The aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the expectations that assistant nurses in the elderly care have on unit manager's leadership and the consequences if the expectations are not met. To answer the purpose of this paper a qualitative research was conducted with interviews with six assistant nurses in municipal elderly care. To analyze the empirical material communication were used as a theoretical concept. Communication includes codes, signals and messages to be interpreted by the parties in a conversation and they can be both verbal and nonverbal. This means that communication is complicated and can cause confusion if it is interpreted wrong. Both literature and the results of the interviews showed that the director has a lot of expectations on him- or herself. What among other things emerged was that the manager should be involved in employees' work, he should be knowledgeable about the organization and be able to give confidence to the families and this by including external characteristics argued the interviewees. Another important part of the result was that the manager should support staff, providing them with appreciation as this makes them feel good and do more at work. The consequence of the result showed a reduced commitment when expectations are not met. The decreased involvement came partly from the unit manager being in a terminal position, among other things, employees do not bring their ideas to the manager's because he do not introduce them without first asking his director for "permission". The second consequence was crap talk. Crap talk turned out to poison the workplace if among other things, conflicts were not handled or if the employees received too little information. / Syftet med studien var att få en fördjupad förståelse för de förväntningar som undersköterskorna i äldreomsorgen har på enhetschefernas ledarskap samt vilka konsekvenserna blir om förväntningarna inte uppfylls. För att besvara syftet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer gjorda med sex undersköterskor inom den kommunala äldreomsorgen. För att analysera det empiriska materialet användes kommunikation som teoretiskt begrepp. Kommunikation innefattar koder, signaler och budskap som ska tolkas av parterna i ett samtal och dessa visar sig både verbalt och ickeverbalt. Detta gör att kommunikation är komplicerat och kan leda till missförstånd om det tolkas fel. Både litteraturen och resultaten från intervjuerna visade att chefen har en hel del förväntningar på sig. Det som bland annat framkom var att chefen ska vara engagerad i medarbetarnas arbete, denne ska vara kunnig om organisationen och kunna inge förtroende både till medarbetarna och till de anhöriga. En annan viktig del i resultatet var att chefen ska stödja personalen, ge dem uppskattning då detta gör att de mår bra och gör mer på arbetet. De konsekvenser som följer om förväntningarna inte uppfylls var ett minskat engagemang. Det minskade engagemanget kom bland annat från att chefen befinner sig i en klämposition som till viss del innebär att medarbetarna inte kommer med sina idéer till chefen då denne inte inför dem utan att först fråga verksamhetschefen om ”lov”. Den andra konsekvensen var skitsnack. Skitsnacket visade sig kunna förpesta en hel arbetsplats om bland annat konflikter inte hanterades eller om medarbetarna fått för lite information.

Racial inequalities in the education system are an issue that has yet to be adequately addressed. Given how discriminatory experiences adversely impact African American students, it is important to understand how their educational attitudes are impacted and ways that students can be protected from these harmful experiences. The study aims to answer six research questions: 1) How does racial discrimination predict African American college students’ value placed in education? 2) How does racial discrimination predict African American college students’ expectations for success? 3) How do preparation for bias messages predict the value they place in education? 4) How do preparation for bias messages predict African American college students’ expectations for success? 5) Do preparation for bias messages buffer the effect of racial discrimination on value placed in education? 6) Do preparation for bias messages buffer the effect of racial discrimination on expectations for success?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the expectations of the workingGerman Generation Y regarding its current work and employer. As a result, the mainelements which could be considered by companies to retain the Generation Y inGermany will be pointed out and discussed.Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were used in order toexplore the work expectations of this young generation within a German company. Anon-probability and purposive sample was used and six respondents part of theGeneration Y and working in the same company were interviewed. Furthermore, aseventh interview was conducted with the HMR of the company.Findings – Several findings are consistent with previous results of Gen Y from othernationalities than Germany such as the importance of varied tasks, opportunities forself-development, responsibilities and a pleasant working atmosphere. However,differences were found in particular regarding the importance of the work-life balanceand new expectations such as trust, autonomy and internationality have been broughtto light. Furthermore, several findings are also consistent with other studies aboutemployee retention, commitment and job satisfaction.Originality/value – This research extended previous studies of the expectations of theGeneration Y by providing firstly findings for Germany, a country where such studieshave not been conducted yet and secondly by focusing on the Generation Y who isalready working and therefore not studying anymore.

This thesis presents original empirical research concerning a restorative justice practice currently operating within England. Specifically, it examines the expectations and experiences of victims participating in a restorative practice. It establishes the extent to which victims‘ expectations may impact upon their experiences of the restorative justice process. Throughout this research, original empirical data is presented which demonstrates that victims possess a limited understanding of restorative principles and practices, which persists despite preparatory meetings. This research suggests victims place almost exclusive reliance upon gatekeepers of the process, specifically the police or restorative facilitator, in both the formation of their expectations of the process and in their decisions to participate. This thesis argues that the existence of restorative practices as complex interactionary processes enables victims to experience aspects of the process negatively, whilst continuing to view the process as beneficial. It is submitted that negative experiences can arise from an expectation-reality gap, which the preparatory meetings fail to rectify. Throughout the restorative process, this research demonstrates that victims continue to possess a punitive perspective and continue to rely upon aspects of the traditional criminal justice system and courtroom imagery. Such reliance exists in contradiction to central themes of restorative justice theory, including victim rejection of an empowered decision making role during the process, and the irrelevance of offender remorse.

In this article we investigate the question whether the highly demanding informative requirements of rational expectations models are necessary to derive equilibria within capital market models. In the analysis agents are only provided with publicly available information such as prices and dividends. Nevertheless, we require that agents should behave like econometricians. Additionally, we skip the assumption of rational expectations models that agents know the implied law of motion of the system. By these assumptions, the stock market can be considered as a Sorger-Hommes consistent expectations model. In this article, we show the existence of consistent expectations equilibria with myopic agents, where the only CEE is the rational expectations equilibrium. In the simulation part we demonstrate how the steady state CEE can be derived by means of sample autocorrelation learning. Thus, we are able to derive a stock market equilibrium with less demanding requirements, where this equilibrium is equal to the rational expectations equilibrium. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"

Inledning: En förväntning är en sinnesstämning som människor känner kring något eller någon innan de kommer i kontakt med objektet. Detta grundar sig i många fall i en positiv känsla över hur något kommer att bli och har vissa krav som den ämnar leva upp till. Varje dag utsätter människan sig för situationer där förväntningar skapas. Förväntningar kan även mätas innan, under, samt efter någonting utförts. Du kan till exempel gå in med en rad förväntning innan du utför ett uppdrag vilka självklart hänger med genom hela processens gång. Under en kampanj kan det kännas att det matchar exakt dina förväntningar eller kanske skiljer sig markant. Under själva processen är det även vanligt att nya förväntningar uppkommer. Efter själv uppdraget känns det ofta som att förväntningarna är uppfyllda eller inte. Vid utförandet av en kampanj kan företaget leverera en väldigt bra kampanj som uppfyller många krav, men det var inte som kunden hade förväntat sig och således medför det en negativ påverkan på förväntningarna. Kampanjen kan även slå snett och således direkt påverka kundens förväntningar till de sämre. Eller så är kampanjen inte speciellt bra, men det var mer än vad kunden hade förväntat sig och således blev deras förväntningar överträffade. Gerillamarknadsföring syftar till att utföra en okonventionell marknadsföringskampanj som står ut från de normala normer och regler som följs i traditionell marknadsföring. Syftet är att utföra en jämförande studie av de utvalda fallkampanjerna för att ta reda på om intervjuobjektens förväntningar stämmer överens med resultatet. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats har valts för just denna studie då det syftar till att undersöka och studera hur förväntningar i våra fallkampanjer stämmer överens med deras resultat. Vår studie tar sin utgångspunkt i en icke-dualistisk ontologi med ett det abduktiva förhållningssättet. Tre stycken gerillakampanjer har granskats och för insamlingen av det empiriska materialet har semi-strukturerade intervjuer och telefonintervjuer tillämpats.    Resultat: Det visade sig att alla aktörer i samtliga kampanjer fick sina förväntningar uppfyllda eller överträffade, detta beror på att dem alla gick in i kampanjerna med olika erfarenheter och krav på sina förväntningar. Det går även att avläsa att alla är nöjda med gerillamarknadsföringens genomslag och kommer att använda sig av detta igen. / Introduction: An expectation is a frame of mind that people feel about something or someone before they are in contact with the object. This takes ground in a positive feeling over how something is going to be or demands they will live by. Every day people are exposed for situations when expectations are created. Expectations can be measured before, under and after something is completed. You can build up a range of expectations before you complete a mission, which is a given through the whole process. During the campaign it can feels like it matches your expectations or maybe distinguishes significant. During the process it is usual that new expectations discovers. After the mission you can see if the expectations was satisfying or not. Throughout the campaign the company can either deliver a splendid campaign that satisfies many demands but it wasn´t anything that the customer expected and therefore it had a negative effect on their expectations. The campaign can also turn out awry and directly affect the customer’s expectation for the worse and on the other way, the campaign can turn out not so good and still be more then the customer expected. This will result in that the customer’s expectations were exceeded. Guerrilla marketing aims to perform an unconventional marketing campaign that stands out from the social norms and rules, which are followed, in traditional marketing.   The purpose is to accomplish a comparative study of selected cases campaigns to find out if the interview objects expectations are consistent with the results. Methodology: A qualitative research approach has been chosen for this particular study as it aims to investigate and study how the expectations in our campaigns agree with their results.  Our study take it´s ground in a non-dualistic ontology with the abductive approach. Three guerrilla-campaigns have both been criticized and we have used semi-structured interviews and telephone interviews to collect empirical data.    Results: It turned out that all participants in the campaigns got their expectations filled or exceeded, this can be since every participant entered the campaign with different experiences and demand on their expectations. It is also accessible to see that everyone is pleased with the effect of guerilla marketing and will use it again.

The purpose of the study was to investigate, using data from the sacerdotal culture, t h espouses of five priests. The main questions were: How does the priestly calling affect thespouse? Do the spouses involve themselves with voluntary work? Do the spouses feel thecongregation have expectations? Do the female and male answers differ?The sacerdotal culture has consisted of several elements. The main element is the priest’scalling for his work. As far as the spouse is concerned within the congregation, the spouseshave been seen as necessary for voluntary work. The congregation has also expected thespouse to act in a certain way and to undertake certain tasks.How the five informants feel about and react to the sacerdotal culture is focus for this study.The study shows that the sacerdotal culture is still strong today and it is something that thespouses take into account. They can choose not to participate but that might involve, forinstance, having to live somewhere else. The study found that the calling affects the femaleinformants, but not so much the males. The amount of participation varies from spouse tospouse and is a matter of their own choice. Expectations can also vary and participation inthe congregation can create higher expectations.

This thesis, comprising two studies, investigated whether negative expectations and self-perceptions relating to the aging process are associated with less physical activity (Study 1), and whether less active adults are likely to report age as a cause for physical activity failure than more active adults (Study 2). Using Sarkisian et al.’s (2002) Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) survey, Study 1 first developed reliable and valid sub-factors for constructs relating to general aging expectations (GAE) and aging self-perceptions (ASP) by conducting exploratory factor analyses on 167 adults (M age = 59.5). Results revealed three acceptable GAE sub-factors relating to satisfaction/contentment, physical function and cognitive function, and three ASP sub-factors pertaining to functional, social, and sexual health. Subsequent MANOVA analyses showed that active adults reported higher GAE for satisfaction/contentment and cognitive function than less active adults. Regression analyses revealed that physical activity levels positively predicted satisfaction/contentment and physical function expectations among 45-54 yr olds. In Study 2, 177 adults (M age = 60.1) completed our Causal Dimension Scale for Aging (CDSA) and a survey asking whether age was a likely cause of failure in various physical activity contexts. Responses on the CDSA were used to validate ‘General Attributions towards Age’ (GATA), a measure which captured how adults view the aging effects. Subsequent analyses of variance determined that GATA interacted with physical activity status (active, less active) to influence the reported likelihood of age as a cause for failure. Less active adults with stable/uncontrollable GATA reported greater likelihood of age as a cause for failure than all other groups in gym, recreational/community program, and unstructured/spontaneous activity settings. Separate age group analyses indicated that these trends were pronounced in an unstructured/spontaneous activity setting for 45-54 yr olds, and in a generally recently inactive scenario for 55-64 yrs.

In this thesis, information systems success measurement practices and expectations for information technology investments of four companies in Turkey are examined. The aim of this study is to understand the information systems success measurement practices of the studied companies and the relation between the expectations for IT investment and IS success of these companies in Turkey.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.