In Scandinavian languages there are many popular bird names, most of which have been recorded in the dialect archives in the Nordic countries. The thesis concentrates on the bird names for snipes, i.e. the common snipe, the great snipe, the jacksnipe and the woodcook, in all approx. 330 different names. Some of these are recognized throughout Scandinavia, while others are only sparsely confirmed in single dialects. An especially large number of names refer to the common snipe, mainly due to its typical vibrating sound. Since the sound resembles a certain unobtrusive whinny from a horse or bleat from a goat or a sheep, many of the names contain words associating to these animals. Names describing a creaking sound mostly refer to the woodcock. Fairly common are names describing the protruding beak, a characteristic feature of all snipes. In order to give a complete semantic and etymological picture, all words forming part of the names have been identified and sorted by category, i.e. words indicating a common implicit meaning. The categories in turn have been divided into two main groups: words describing different sounds, and words describing visual impressions. In addition, names describing popular beliefs and those transferred from other bird species are presented. Factors that influence origin, formation, existence and development of bird names have been considered. With the etymological discussion forming the necessary background, ethnological aswell as cultural influences complete the picture of the naming process. Man's need for identification and classification of phenomena in his environment as well as the presence vs. lack of affect are important factors in the process. As is shown, a striking sound along with a particular appearence has inspired many affected popular names, while scientific names largely refer to visual, non-affected impressions. Due to man's present lack of everyday connection with nature many of the popular bird names presented are no longer in use. However, some of the names prove to be fairly young, which shows that the process of popular classification and naming is still a functioning part of our language and culture. / <p>Doktorsavhandling vid Uppsala universitet, 1996.</p>

This theses is dedicated to the use of the verbal paradigms hablara and hablase in contemporary Spanish. We demonstrate that due to historical reasons the usage of paradigm hablara is much wider than that of hablase, which can be used only in the subjunctive meaning. According to the valid linguistic norm, the paradigm hablara (and not hablase) can be used instead of the Past Perfect (although it is not recommended). The same is evidenced with the conditional tense of the modal verbs querer, deber and poder as well as with the main clause of the unreal conditional clauses in the present tense. This means that these two verb paradigms can be arbitralily substituted only when used in the subjunctive function. On the basis of our own frecuency analysis of twenty most used Spanish verbs in the language corpus CREA, we prove that the frecuency of the hablase on average 18% in Spain and 10% in Latin America. Our analysis of this corpus material does not confirm the statement of some linguists that the frecuency of -se form is generally slightly higher in negative sentences. However, our analysis of a parallel corpus InterCorp seems to indicate that it is higher (by 7%) after the conditional conjunction ‚si'.

(in English): The aim of this paper is to examine the role of Slavic substantive borrowings in Romanian vocabulary. Selected substantive loans are divided into five semantic areas. Analysis of each of them contains a series of synonyms, functional and stylistic inclusion in the Romanian vocabulary, idioms of which is part given lexical unit, and its derivatives. The result is a semantic classification of lexems of Slavic origin in the Romanian vocabulary, their stylistic stratification and position within the synonymic series.

The object of the study is to follow and compare the development of the semantics of lexical units, which have the common Proto-Slavonic base and different meanings in modern languages. The development is studied within a time period ranging from the Proto-Slavonic period up to the modern language state. To cover all three representative groups of Slavic languages: West Slavic, East Slavic and South Slavic were selected the appropriate languages: Czech, Russian and Slovenian. The selection of lexical units is morphologically restricted. The research is focused on adjectives. The work contains theoretical and analytical part. The theoretical part specifies terminology and presents a number views on the potential significance of the development of lexical units in terms of diachronic lexicology. The analysis is devoted to the development and is categorized as follows: each of the twelve selected semantic groups includes sections devoted to Proto-Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Czech and Slovenian languages. Each group is enclosed with a brief summary.

Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa sobre o léxico de origem africana presente em falares da região diamantina de Minas Gerais. Estão aqui reunidos os léxicos de diferentes pesquisas sobre a região, além dos resultados recentes de nossa investigação, realizada em quatro comunidades remanescentes de quilombo: Ausente e Baú, no distrito de Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, no município de Gouveia; e, Quartel do Indaiá, no distrito de São João da Chapada, Diamantina. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar uma investigação etimológica dos itens lexicais coletados, procurando fazer um estudo histórico e linguístico da realidade observada. A partir de orientações para o trabalho etimológico de Viaro (2011), procuramos consultar as fontes de registro mais antigas de línguas africanas que pudessem estar relacionadas ao léxico da região. Esses registros são constituídos, principalmente, de dicionários de línguas africanas e alguns estudos históricos e linguísticos sobre as comunidades mineiras investigadas. O estudo realizado permite afirmar que o sistema de escravidão na região diamantina, o tráfico mais recente partindo do porto de Benguela e a proximidade lexical das línguas do grupo banto preservaram por um período uma língua africana de características bantas. Não se pode identificar com certeza qual seria essa língua, apesar da presença de um grande número de itens lexicais do umbundo. É mais prudente propor que se trate de um caso de convergência de um falar veicular do grupo R com as línguas do grupo H, presentes na região. / This is a study of lexical items from African speeches (falares africanos) in the diamond-mining region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We collected the lexical items from different researches in the area, complementing them with results from our investigative research in four maroon-descendent communities: Ausente and Baú, district of Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, Gouveia; and, Quartel do Indaiá, district of São João da Chapada, Diamantina. Our main objective is to present an etymological investigation of the items collected, based on a historical and linguistic study. Based on Viaro (2011), we consulted the oldest registers of African languages that could be related to the lexical items found in the region. These registers are constituted mostly by African languages dictionaries, besides some historical and linguistic studies of the African-Brazilian communities from Minas Gerais. Our study indicates that the slavery system of the diamond region, the late traffic departing from Benguela seaport and the lexical proximity of Bantu languages, favored the preservation during a certain period of time of an African language of Bantu characteristics. It is not possible to identify precisely which language it was, but we could identify a great lexical contribution from umbundo (R10). It is reasonable to propose that there was a case of linguistic convergence of a vehicular language from the R group with languages from the H group, both present in the region.

Cette thèse étudie le lexique international de l’homosexualité d’un point de vue linguistique, en prenant comme point de départ le fait que les internationalismes sont des emprunts lexicaux qui doivent être étudiés dans une perspective historique et comparative. Après une réflexion critique sur les différentes approches à l’étude de l’emprunt linguistique (philologique vs. sociolinguistique), qui situe la problématique dans le cadre de la néologie en général, il s’agissait d’évaluer jusqu’à quel point le vocabulaire de l’homosexualité dans plusieurs langues d’Europe – le français, l’italien, l’espagnol, l’anglais et l’allemand – résulte de phénomènes d’emprunts lexématiques ou de calques, en émettant et en testant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la plupart de ces dénominations relèvent de la monogenèse, et non de la polygenèse. Pour ce faire, on suit le parcours historique de chaque lexème, dans chaque langue, pour mettre en relief les points de contact entre elles. La nomenclature consiste en 13 séries monographiques : sodomie, contre nature, bougre, bardache, tribade, pédérastie, saphisme, lesbienne, uranisme, inversion, homosexualité (avec hétérosexualité, bisexualité, transsexualité), gay, queer. Chaque série est divisée par langue, pour que les représentants de chacune des cinq langues soient traités selon leurs propres termes. À travers de très nombreux exemples textuels – majoritairement inédits – et une analyse puisant dans une lecture exhaustive de la lexicographie et des sources secondaires, cette thèse propose de multiples corrections, précisions, antédatations et découvertes sur le lexique étudié. / This thesis is a linguistic study of the international lexicon of homosexuality, taking as its central assumption that internationalisms are the product of lexical borrowing and must be studied in a historical comparative perspective. Following a critical review of different approaches to loanword studies (philological vs. sociolinguistic), which places the problem within the more general realm of the neologism, the aim was to assess to what extent the shared homosexual lexicon in several European languages – French, Italian, Spanish, English and German – results from borrowing (loanwords or calques), by testing the hypothesis that most of these denominations can be traced back to a single origin, rather than being independently constructed. The path of each lexeme in each language is followed in order to highlight the points of contact between languages. The nomenclature consists of 13 monographic series: sodomy, against nature, buggery, bardash (with berdache), tribade, pederasty, sapphism, lesbian, uranism, inversion, homosexuality (with heterosexuality, bisexuality, transsexuality), gay, queer. Each series is divided by language so that the representatives of each of the five languages are treated on their own terms. Through a wealth of textual examples – many never before studied – and an analysis drawing on a comprehensive reading of the lexicography and major secondary sources, this thesis presents numerous corrections, clarifications, antedatings and discoveries on the lexicon under study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Sampaio Volpe.pdf: 893408 bytes, checksum: 4388d284fb62ccf2cc3e889e1797ddf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-09 / This dissertation, in regard to Portuguese language field, has as its theme the study of the etymon (word root) of the Greek and Latin languages employed on a more frequent basis in the medical discursive domain. The objectives are to contribute to the studies at the Etymology field, aiming at increasing the expressive capacity as well as the degree of accuracy in the use of medical terminology of Portuguese language upon the Greek and Latin etymon knowledge. For that purpose, the most frequent terms of the Dermatology, Cardiology and Oncology specialities have been looked up in three dictionaries, in order to gain a broader understanding of their morphosemantic elements (lexemes, prefixes and suffixes), enabling the deduction of their meanings grounded on the etymological knowledge. This study has been predicated on the basis of theoretical studies developed in Terminology and Lexicology (Mario Viaro, Lídia Almeida Barros, Maria Tereza Biderman, Maria da Graça Krieger e Maria José Finatto) on the principles of the Portuguese Etymology and Morphology (Celso Cunha e Lindley Cintra; Antônio Sandmann). The obtained results indicated that: a) the Greek and Latin lexemes present a high degree of transparency in relation to their etymological meanings; therefore, facilitating the language users comprehension; b) the highest productivity in the etymon lies in the affixes, that is, there is a degree of polysemy in each of them, which justifies the semantic opacity in relation to the lexemes; c) as to the medical specialities, the scientific term presented a higher transparency in relation to their eponym. The main contribution of this study is, therefore, that the knowledge of etymological values presented in every morphic element of a term is paramount for the mastery of its signification / Este trabalho, situado na linha de história e descrição da língua, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa, tem por tema o estudo dos étimos gregos e latinos na língua, empregados com maior frequência na formação de unidades lexicais terminológicas do português em uso no domínio discursivo da Medicina. Seus objetivos são contribuir com os estudos na área de Etimologia, visando ao aumento da capacidade expressiva e do grau de precisão no uso da terminologia médica mediante os conhecimentos dos étimos gregos e latinos. Para a realização desta pesquisa, selecionamos, a partir de três dicionários, termos científicos utilizados nas áreas de Cardiologia, Dermatologia e Oncologia que fazem uso desses étimos, a fim de analisar seus elementos morfossemânticos (lexemas, prefixos e sufixos), permitindo a dedução de seus significados a partir do conhecimento etimológico. Fundamentamos o trabalho em estudos teóricos desenvolvidos em Terminologia, Etimologia e Lexicologia, pautando-nos pelos autores Mario Viaro, Lídia Almeida Barros, Maria Tereza Biderman, Maria da Graça Krieger e Maria José Finatto; quanto à Morfologia do Português, recorremos a Celso Cunha e Lindley Cintra e Antônio Sandmann. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que: a) os lexemas gregos e latinos apresentam alto grau de transparência em relação a seus significados etimológicos, logo, de fácil compreensão por parte dos usuários da língua; b) a maior produtividade nos étimos está nos afixos, isto é, há um grau de polissemia, uma multiplicidade de sentidos na significação de cada um deles, o que justifica a opacidade semântica em relação aos lexemas; c) nas áreas da medicina, o uso do termo científico apresentou maior transparência em relação ao termo eponímico. A contribuição principal da pesquisa, portanto, é que o conhecimento dos valores etimológicos presentes em cada elemento mórfico de um termo é fundamental para o domínio de sua significação

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MONALISA DOS REIS AGUIAR.pdf: 1605739 bytes, checksum: cc9ce183012cc0cd0f34ded19c74abc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper focusing on the orthography of 19th-Century Portuguese language seeks to investigate what orthographic system was used in elementary school textbooks then. Research corpus consisted of words taken from the 1891 Brazilian Constitution as well as words taken from three textbooks with a view to proving the hypothesis that orthographic rules were in effect at the time. Theoretical support was sought in the assumptions made by the História das Ideias Linguísticas (The History of Linguistic Ideas) in order to achieve the following goals: (1) to analyze spelling by checking the existence of any orthographic rules put forward by authoritative grammar books in those days; (2) to examine the occurrence of orthographic stability; (3) to verify to what extent orthography then can be regarded as pseudo-etymological . It was found that even though there was no orthographic norm in the late 19th Century there were rules in effect. Not only can this be proved by the orthographic stability of the words analyzed but also by their compliance with the orthographic proposals presented by the grammar books of that period. Moreover, the results have shown that there was an etymologizing attitude on the part of orthographers, which led to the dismissal of 19th-Century Portuguese orthography as being pseudo-etymological / Neste trabalho, cujo tema é a ortografia da língua portuguesa do século XIX, investigamos qual sistema ortográfico era usado em livros didáticos direcionados ao ensino primário dos anos oitocentos. Além de vocábulos retirados de três livros didáticos, constituiu o corpus da pesquisa palavras retiradas da Constituição de 1891, a fim de comprovar a hipótese de que havia uma norma ortográfica no período. Embasamo-nos teoricamente nos pressupostos da História das Ideias Linguísticas, procurando atingir os seguintes objetivos: (1) analisar a grafia dos vocábulos, verificando a existência de normas ortográficas propostas em gramáticas brasileiras consagradas no período; (2) examinar a ocorrência de estabilidade ortográfica nos documentos analisados; (3) verificar em que medida a ortografia da época pode ser considerada pseudo-etimológica . Constatamos que, embora não houvesse uma lei ortográfica no final do século XIX, havia uma norma em vigor, dado comprovado pela estabilidade gráfica dos vocábulos analisados e pela consonância com as propostas ortográficas das gramáticas do período examinadas. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram haver uma atitude etimologizante por parte dos ortógrafos, o que levou a desconsideração de que a ortografia oitocentista é pseudoetimológica.

洪若震. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 261-271. / 中英文摘要. / Hong Ruozhen. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《古文四聲韻》的作者與成書背景 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的作者 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的成書背景 --- p.9 / 附錄：夏竦年表 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《古文四聲韻》的流傳和版本研究 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的流傳 --- p.21 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的版本 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三節 --- 版本比較所見問題 --- p.39 / 附錄一：《古文四聲韻》清本、宋本、僧本比較表 --- p.46 / 附錄二：上聲韻目比較表 --- p.93 / 附錄三：《古文四聲韻》僧本、宋/清本韻字字序比較表 --- p.95 / 附錄四：汪本《古文四聲韻》、《說略》引書比較表 --- p.101 / 附錄五：《古文四聲韻》宋刻配抄本配抄部分與汪本、《四庫》 本比較表 --- p.102 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《古文四聲韻》與《汗簡》 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《古文四聲韻》與《汗簡》的關係 --- p.103 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《汗簡》、《古文四聲韻》互證 --- p.112 / 附圖一 --- p.118 / 附圖二 --- p.119 / 附圖三 --- p.120 / 附錄一：《古文四聲韻》、《汗簡》引書比較表 --- p.121 / 附錄二：《古文四聲韻》、《汗簡》比較表 --- p.125 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《古文四聲韻»與《廣韻》、《集韻》 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《古文四聲韻》與《廣韻》 --- p.165 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《古文四聲韻》與《集韻》 --- p.184 / 附圖一 --- p.191 / 附圖二 --- p.192 / 附圖三 --- p.193 / 附圖四 --- p.194 / 附圖五 --- p.195 / 附錄一：唐時韻書部次先後表 --- p.196 / 附錄二：〈古文四聲韻〉、《集韻》所收字字形比較表 --- p.199 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《古文四聲韻》的評價和影響 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的評價問題 --- p.239 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《古文四聲韻》的影響 --- p.249 / 附圖一 --- p.256 / 附圓二 --- p.257 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.258 / 參考書目 --- p.261

This practice-led research project explores English and French sentimental jewellery of the Victorian period. ‘Sentimental jewellery’ or ‘message jewellery’ denotes jewellery created to function as a tangible expression of feeling between donor and recipient, mediated through complex narratives relating to its exchange. These artefacts codify emotion through use of complex visual languages, employing the symbolic and coded use of gems, human hair, emblems, words and wordplay. The research has expanded to encompass memorial garments known as ‘widows weeds’. The aims of the research have been threefold: firstly, to add to understanding and interpretation of aspects of Victorian sentimental jewellery and associated craft practices; secondly, to explore the metaphors and narratives inherent within them; thirdly, to test the visual and technical possibilities of knowledge thus gained to address human feeling through art. Outcomes take the form of a body of new artwork and a written thesis, which are designed to be mutually informing. Together, they articulate my response to the project’s central question: can consideration of the ‘grammar of sentiment’ at work in Victorian sentimental jewellery yield new possibilities, through fine art practice, for communicating love and loss in the 21st century? The four artworks that are a main output of the research take the forms of: REGARD:LOVEME, an artist’s book exploring gem codes and wordplay; Plocacosmos, a set of hairworking trials; The Cyanotypes, which reflect upon the materiality and aesthetic of the amatory locket; and Widows Weeds, a large format photographic installation, which considers the materiality and lineage of mourning cloth. Collectively, they explore the typology of the sentimental artefact through development of text/image vocabularies that are conceived as providing a ‘grammar of sentiment’ through which to articulate aspects of human feeling. It is this exploration that constitutes my main contribution to knowledge.