Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JorissaDNA_DISSERT.pdf: 748501 bytes, checksum: d9c39c04628903b39f6b496588542d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aims to analyze the interpretations about Evo Morales' government in Bolivia. For such, it proposes a theoretical reclaim of Marxism in Latin America, as well as of Bolivian political history since the 1952 Revolution, going through the crisis in Pacted Democracy intensified in the five-year conjuncture of struggles started in 2000 up to the election and reelection of Morales. It departs from an empirical prior conjecture taken from a qualitative analysis and a broad literature review to analyze the different interpretations of the Bolivian political process from Marxist theoretical matrices. After this historical recovery and this reading of contemporary Bolivia, it concludes with a consideration about the formation of a possible new block of power in the country, with the retaking of nationalism and Indianism as revolutionary reasons / Este trabalho tem como foco a an?lise das interpreta??es do governo de Evo Morales, na Bol?via. Para tanto, prop?e uma retomada te?rica do marxismo na Am?rica Latina, bem como da hist?ria pol?tica boliviana desde a revolu??o de 1952, passando pela crise da democracia pactuada intensificada no quinqu?nio de lutas iniciado no ano 2000 at? a elei??o e reelei??o de Morales. Partimos, ent?o, de um pressuposto emp?rico a partir de um exame qualitativo e de uma ampla revis?o bibliogr?fica para analisar as diferentes interpreta??es do processo pol?tico boliviano por matrizes te?ricas de origem marxista. Feito esse resgate hist?rico e esta leitura da Bol?via contempor?nea, conclu?mos problematizando sobre a poss?vel forma??o de um novo bloco no poder no pa?s, com a retomada do nacionalismo e do indigenismo como raz?es revolucion?rias

Esta tesina investiga el uso de metáforas en los discursos de Evo Morales en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas(ONU). La meta de la tesina es investigar qué metáforas Evo Morales utiliza y cómo las emplea para legitimar su postura en diferentes temas y ganar la simpatía de los destinatarios. El corpus consiste de siete transcripciones oficiales de discursos pronunciados por Evo Morales en la ONU durante el periodo de 2006 a 2010. El estudio es cualitativo y se basa principalmente en teorías de Análisis Critico del Discurso y las teorías sobre la metáfora presentadas por George Lakoff y Mark Johnson. Los resultados del análisis sugieren que Evo Morales utiliza metáforas relacionadas con guerra y crimen para describir y desacreditar a la oposición y al capitalismo. También indican que Morales tiene una preferencia en describir temas positivos, como cuando se refiere a Bolivia, con metáforas basadas en el concepto de la familia. Al describir temas con metáforas positivas o negativas Morales legitima sus propias posturas y desacredita opiniones y sistemas con los cuales él no está de acuerdo.

[pt] A presente dissertação busca compreender as principais dinâmicas políticas, lutas sociais e processos econômicos que configuraram a história da Bolívia nas últimas duas décadas. Mais especificamente, apresenta um estudo de caráter histórico afim de demonstrar quais atores e projetos se constituem como protagonistas no país andino. Os conflitos por hegemonia entre representantes do neoliberalismo, por um lado, e movimentos sociais – com destaque para o movimento indígena – de outro, são inseridos em uma contextualização político-social, além de investigados a partir de um arsenal teórico que combina elementos da tradição marxista aos posicionamentos críticos atualmente em voga na teoria de Relações Internacionais, em especial o arcabouço teórico conhecido com neo-gramscianismo. A partir da análise do processo de nacionalização dos hidrocarbonetos levado a cabo pelo presidente Evo Morales em 2006, é apresentada uma discussão acerca das possibilidades de superação do paradigma neoliberal em um país que é rico em recursos naturais, mas pobre – especialmente a maioria indígena da população – em função da avidez por riquezas de sua elite branca-mestiça em associação subordinada ao capital transnacional. Os avanços e recuos dos projetos neoliberais – em função da resistência que sofrem de setores populares organizados – são analisados de modo a traçar tendências sobre as configurações políticas na América Latina do início do século XXI, doméstica e internacionalmente. / [en] The current dissertation tries to comprehend the critical political dynamics, social struggles and economic process that shaped Bolivian history in the past two decades. More specifically, it presents a historical study aiming to show which actors and projects constitute themselves as the most significant in this Andean country. The conflicts for hegemony between the representatives of Neoliberalism, on one side, and social movements – specially the indigenous movement – on the other, are placed in a socio-political contextualization, and investigated from a theoretical standpoint that combines elements of the Marxist tradition with the current critical strands of International Relations theory, in special the so-called neo-gramscian approach. Departing from the analysis of the hydrocarbon nationalization process led by Evo Morales government in 2006, a discussion on the possibilities of the transcendence of the neoliberal paradigm is presented, taking in account the apparent paradox of a country which is rich in natural resources, but also one that has extreme poverty – specially among the indigenous majority of the population – because its elite s greediness for wealth, in a subordinated association with transnational capital. The up s and down s of neoliberal projects – in function of the resistance led by organized popular sectors – are analyzed in a way as to suggest tendencies on the political configurations in early 21th century Latin America, both domestically and internationally.

Thesis is a study of architectural skyscraper „EVO“ (experimental high-rise building ) in Brno. Building site is on the corner the street Veveří and Šumavská. The objective of the study is to create a high-rise building near the center of Brno. Building contains administrative, gallery and luxury housing. The proposal is based on the tradition of architecture in Brno – clean lines and simple shapes. Another inspiration is green. The green place arises around the skyscraper, but also inside skyscraper. It becomes a natural part of its. In other words : the green grows through the building.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der theoretischen Vorhersage neuer Materialien. Ein evolutionärer Algorithmus, der zur Lösung dieses globalen Optimierungsproblems Konzepte der natürlichen Evolution imitiert, wurde entwickelt und ist als Programmpaket EVO frei verfügbar. EVO findet zuverlässig sowohl bekannte als auch neuartige Kristallstrukturen. Beispielsweise wurden die Strukturen von Germaniumnitrofluorid, einer neue Borschicht und mit dem gekreuzten Graphen einer bisher unbekannte Kohlenstoffstruktur gefunden. Ferner wurde in der Arbeit gezeigt, dass das reine Auffinden solcher Strukturen der erste Teil einer erfolgreichen Vorhersage ist. Weitere aufwendige Berechnungen sind nötig, die Aufschluss über die Stabilität der hypothetischen Struktur geben und Aussagen über zu erwartende Materialeigenschaften liefern.

Evolution of developmental genes is an important mechanism for plant morphological evolution. The LRL genes are an ancient group of bHLH transcription factors that positively regulate root hair development in angiosperms. Here I show that, in the moss Physcomitrella patens, two LRL genes are present and they positively regulate rhizoid and caulonema (a rhizoid-like cell type) development. GUS-transcriptional reporter plants show that both PpLRL1 and PpLRL2 are expressed in tissues giving rise to caulonemata. Loss-of-function mutants in either PpLRL1 or PpLRL2 led to defective rhizoid and caulonema development, and the Pplrl1 Pplrl2 double loss-of-function mutants completely lack rhizoids and caulonemata. Consistent with this, gain-of-function mutants show enhanced rhizoid and caulonema development. In addition, I show that the stimulatory effects of auxin and low phosphate on the development of rhizoids and/or caulonemata required PpLRL gene function. Together, these results show that LRL genes are conserved, positive regulators in tip-growing rooting cell development in land plants. To elucidate whether LRL genes belong to part of a conserved gene network, I use qRT-PCR to determine the transcriptional interaction between LRL genes and the Class I RSL genes, which is another group of conserved regulators of rhizoids and root hairs. Comparing the LRL-RSL network between P. patens and A. thaliana reveals that LRL and Class I RSL genes are transcriptionally independent of each other in P. patens but one LRL gene is transcriptionally downstream of Class I RSL genes in A. thaliana. This suggests that the gene network controlling tip-growing rooting cell development has changed since mosses and angiosperms last shared a common ancestor.

The homeobox superfamily is one of the most significant gene families in the evolution of developmental processes in animals. Within this superfamily the ANTP class has expanded exclusively in animals and, therefore, the reconstruction of its origin and diversification into the different ‘modern' families have become prominent questions in the ‘evo-devo' field. The current burgeoning availability of animal genome sequences is improving the resolution of these questions, putting them in a genome evolution context, as well as providing the field with a large, detailed and diverse catalogue of animal homeobox complements. Here I have contributed with a new hypothesis on the origin and evolution of the Hox and ParaHox loci and the new term, ghost loci, referring to homologous genome regions that have lost their homeobox genes. This hypothesis proposes that the last common ancestor of all animals had a much more complex genome (i.e. differentiated Hox, ParaHox and NK loci) that underwent a simplification in the early animal lineages of sponges and placozoans. In collaboration with the Adamska group I resolved the orthology of the first ever ParaHox genes reported in calcareous sponges. This finding serves as an independent confirmation of the ghost loci hypothesis and further resolves the events of secondary simplification within the sponge lineage. Finally, I have catalogued the homeobox complement of the newly sequenced arthropod, the myriapod Strigamia maritima, and examined the linkage and clustering of these genes. This has furthered our understanding of the evolution of the ANTP class. The diversity of the homeobox complement and the retention in this myriapod and the retention of some homeobox genes not previously described within arthropods, in combination with the interesting phylogenetic position that this lineage occupies relative to other arthropods, makes this complement an important point of reference for comparison within the arthropods and in a broader perspective in the ecdyzosoans. These findings have provided significant further insights into the origin and evolution of the homeobox superfamily, with important implications for animal evolution and the evolution of development.

L’origine des symétries et des polarités est l’un des thèmes centraux de l’évolution animale. Classiquement considérée comme une innovation propre aux animaux à symétrie bilatérale (Bilateria), la bilatéralité est en fait très largement répandue chez les cnidaires, groupe-frère des Bilateria, principalement au sein de la classe des anthozoaires. La découverte que la voie BMP étai différentiellement exprimé selon l’axe secondaire de N. vectensis a fait que sur la base d’arguments moléculaires certains travaux postulent que la bilatéralité est antérieure à la divergence cnidaires/bilateria (Finnerty et al. 2004, Matus et al. 2006), alors que d’autres chercheurs mettent en avant l’hypothèse d’une convergence sur la base d’arguments anatomiques et phylogénétiques (Manuel 2009). Chez Nematostella les gènes Hox sont différentiellement exprimés dans l’axe directeur et leur expression est contrôlée par la voie BMP. Notre étude avec l’espèce Antipathes caribbeana, un corail noir (Antipatharia) a permet âpre confirmation de ça anatomie a interne a symétrie bilatéral l’étude de l’expression de ces gènes et a discuter l’origine de la bilatéralité. / The origin of body axis is one of the central themes on animal evolution. Usually regarded as an innovation of Bilateria, the bilateral symmetry is broadly distributed in the Anthozoan class of Cnidarians. The molecular basis of this Anthozoan bilaterality have been studied in Nematostella vectensis (Actiniaria), and the discovery that the BMP-pathway was differentially expressed along the secondary axis lead authors to presume that bilaterality was ancestral to the Cnidaria/Bilateria divergence (Finnerty et al. 2004, Matus et al. 2006), while Manuel (2009) preferred a convergence hypothesis based on comparative anatomy and phylogeny. In opposition to Bilateria, HOX genes have recently been shown to be differentially expressed along the secondary axis of N. vectensis. In order to do evolutive inferences from these results it is necessary to study the HOX genes and BMP genes expression patterns in other Anthozoan species. Our study with the antipatharian colonial species Antipathes caribbeana focuses on the detailed anatomy of the polyp, confirming the previously doubtful bilateral organization of its polyps. In order to compare Antipatharian species to N. vectensis, a comparison between the mesenteric formation and symmetries on the different groups of anthozoans is presented, allowing to establish the homology between their secondary axis. The study of the expression of HOX and BMP genes in A. caribbeana shows that they are, as in Nematostella, differentially expressed along the secondary axis. Reinforcing the idea that bilaterality is ancestral to the Cnidaria/Bilateria divergence and that HOX genes have a patterning role on the secondary axis of Anthozoans.

This dissertation investigates the embryonic specification of a specific group of cells: the germ cells. Germ cells, which give rise to sperm and egg, are the only cells in sexually-reproducing animals that directly contribute hereditary information to the next generation. Germ cells are therefore a universal cell type across animals, and represent a profound novelty that likely arose near the base of the animal phylogeny. Yet despite their conserved, essential function in all animals, there is surprising diversity in the mechanisms that specify these cells during embryonic development. In this dissertation, I address the diversity of germ cell specification mechanisms in insects. I focus on two species, the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera) and the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera), which both branch basally to the Holometabola (those insects which undergo metamorphosis, including the well-studied fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster), and thus provide important phylogenetic breadth to our understanding of germ cell specification across insects. Using functional genetic approaches, I show that germ cell specification in both Oncopeltus and Gryllus differs fundamentally from germ cell specification in Drosophila. Specifically, I provide evidence that germ cells arise via inductive cell signaling during mid-embryogenesis, rather than via maternally-supplied cytoplasmic determinants localized in the oocyte, as is the case for Drosophila. These data suggest that Drosophila employs an evolutionarily derived mode of germ cell specification. In further support of this hypothesis, I show that several of the genes required for Drosophila germ cell specification perform other functions in both Oncopeltus and Gryllus. I demonstrate that one of these genes, oskar, which is the only gene both necessary and sufficient for germ cell specification in Drosophila, instead functions in nervous system of the cricket, both during embryonic development and in the adult brain. I suggest that the evolution of the derived mode of germ cell specification seen in Drosophila may have involved co-opting oskar into the germ cell specification pathway from an ancestral role in the nervous system.

Todos los animales, vivos y fósiles, están comprendidos dentro de 35 fila. Éstos abarcan la enorme diversidad de morfologías que se han generado durante la evolución animal, desde una medusa, hasta una mosca o nosotros mismos, el hombre. Cada una de las diferentes morfologías son en último término el resultado de un proceso de desarrollo embrionario muy finamente regulado en el que participan cientos de genes, y que forman parte de decenas de redes génicas que interactúan unas con otras. A lo largo del tiempo, estas morfologías han ido evolucionando de forma que se han ido generando nuevas especies a partir de otras preexistentes o ancestros, compartidos por las especies que derivan de él. Dado este marco, cobra fuerza una disciplina relativamente reciente, la Evo-Devo o Evolución del Desarrollo, que pretende explicar la evolución de la morfología animal buscando los cambios en los genes del desarrollo embrionario, ya que la primera es fruto del segundo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los genes del desarrollo son los mismos en todos los animales, algo que se conoce como el toolkit genético, y esto lleva a lo que se conoce como la paradoja de la Evo-Devo: ¿cómo se explica entonces la gran diversidad morfológica, si los diferentes animales están construidos con los mismos genes? Hay que buscar por tanto las diferencias que existan en los procesos del desarrollo de los diferentes animales. Una de estas diferencias puede recaer en cómo los genes del desarrollo se regulan. En esta tesis, se han utilizado los genes Hox como modelos de evolución genómica, y se han analizado el patrón de expresión de estos genes en la especie europea de cefalocordado, Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Se ha identificado el patrón de expresión de casi todos los genes del clúster Hox de este animal, constituido por 15 genes Hox. De ellos, los genes Hox1, 2, 3, 4 y 6 ya estaban descritos en la especie americana B. floridae, aunque se ha encontrado un patrón diferente para el gen Hox6. Además, para los genes Hox6 y Hox14, se ha encontrado un patrón de regulación modular, donde parte del patrón de expresión está regulado por ácido retinóico. En otra fase de la tesis, se han identificado putativos elementos reguladores en las regiones intergénicas de estos genes mediante una estrategia de "phylogenetic footprinting". Esto ha sido realizado mediante la comparación de regiones ortólogas de los genes Hox de las dos especies de anfioxo y humando. Algunas de estas, como las que rodean el gen Hox4, están conservadas también con pez cebra, y son capaces de dirigir la expresión de un gen reporter en tejidos donde se expresan los genes endógenos. Además, siguiendo la misma estrategia, hemos identificado una región de regulación global que está presente en vertebrados, situándose su origen al menos en el ancestro de los cordados. / "Hox complex as models for genomic evolution: characterization and regulation of Hox genes expression of European Hox cluster". TEXT:Hox genes are key developmental genes involved in patterning the antero-posterior axis of most metazoans studied so far. They generally are linked in genomic cluster and expressed with spatial and temporal colinearity in amphioxus and vertebrates. The closer to the 3' extreme of the cluster the gene is, the earlier and more anteriorly it is expressed. Nonetheless, this is fully true for all genes only in vertebrate clusters, since the expression of almost all central and all posterior Hox genes of amphioxus, which represents the closest relative to the chordate ancestor, is not known, and the expression in hemichordates and tunicates is not always colinear. In this thesis, we present a complete expression profile of amphioxus Hox genes and interestingly report the breaking of both spatial and temporal colinearity of some central and posterior Hox genes. Posterior Hox genes are expressed in structures like the notochord and posterior parts of the gut. Hox14 had the most divergent expression pattern, being also present in the anterior cerebral vesicle and pharyngeal endoderm. This is the first report of Hox expression in the most anterior part of a central nervous system. We also show that Hox14 expression is partially regulated by retinoic acid (RA) (in notochord and hindgut), like it happens for more anterior Hox genes are. On the other hand, Hox14 expression in the cerebral vesicle and pharynx are not influenced by RA. The lack of constriction in the posterior part of vertebrate and cephalochordate Hox cluster may be the cause of their independent expansion and their co-option for patterning different structures, allowing the breaking of colinearity in deuterostomes.