runt om i världen och förändrad mark- och vattenanvändning anges som den främsta orsaken till den pågående utrotningen. Som en del av arbetet att bevara den biologiska mångfalden har EU-kommissionen som mål att minst 30 procent att EU:s mark- och vattenområden ska getts ett rättligt skydd fram till 2030. Idag är mindre än 15 procent av Sveriges yta skyddad och takten för att utöka dessa områden avtar i och med regeringens beslut om kraftigt minskade resurser till Naturvårdsverket. Som ett resultat blir andra delar av lagstiftningen, som berör förvaltningen av naturvärden, än viktigare. Ett exempel på en sådan paragraf är 3 kap. 3 § Miljöbalken (SFS 1998:808) som avser att så långt möjligt skydda ekologiskt särskilt känsliga mark- och vattenområden från åtgärder som kan skada naturmiljön. Vad så långt möjligt egentligen innebär i praktiken och hur intresseavvägningar bör göras är dock ganska svårt att överblicka. Detta riskerar att resultera i att paragrafen tillämpas olika, i olika fall och i olika kommuner. Med detta som utgångspunkt avsåg studien genom att undersöka hur 3 kap. 3 § Miljöbalken kan tolkas samt att genom en diskursanalys jämföra hur utvalda kommuner förhåller sig till paragrafen. Undersökningen genomfördes med Emmelins och Lermans (2006) miljö- och planeringparadigm samt begreppet legitimitet som teoretisk utgångpunkt, för att bättre förstå lagstiftningens syfte och inriktning. För att kunna förstå hur den granskade paragrafen ska tolkas behöver man dels se till de delar av Miljöbalkens förarbeten som berör paragrafen, men även andra paragrafer och lagar med tillhörande förarbeten, är av högsta relevans för tolkningen. Därigenom kan en, om än komplex, bild ges av hur paragrafen avses tillämpas. För att ge en mycket förenklad överblick av tolkningen kan det sammanfattningsvis konstateras att vissa paragrafer och ställningstaganden i förarbetena stärker skyddet av ekologiskt särskilt känsliga områden (ESK-områden), medan andra reducerar det. Vad gäller hur eventuella intressemotsättningar ska hanteras i frågor som berör ESK-områden, pekas allra främst olika typer av samhällsekonomiska intressen samt ändamålsenligt byggande ut som intressen som kan väga tyngre än ESK-områden. På grund av att dessa begrepp är förhållandevis vaga kan många olika typer av intressen och åtgärder inrymmas i dessa, vilket försvagar skyddet av ESK-områden. Som ett resultat överlåts en del av ansvaret för den biologiska mångfalden till de kommunala politikerna, som genom det kommunala planmonopolet styr den förändrade markanvändningen. Därigenom påverkas bevarandet av vår biologiska mångfald av enskilda politikers syn på naturvärden och huruvida de anser att dessa är bevarandevärda eller ej, i förhållande till andra typer av intressen. Till följd har, utöver kommunernas förhållande till ESK-områden, även deras syn på naturvärden granskats. Sett till resultatet kan det konstateras att kommunerna syn på naturvärden överensstämmer förhållandevis väl med hur gediget deras underlag över ESK-områden är. Järfällas och Österåkers kommun lade båda stort värde vid bevarandet av naturvärden, och båda hade även tagit fram kartmaterial över kommunens samtliga ESK-områden. Järfälla stod dock ut, i och med att de även tagit fram ett separat underlag som endast fokuserade på ESK-områden, något som är mycket ovanligt i Sverige, om inte unikt. Norrtäljes kommun hade däremot betydligt mindre fokus på naturvärden och istället ett stort fokus på tillväxt. De saknade även kartmaterial över sina ESK-områden, men var samtidigt den kommun som i sin översiktsplan bäst beskrev vad ett ESK-område var och vad det kunde tänkas innehålla. I studiens slutsats konstaterades framför allt två saker. Det ena var att de olika kommunerna i viss mån skiljde sig åt vad gällde vad som inkluderades i ESK-områden. Detta resulterar i att områden med motsvarande ekologiska funktioner ges ett juridiskt skydd i en kommun, medan det i en annan kommun uteblir. Detta trots att samtliga kommuner utgår från samma lagstiftning. Den varierande tillämpningen av lagen antas dock i viss mån kunna förebyggas om vägledning hur lagstiftningen ska tolkas tas fram på nationell nivå, något som idag helt saknas. Det andra som konstateras är att lagens tolkningsutrymme, som möjliggör för intresseavvägningar i enskilda fall, är viktigt för att kunna genomföra en hållbar planering. Samtidigt riskerar vi i dagsläget att inte uppnå målet om ett 30-procentigt skydd av landets mark- och vattenområden innan år 2030. Därmed behöver den typen av regelverk som 3 kap. 3 § Miljöbalken utgör, i viss mån täcka upp för detta. Genom att tydligare fastslå vilka typer av intressen som får ligga till grund för en exploatering eller annan typ av störning av ESK-områden, kan det säkerställas att exempelvis kortsiktiga intressen inte tillgodoses på bekostnad av en biologisk mångfald som i många fall är svår eller omöjlig att återställa. Sammanfattningsvis föreslås alltså att nationell vägledning tas fram samt att det juridiska skyddet av ESK-områden preciseras. Därigenom kan tolkning och tillämpning av 3 kap. 3 § Miljöbalken förenklas samtidigt som den biologiska mångfalden får ett förbättrat och mer homogent skydd.