The thesis works towards a new theoretically informed framework of analysis for understanding the deployment of military operations launched in the framework of the European Union's (EU) European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). This multi level collective action approach is based on the assumption that the deployment of those operations is a highly complex process that cuts across different policy making levels from the national to the international and involves multiple actors from within and outside the EU. As a result, the thesis argues that we cannot understand the reasons behind their deployment adequately by focusing only on a single level of analysis. The thesis then develops a more holistic approach for understanding the deployment of ESDP military operations based on three different levels of analysis: firstly, the international level, where the emergence of events that threaten certain values catalyses the process leading to an operation; secondly, the national level, where EU member states formulate their national preferences towards prospective deployments based on utility expectations; and thirdly, the EU level, where the member states come to negotiate and seek compromises to accommodate their different national preferences towards a deployment. The strength of the framework is demonstrated through four case studies. These are EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operation Artemis and EUFOR RD Congo in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the anti-piracy naval operation EUNAVFOR Atalanta off the coast of Somalia. The thesis will also provide an overview and critique of the existing theoretical literature on the deployment of ESDP military operations.

<p>I moderna väpnade styrkor är tillfällig sammansättning av förbandsenheter ett allt vanligare inslag. Trenden tycks internationell och sammansättning av enheter sker också mellan olika nationer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka faktorer som är viktiga för formandet av snabb tillit inom ett tillfälligt sammansatt multinationellt förband med begränsad eller ingen tid för övning tillsammans. Genom att studera befintlig forskning undersöks vad som menas med snabb tillit och vilka faktorer som är centrala för att skapa denna. Teorierna om snabb tillit operationaliseras utgående från studiens frågeställningar och omsätts till en analysmodell med forskningsfrågor för att kunna mäta uppfattningar om snabb tillit inom en tillfälligt sammansatt militär enhet. En fallstudie av det svensk-finska skyttekompaniet under operation EUFORT chad/RCA genomförs genom en enkätundersökning. Snabb tillit framstår som ett specialfall av tillit vilket uppstår i situationer då tiden är för bristfällig för att tillit ska hinna utvecklas stegvis på ett traditionellt sätt. Studien visar att förförståelse, kategoristyrd information och interaktion genom roller är viktig i inledningen av ett tillfälligt samarbete. Det visar sig också att ömsesidigt kunskapsutbyte och prövande, exempelvis genom övningar, är en viktig faktor för fortsatt utveckling av tillit inom en enhet.</p><p>Studiens viktigaste fynd är att teorin om snabb tillit tycks vara giltig och tillämpbar på tillfälligt sammansatta förband i en multinationell kontext. Utöver en validering av befintlig teori framstår enheters kulturella bakgrund som en faktor att beakta vid etablerandet av snabb tillit.</p> / <p>In modern armed forces temporary groups and force packaging are more common than ever. The trend seems to be international and temporary units are combined with sub-units from different nations. The purpose of this study is to examine which factors are essential in order to form swift trust within a temporary multinational unit with limited or no time for common training. By studying existing research in this area answers are found of what we mean by swift trust and what central factors it is composed of. The theories found are broken down to research questions in order to create a tool for measuring and analyzing opinions of swift trust within a multinational temporary unit. A case-study of a Swedish/Finnish Marine-company deployed to operation EUFOR Tchad/RCA is conducted by a questionnaire in a study group of 67 Swedish Marines participating in the operation.</p><p>Swift trust stands out as a special case of trust which emerges when the time for traditional building of trust step-by-step is not present. The study shows that stereotypical impressions, category-driven information and role-based interaction are important factors in the beginning of a temporary cooperation. It is also shown that mutual exchanges of knowledge and testing, e.g.by training together, are vital factors in order to continue trust building within a unit.</p><p>The major findings of the study are that the theories of swift trust seem to be valid and applicable on temporary units in a multinational context. Besides a validation of existing theory, cultural differences emerge as an important factor to consider in order to establishing swift trust.</p>

I moderna väpnade styrkor är tillfällig sammansättning av förbandsenheter ett allt vanligare inslag. Trenden tycks internationell och sammansättning av enheter sker också mellan olika nationer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka faktorer som är viktiga för formandet av snabb tillit inom ett tillfälligt sammansatt multinationellt förband med begränsad eller ingen tid för övning tillsammans. Genom att studera befintlig forskning undersöks vad som menas med snabb tillit och vilka faktorer som är centrala för att skapa denna. Teorierna om snabb tillit operationaliseras utgående från studiens frågeställningar och omsätts till en analysmodell med forskningsfrågor för att kunna mäta uppfattningar om snabb tillit inom en tillfälligt sammansatt militär enhet. En fallstudie av det svensk-finska skyttekompaniet under operation EUFORT chad/RCA genomförs genom en enkätundersökning. Snabb tillit framstår som ett specialfall av tillit vilket uppstår i situationer då tiden är för bristfällig för att tillit ska hinna utvecklas stegvis på ett traditionellt sätt. Studien visar att förförståelse, kategoristyrd information och interaktion genom roller är viktig i inledningen av ett tillfälligt samarbete. Det visar sig också att ömsesidigt kunskapsutbyte och prövande, exempelvis genom övningar, är en viktig faktor för fortsatt utveckling av tillit inom en enhet. Studiens viktigaste fynd är att teorin om snabb tillit tycks vara giltig och tillämpbar på tillfälligt sammansatta förband i en multinationell kontext. Utöver en validering av befintlig teori framstår enheters kulturella bakgrund som en faktor att beakta vid etablerandet av snabb tillit. / In modern armed forces temporary groups and force packaging are more common than ever. The trend seems to be international and temporary units are combined with sub-units from different nations. The purpose of this study is to examine which factors are essential in order to form swift trust within a temporary multinational unit with limited or no time for common training. By studying existing research in this area answers are found of what we mean by swift trust and what central factors it is composed of. The theories found are broken down to research questions in order to create a tool for measuring and analyzing opinions of swift trust within a multinational temporary unit. A case-study of a Swedish/Finnish Marine-company deployed to operation EUFOR Tchad/RCA is conducted by a questionnaire in a study group of 67 Swedish Marines participating in the operation. Swift trust stands out as a special case of trust which emerges when the time for traditional building of trust step-by-step is not present. The study shows that stereotypical impressions, category-driven information and role-based interaction are important factors in the beginning of a temporary cooperation. It is also shown that mutual exchanges of knowledge and testing, e.g.by training together, are vital factors in order to continue trust building within a unit. The major findings of the study are that the theories of swift trust seem to be valid and applicable on temporary units in a multinational context. Besides a validation of existing theory, cultural differences emerge as an important factor to consider in order to establishing swift trust.

This doctoral project explores the ways in which European small states' approaches to peacekeeping have been affected by the changing nature of peace missions. The central objective is to explain the choices made by small states' governments to participate in missions which no longer fit traditional peacekeeping models. The increasing need for comprehensive and robust responses to international crises characterised by intra-state violence has challenged small states whose elites and publics have been accustomed to deploying troops to low intensity missions tasked to separate parties. Throughout the Cold War and beyond, traditional peacekeeping developed along the norms of non-use of force, impartiality and consent. Identifying positively with the objectives and normative underpinnings of traditional peacekeeping, small states have actively committed their armed forces based on a perception of themselves as international norm entrepreneurs. This thesis challenges the notion that small states' governments commit material and human resources to new types of peace operations motivated by such self-images. Transformations in the practice of peacekeeping are forcing foreign policy agents in small states to rethink the function(s) that their states should play in the international system towards peacekeeping. Three questions are considered: I) what new or existing roles are small states adopting in this evolving peacekeeping system? II) through what political processes do these roles emerge? and III) how do these roles affect decision-making on peacekeeping deployments? Small state research cannot effectively answer these questions nor comprehensively explain what small states do in international affairs because it lacks analytical tools to link structure and agency. A theoretical approach grounded in role theory is better suited to understand the foreign policies of small states and re-evaluate their peacekeeping credentials. A model depicting the interaction between role socialisation and domestic role processes is constructed to guide four empirical analyses of recent peacekeeping decisions taken by Austrian and Belgian governments. This theoretical foundation allows the contention that small states' changing self-perceptions do not necessarily originate from internal ideational factors, as the norm entrepreneur argument suggests. Each case study traces how the interplay between external role demands and domestically conceived ideas about the state's position in an evolving peacekeeping system informs Austria's and Belgium's adjustment to new peace missions. Austria's decisions to withdraw from UNDOF in 2013, and to participate in EUFOR Chad 2007-2008, are telling cases of a small state adapting to new forms of peacekeeping through a reconfiguration of roles. This thesis also investigates the roles that have motivated the contributions made by two Belgian governments towards the Malian crisis, 2012-2013 and the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah war. This project contributes to small state research by showing that these actors fulfil a broad range of functions in the international system. It also improves the way we explain small states' foreign policy actions by providing a dynamic framework capturing the relationship between structure and agency, and by delving into the decision-making processes of small states. Additionally, it adds to the peacekeeping literature by providing an original account as to why states, and in particular small states, contribute troops to missions operating under evolving conditions. Finally, inputs are made to the scholarship on role theory by exploring how state size influences role conceptions and investigating how role socialisation and domestic role dynamics interact to affect the roles and decisions of an under-studied category of states.

This thesis analyses Germany's commitment to multilateral military operations. Following the research question why Germany participates in some multilateral military operations but not in others, Germany's respective decision-making process regarding troop deployment in the DR Congo in 2006 on one hand and military non-engagement in Libya 2011 on the other hand is traced. By contrasting the concept of strategic culture with a purely rational assessment of the factors of alliance politics, risk-analysis and military feasibility of the operations, the decisiveness of taking into account Germany's strategic culture to explain deployment decisions is stressed. Neither is there a lack of external pressure for German military participation in the case of Libya, nor is the military operation in the DR Congo decisively less risky or militarily more feasible. Rather, Germany's multilateral and anti- militaristic strategic cultural strands affect its decision-making. Next to demanding a thorough justification and legitimization of any military engagement, two red lines for military deployment can be identified. First, Germany refuses to act unilaterally and displays a high reluctance towards military engagement outside the multilateral framework of the UN, NATO or EU. Secondly, Germany rejects to engage in...

The thesis analyses endeavour of the international community to affect events in disintegrating Yugoslavia. It describes and judges individual activities of the UN, EU, USA and the rest of the world seeking a reconciliation among fighting sides. It also describes development of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war and gives predictions of its possible future progress in the context of international supervision and assistance.

This paper presents the role theory and the role conception power for peace which was created for the European Union on the basis of its values, norms and rules. Five criteria that define power for peace were applied to the peace mission EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina. After verification of all criteria it was proved that the EU has acted as power for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and it has therefore fulfilled its role conception.

European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), which creates security and defence dimension of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union, is today one of the most dynamically developing European projects. During the ten years of its existence it has demonstrated its sense, vitality, the momentum of development, the ability to respond to current topics, issues and trends, created strong political and military structure and committed to develop its own military capabilities, established integrated strategy for security and defence and create framework for cooperation with NATO. ESDP was able to turn the initial theoretical considerations into political and military practice. EU has launched more than twenty military or civilian missions and gradually began to build a global position as a credible security actor. The entire decade of the ESDP, however, was not only about the venerable results. At the same time, it accompanied the unsuccessful efforts to find consensus among nearly three dozens of Member States, the lack of sufficient resources and skills to empower the real defence connected with military- technical dependence on NATO, the limited flexibility of the system of political decision-making and limits set by the actual nature of the European Union. The main objective of...