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Orientador: Mónica Graciela Zoppi-Fontana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarcelCaldeirada_M.pdf: 1443291 bytes, checksum: 4d99b566c4aadbede41613cc0a7b71fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre enunciados definidores que se caracterizam pela presença de uma sentença introduzida pela conjunção "quando" como item que define (definiens) uma palavra ou expressão (definiendum) no enunciado, havendo entre esses dois elementos (definidor e definido) um verbo "ser" no presente do indicativo. Tendo em vista essa caracterização, a estrutura que se observa nesses enunciados é [X é quando Y], na qual a variável X representa a palavra ou expressão que está sendo definida, e a variável Y representa o conjunto de elementos que constituem a sentença introduzida por "quando" (sujeito, verbo, complementos etc.) e que designam uma situação específica em cada enunciado, mobilizada para definir a palavra / expressão. A comparação da estrutura gramatical desse tipo de enunciado definidor com a estrutura gramatical observada nas definições clássicas ("X é Y"), que seguem alguns princípios da lógica para a construção de definições, permite constatar que nas definições com "é quando" não há equivalência gramatical entre o item definido e o item definidor, já que a sentença introduzida por quando não é equivalente à unidade gramatical que se apresenta como palavra ou expressão a ser definida (por exemplo, um sintagma nominal ou adjetival), enquanto nas definições clássicas costuma haver esse tipo de equivalência (por exemplo, "SN é SN"). São exploradas e discutidas noções de equivalência que envolvem concepções específicas sobre a significação e que se articulam com a questão da equivalência gramatical mencionada. Todo esse trabalho é desenvolvido na tentativa de obter, analogamente às definições de estrutura [X é Y], um entendimento das definições constituídas por "é quando", por meio de uma reflexão crítica sobre as explicações existentes para aquela primeira estrutura. Propõe-se uma explicação para o funcionamento das definições com "é quando" que se fundamenta na Semântica do Acontecimento e que consiste na explicitação de aspectos semântico-enunciativos envolvidos na produção e na circulação desses enunciados. Explora-se o conceito de espaço de enunciação para discutir as divisões políticas que determinam o aparecimento ou não desse tipo de enunciado em diferentes cenas enunciativas e tomam-se como unidades de análise enunciados definidores x com "é quando" provenientes de diferentes páginas da internet, sendo levado em conta o texto que esses enunciados integram / Abstract: This Master's dissertation reports on a study about defining statements characterised by the presence of a clause introduced by the conjunction "quando" (when) as the item which defines (definiens) a word or a phrase (definiendum) in the statement. They are also characterised by the presence of the verb "ser" (to be) in the present indicative form (é - is) between those items. The structure observed in those statements is [X é quando Y], in which X represents the word or phrase defined and Y represents the set of elements which constitute the clause introduced by "quando" (subject, verb, objects, etc.). Such clause describes a specific situation used to define the word / phrase. The comparison of the grammatical structure of definitions with "X é quando Y" to the grammatical structure of traditional definitions ("X é Y"), which follow some of the principles of Logic for the creation of definitions, shows that there is no grammatical equivalence between the item which defines and the one which is defined in definitions with "é quando", since the clause introduced by "quando" does not correspond to the grammatical unit shown as the word or phrase to be defined (for example, a noun or adjective phrase). In traditional definitions, this type of equivalence is usual (for example, "NP is NP"). The text explores and discusses notions of equivalence which involve specific conceptions of meaning and which are related to the issue of the grammatical equivalence mentioned. The study was made as an attempt to obtain, by analogy with definitions structured as "X é Y", an understanding of the definitions with "é quando", by means of a critical reflection on the existing explanations for the former structure. It provides an explanation for the operation of definitions with "é quando" which is based on the theoretical assumptions and analysis tools of Semantics of the Event and which consists in making explicit the semanticenunciative aspects involved in the creation and circulation of such statements. The study explores the concept of enunciation space in order to discuss the political division which determines the emergence or no emergence of this type of definition in different enunciative scenes, considering defining statements with "é quando" from distinct internet pages as units of analysis and taking into account the text in which they belong / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

M.Tech. / Sport has become the broadest common cultural denominator in almost all societies (Lapchick, cited in Gouws, 1997). As a result, sporting events have become an increasingly popular means for achieving political, cultural and economic benefits for the host nation (Parent, 2008). Consequently, this has led to an increased demand in the value of diverse skills in the sport event management field. This is to cope with the increased complexities surrounding sport event management and thus requires a distinct body of knowledge and skills to be developed (Quatman, 2008). However, concern over the lack of a relevant base of common knowledge (NASPE-NASSM, 1993) as well as pertinent training programmes to prepare sport managers for the contemporary sport events industry has resulted in current graduates not necessarily meeting the needs or expectations of the industry. As a result, there appears to be a gap between the current event management curricula outcomes at higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa and the expected competencies of sport event managers in practice. The aim is therefore to develop guidelines for sport event management training in higher education institutions on various HEQF levels (DoL, 2008) to address the competencies required by managers for the South African context. This translates into objectives, namely: i) to identify, conceptualise and unpack sport event management competencies required by sport event managers, ii) to investigate the curricula of sport event management at higher education institutions in South Africa, iii) to investigate the importance of different competencies required by sport event managers in South Africa, iv) to investigate the current level of competencies of practitioners regarding sport event management in South Africa, v) to provide a background on the current education system in South Africa and vi) provide guidelines for sport event management training in higher education institutions at various HEQF levels (DoL, 2008) to address the competencies required by managers for the South African context. The research design is descriptive in nature, with quantitative methods in the form of questionnaires utilised to collect the data. The sample includes trainers¹ from HEIs in South Africa offering sport event management, and subsequently sport event management, as well as practitioners² from HEIs in South Africa and sport event managers from selected sport companies in Gauteng.

This thesis will explore Watchmen as an event in postmodern art and literature. When a postmodern event occurs, no language game exists at that moment to make the event comprehensible. Limitations therefore of incommensurable language games are exposed and scholars are left without language, scrabbling to decipher what happened. This is the case with Watchmen. Comics and literature collided and there is no language to discuss what has come out of that collision. Through chapter analysis, character study, and inquiry into the postmodern mood this project will demonstrate Watchmen as a turning point in the discussion of comics and literature.

Concussions occur at an unacceptable rate in the sport of ice hockey. Efforts are made to improve its prevention by modifying protective equipment and implementing rules of conduct; yet the effectiveness of these methods remains unknown as there is a lack of evidence pointing to a mechanical metric able to adequately predict concussion. The purpose of this thesis was to identify metrics which best characterize concussion following ice hockey collisions and provide values reflecting concussion risk. The first study reported effective mass of shoulder checks, extended elbow strikes, and tucked-in elbow strikes using 15 competitive ice hockey players as subjects. The results were used to guide the impact mass and compliance of laboratory reconstructions of real-world ice hockey collisions done in the second study. Analysis of these reconstruction showed that concussions following shoulder and elbow to head collisions in ice hockey occurred at low peak linear and angular accelerations and that impulse duration played a large role in the mechanism of injury. The results also indicated that concussion risk estimations are specific to the mechanism of loading. A 50% likelihood of concussion following a shoulder check to the head was established for peak angular accelerations of 9.2, 6.9, 4.6, and 2.2 krad/s^2 for impulse durations of 15, 20, 25, and 30 ms, respectively. A 50% likelihood of concussion following an extended elbow to the head was established for peak linear accelerations of 23, 15, and 7 g for impulse durations of 15, 20, and 25 ms, respectively. Finally, the third study reported brain tissue stress and strain comparable to the ones obtained reconstructing concussive impacts in American football, rugby, and Australian rules football despite having lower peak linear and angular acceleration values. This thesis has provided a new sport concussion data set acquired using a methodology guided by the biomechanics of ice hockey player volunteer testing, has identified metrics which can adequately predict concussion, and has established concussion risk levels. This information will be of use to helmet manufacturing companies, companies developing concussion detection sensors, and governing bodies in their efforts to eliminate concussion from the sport of ice hockey.

Compliance, the extent to which patients follow a medication regimen, has been recognized as one of the most serious problems facing medical practice today. Recent developments in assessing compliance include electronic compliance monitors (ECM), devices that record the date and time of the release of medication from its original container. This allows utilizing ECM compliance data in statistical analyses related to clinical trials. This thesis proposes ways of dealing with the time-varying nature of compliance. We examine the compliance behaviour from real ECM data through statistical analysis of compliance rate, followed by a time-to-event analysis with respect to first noncompliance event. Then, using discrete event simulation and proportional hazards models we compare analyses using a fixed treatment covariate and time-varying compliance covariate based on pharmacokinetic principles in estimating treatment effect. We observe a reduction of up to 40% in EMSE in favour of the latter model for treatment effect estimation.

We live in a busy and complex world, so the ability to focus our attention on relevant information at the expense of the irrelevant is essential in allowing us to avoid distraction. However, it is also important that our attention be captured by external stimuli that, although irrelevant to the task at hand, may nevertheless provide information about important changes to our immediate environment. This capture/orienting of attention is an involuntary, fundamental, and biological mechanism necessary for survival. The present thesis employed event-related potentials (ERPs), the minute responses of the brains electrical activity, to examine how changes in the acoustic environment can lead to the capture of attention. Study 1 examined an ERP component, the P3a, which is associated with the processes that lead to the forced capture of attention by external stimuli. This intrusion into consciousness can be studied using an auditory sequence, the oddball paradigm, which consists of a frequently occurring and homogenous ‘standard’ stimulus. At times, a feature of the standard is changed to form a rarely occurring ‘deviant’. If the extent of change between standard and deviant is large enough, processes associated with attention capture may be activated. Study 1 of this thesis employed a more time-efficient multi-feature optimal paradigm, which allows for the presentation of numerous deviants in one auditory sequence. The standard stimulus was a pure tone. Four of the six deviants were created by changing a single feature of the standard (frequency, duration, increase and decrease in intensity), while the remaining two deviants varied on more than one feature from the standard (environmental sounds, white noise). Results revealed that only the environmental sounds (i.e. animal sounds, human voices, musical instruments) and white noise bursts, elicited the P3a, while the other four deviants did not. Studies 2 and 3 determined whether the attention capture processes associated with the P3a could be observed during the sleep onset and sleep periods, where awareness of the external environment is diminished. For sleep to be of benefit it needs to remain as undisturbed as possible, without constant awakenings by irrelevant external input, however, the sleeping organism must still have the ability to become conscious of possibly relevant input that requires immediate action. In Study 2, a P3a was elicited again following only the environmental sound and white noise deviants across wakefulness and the sleep onset period. Surprisingly, during definitive sleep, the environmental sounds continued to elicit a P3a suggesting that attention capture processes may still remain active during sleep. Nonetheless, only the first 30 minutes of sleep were examined. Study 3 was then conducted to examine the P3a across the entire night. Results revealed that the environmental sounds did, in fact, elicited a P3a during both NREM and REM sleep. The present thesis demonstrates that attention capture mechanisms, observed during wakefulness, are also active during sleep onset and sleep when awareness of the external environment is diminished. This is especially critical because the sleeping organism may be vulnerable to external danger, requiring the immediate ability to orient attention to incoming information, leading to awaking and conscious awareness.

The aim of this thesis is to characterize a number of Expos that took place in recent years, and to analyze their impact on the host regions. Two World Expos and two International Specialized Expos will be analyzed. This thesis aims to describe the differences between these two categories and between individual exhibitions within the same category. When analyzing the impacts the greatest attention will be paid to the impacts associated with tourism. With reference to the analysis, it will be possible to say whether the Expos have importance nowadays.

Introduction. The high cost and concern of adverse events, particularly infections, limit the use of biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic (bDMARD) therapies. We undertook this retrospective study to document their use for immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) and explore the efficacy, safety, adherence and screening practices prior to initiating bDMARDs in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods. A folder review of all adult and paediatric patients treated for IMDs with bDMARDs at Groote Schuur and Red Cross Hospitals between January 2013 and December 2019. Clinico-demographic particulars, details of bDMARD therapy, and adverse events were collated. Changes in disease activity were measured by diseasespecific tools at 6, 12, 24-months and at the last available visit, and patient adherence to bDMARDs was explored by folder and pharmacy record review. Results. We studied 151 folders, with 182 bDMARDs uses (29 patients used more than 1 bDMARD). Patients were from rheumatology (n= 38: 13 rheumatoid arthritis; 10 spondyloarthritis, 5 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) , 5 inflammatory myositis and 5 other conditions); gastroenterology (n=31; 26 Crohn`s and 5 Ulcerative Colitis), dermatology (n=9; psoriasis), neurology (n=4, ophthalmology (n= 25; 6 scleritis, 18 uveitis, 1 optic neuritis), and paediatrics (n= 45, 26 juvenile idiopathic arthritis , 12 SLE, 7 other conditions). The bDMARDs used were TNF inhibitors (112), rituximab (55), tocilizumab (10), anakinra (3), abatacept (1), and tofacitinib (1). The vast majority of patients had an excellent response and were in low disease activity or remission at their last available visit. Adverse events included severe infection (4), tuberculosis (TB) (2), mild infection (4), severe allergic reaction (3), mild skin reaction (14), elevated liver enzymes (2), and worsening interstitial lung disease ILD (1). bDMARD Therapy was discontinued in 18 patients, most commonly due to adverse reaction (9), lack of response (3), poor adherence (2), or remission (1). bDMARD Therapy was changed to alternative therapy in 29 patients, most commonly because of poor response (14), or adverse effects (9) or poor adherence (3). Poor adherence or patients lost to follow-up was noted in 18/182 (9.9%). Complete latent TB infection screening with chest x-ray and TB skin test was performed in only 55 (36.4 %) but INH prophylaxis was given to 51/88 (57.9%) of patients prescribed TNFi therapy. Hepatitis B screening performed in 93 (61.6 %) patients, but most patients (72.2 %) were not tested for Hepatitis B core ab. Hepatitis C screening was performed in 81 (53.6 %) patients. Only 88 (58.3%) patients had a recent HIV test. The majority (17.2%) received the influenza vaccine, but only 24 (15.8 %) received pneumococcal vaccination. Discussion and Conclusion. bDMARD therapy was an effective treatment, and the most common adverse effect was infection (7.2%), with 2 TB infections. Vaccination and screening for TB, viral hepatitis and HIV was suboptimal. Of concern, poor adherence to bDMARDs was frequently encountered.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of modeling and simulation of systems based on the DEVS formalism. The result of this work is a library that is inspired by the adevs tool and based on the classical DEVS formalism. The library is implemented in the programming language C++20 and is supplemented by predefined models of components for creation of queueing systems. The library also contains a set of examples for use in teaching. In comparison with the paralel adevs tool it is less effective but it has simpler interface with focus on clarity, which is more important for teaching. The library also simplifies definition of models with the use of modules, intelligent pointers for memory management and the use of mentioned components.