The first of NASA's high-level strategic goals is to extend and sustain human activities across the solar system. As the United States moves into the post-Shuttle era, meeting this goal is more challenging than ever. There are several desired outcomes for this goal, including development of an integrated architecture and capabilities for safe crewed and cargo missions beyond low Earth orbit. NASA's Flexible Path for the future human exploration of space provides the guidelines to achieve this outcome. Designing space system architectures to satisfy the Flexible Path starts early in design, when a downselection process works to reduce the broad spectrum of feasible system architectures into a more refined set that contains a handful of alternatives that are to be considered and studied further in the detailed design phases. This downselection process is supported by what is referred to as architecture space exploration (ASE). ASE is a systems engineering process which generates the design knowledge necessary to enable informed decision-making. The broad spectrum of potential system architectures can be impractical to evaluate. As the system architecture becomes more complex in its structure and decomposition, its space encounters a factorial growth in the number of alternatives to be considered. This effect is known in the literature as combinatorial explosion. For the Flexible Path, the development of new space system architectures can occur over the period of a decade or more. During this time, a variety of changes can occur which lead to new requirements that necessitate the development of new technologies, or changes in budget and schedule. Developing comprehensive and quantitative design knowledge early during design helps to address these challenges. Current methods focus on a small number of system architecture alternatives. From these alternatives, a series of 'one off' -type of trade studies are performed to refine and generate more design knowledge. These small-scale studies are unable to adequately capture the broad spectrum of possible architectures and typically use qualitative knowledge. The focus of this research is to develop a systems engineering method for system-level ASE during pre-phase A design that is rapid, exhaustive, flexible, traceable, and quantitative. Review of literature found a gap in currents methods that were able to achieve this research objective. This led to the development of the Set Theory-Influenced Architecture Space Exploration (STASE) methodology. The downselection process is modeled as a decision-making process with STASE serving as a supporting systems engineering method. STASE is comprised of two main phases: system decomposition and system synthesis. During system decomposition, the problem is broken down into three system spaces. The architecture space consists of the categorical parameters and decisions that uniquely define an architecture, such as the physical and functional aspects. The design space contains the design parameters that uniquely define individual point designs for a given architecture. The objective space holds the objectives that are used in comparing alternatives. The application of set theory across the system spaces enables an alternative form of representing system alternatives. This novel application of set theory allows the STASE method to mitigate the problem of combinatorial explosion. The fundamental definitions and theorems of set theory are used to form the mathematical basis for the STASE method. A series of hypotheses were formed to develop STASE in a scientific way. These hypotheses are confirmed by experiments using a proof of concept over a subset of the Flexible Path. The STASE method results are compared against baseline results found using the traditional process of representing individual architectures as the system alternatives. The comparisons highlight many advantages of the STASE method. The greatest advantage is that STASE comprehensively explores the architecture space more rapidly than the baseline. This is because the set theory-influenced representation of alternatives has a summation growth with system complexity in the architecture space. The resultant option subsets provide additional design knowledge that enables new ways of visualizing results and comparing alternatives during early design. The option subsets can also account for changes in some requirements and constraints so that new analysis of system alternatives is not required. An example decision-making process was performed for the proof of concept. This notional example starts from the entire architecture space with the goal of minimizing the total cost and the number of launches. Several decisions are made for different architecture parameters using the developed data visualization and manipulation techniques until a complete architecture was determined. The example serves as a use-case example that walks through the implementation of the STASE method, the techniques for analyzing the results, and the steps towards making meaningful architecture decisions.

Early design is the most critical stage to improve the resiliency and sustainability of buildings. An unaided early design follows the designer's accustomed domain of knowledge and cognitive biases. Given the inherent limitations of human decision-making, such a design process will only explore a small set of alternatives using limited criteria, and most likely, miss high-performing alternatives. Performance-based engineering (PBE) is a probabilistic approach to quantify buildings performance against natural hazards in terms of decision metrics such as repair cost and functionality loss. Therefore, PBE can remarkably improve early design by informing the designer regarding the possible consequences of different decisions. Incorporating PBE in early design is obstructed by several challenges such as time- and effort-intensiveness of performing rigorous PBE assessments, a specific skillset that might not be available, and accrual of aleatoric (associated with innate randomness of physical systems properties and surrounding environment conditions) and epistemic (associated with the incomplete state of knowledge) uncertainties. In addition, a successful early design requires exploring a large number of alternatives, which, when compounded by PBE assessments, will significantly exhaust computational resources and pressure the project timeline. This dissertation proposes a framework to integrate prior knowledge and PBE assessments in early design. The primary workflow in the proposed framework develops a performance inventory to train statistical surrogate models using supervised learning algorithms. This performance inventory comprises PBE assessments consistent with building taxonomy and site, and is supported by a knowledge-based module. The knowledge-based module organizes prior published PBE assessments as a relational database to supplement the performance inventory and aid early design exploration through knowledge-based surrogate models. Lastly, the developed knowledge-based and data-driven surrogate models are implemented in a sequential design exploration scheme to estimate the performance range for a given topology and building system. The proposed framework is then applied for mid-rise concrete office buildings in Charleston, South Carolina, where seismic vulnerability and environmental performance are linked to topology and design parameters. / Doctor of Philosophy / Recent advances in structural engineering aspire to achieve higher societal objectives than focusing solely on safety. Two main current objectives are resiliency (i.e., the built environment's ability to rapidly and equitably recover after an external shock, among other definitions) and sustainability (i.e., the ability to meet current needs without preventing future generations from meeting theirs, among other definitions). Therefore, holistic design approaches are needed that can include and explicitly evaluate these objectives at different steps, particularly the earlier stages. The importance of earlier stages stems from the higher freedom to make critical decisions – such as material and building system selection – without incurring higher costs and effort on the designer. Performance-based engineering (PBE) is a quantitative approach to calculating the impact of natural hazards on the built environment. The calculated impacts from PBE can then be communicated through a more easily understood language such as monetary values. However, several challenges should be first addressed to apply PBE in early design. First, PBE assessments are time- and effort-intensive and require expertise that might not be available to the designer. Second, a typical early design exploration evaluates many alternatives, significantly increasing the already high computational and time cost. Third, PBE requires detailed design and building information which is not available at the preliminary stages. This lack of knowledge is coupled with additional uncertainties due to the random nature of natural hazards and building system characteristics (e.g., material strength or other mechanical properties). This dissertation proposes a framework to incorporate PBE in early design, and tests it for concrete mid-rise offices in Charleston, South Carolina. The centerpiece of this framework is to use data-driven modeling to learn directly from assessments. The data-driven modeling treats PBE as a pre-configured data inventory and develops statistical surrogate models (i.e., simplified mathematical models). These models can then relate early design parameters to building seismic and environmental performance. The inventory is also supported by prior knowledge, structured as a database of published literature on PBE assessments. Lastly, the knowledge-based and data-driven models are applied in a specific order to narrow the performance range for given building layout and system.

過去工業設計發展了幾十年，相較於美國與日本也晚了幾十年，如今，在台灣工業設計盛行的現在，台灣許多產業為了從代工轉型至品牌，紛紛導入工業設計，希望透過工業設計提供的美學價值提升產品的整體價值，連帶提升品牌價值，工業設計就變得受到各界的重視，過去工業設計的價值總是著重在美與外觀上的創造，焦點集中在設計品創造後的成果，較少探討在產品開發過程中，工業設計所扮演的角色。 本研究以個案訪談的方式為主要研究方法，以工業電腦領導廠商研華科技為個案公司，該公司本身特性雖不以外觀、美學為主，卻嘗試導入工業設計，並以Early Design Campaign的Program模式進行產品開發，本研究從該公司產品開發的實務當中，挑選三個具有代表性的產品專案進行訪談，同時也針對導入該Program的研華科技與華胄設計的諸關係人進行訪談，了解導入工業設計之原由與過程，發展的方式與產生的問題。從而分析工業設計的角色在研華科技公司的產品開發過程中所扮演的角色與變化。 本研究發現在跨領域創新的過程中，視覺化的技能扮演加速創新的過程，也能讓想法能夠更完整的表達，強化過去在文獻中所說屬於工業設計所扮演『觸媒』的角色，並在Early Design Campaign中創造出新型的產品開發模式，不同的產品類型有不同的產品開發模式，而研華科技正處於發展新市場產品的階段，過去傳統的產品開發模式已經不再能夠快速抓到市場的需求，必須透過新型態的產品開發模式才能夠發展出更創新、更符合市場需求的產品，同時過程中知識與技能的擴散同時能夠強化研華原有產品開發模式的能力與績效，連帶影響研華在產品開發的審核機制，整體性的影響能夠慢慢改變研華的創新體質與文化，與過去強調之工業設計價值大為不同。

Decisions made at the early stage of building and settlement design can greatly influence the energy performance of the built environment. However, the type of feasible design intervention and their impact strong depends on project: if it is a new development or a re-development, whether the setting of the project is urban or rural, etc. Utilizing Bysjöstrand EcoVillage as a case, the aim of this thesis is to improve the energy performance of a new development at its early design stage through the passive and active use of solar energy. The study evaluated the energy saving potential of various passive solar design strategies as well as the solar energy potential of the new development. The steps taken to reduce the energy consumption are focused on the annual heating demand of buildings, since it accounts for more than a half of the total energy consumed by the village. The energy saving potential of the following passive solar design approaches were considered: building siting, building orientation, windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) analysis and insulation thickness optimization from the economic perspective. Furthermore, an assessment of energy generation potential from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems was conducted. The financial viability of each building’s PV system was also conducted. According to the results, the evaluated passive solar design strategies can reduce the annual heating energy consumption close to 17 %. Regarding onsite energy generation, electricity from roof-installed PV systems can cover over 100% of the annual energy consumption estimated for the residential lighting and equipment within the eco-village. In summary, this study has demonstrated that with the above design considerations a 50 % reduction of energy consumption from the utility grid is possible. This study is useful for architects, energy engineers, and other parties who are involved in residential buildings energy performance optimization.

Decisions made at the early stage of building and settlement design can greatly influence the energy performance of the built environment. However, the type of feasible design intervention and their impact strong depends on project: if it is a new development or a re-development, whether the setting of the project is urban or rural, etc. Utilizing Bysjöstrand EcoVillage as a case, the aim of this thesis is to improve the energy performance of a new development at its early design stage through the passive and active use of solar energy. The study evaluated the energy saving potential of various passive solar design strategies as well as the solar energy potential of the new development. The steps taken to reduce the energy consumption are focused on the annual heating demand of buildings, since it accounts for more than a half of the total energy consumed by the village. The energy saving potential of the following passive solar design approaches were considered: building siting, building orientation, windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) analysis and insulation thickness optimization from the economic perspective. Furthermore, an assessment of energy generation potential from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems was conducted. The financial viability of each building’s PV system was also conducted. According to the results, the evaluated passive solar design strategies can reduce the annual heating energy consumption close to 17 %. Regarding onsite energy generation, electricity from roof-installed PV systems can cover over 100% of the annual energy consumption estimated for the residential lighting and equipment within the eco-village. In summary, this study has demonstrated that with the above design considerations a 50 % reduction of energy consumption from the utility grid is possible. This study is useful for architects, energy engineers, and other parties who are involved in residential buildings energy performance optimization.

Le présent travail concerne le développement d'une méthode d'éco-conception pour la création de produits impliquant des indicateurs environnementaux pour l’aide à la prise de décision au stade de la conception conceptuelle. La méthode proposée s’appuie sur la définition et la génération d’un TRIPLET, c’est-à-dire une relation cohérente entre matériaux, procédés et formes. Une taxonomie de formes caractérise les différentes formes réalisables par les procédés de fabrication. Un tableau de description du concept (DCT) regroupe certaines dimensions globales de la pièce imaginée ainsi que les procédés d’enlèvement de matière de finition venant s’additionner au procédé de base sélectionné. Un indicateur environnemental basé sur la base RECIPE et adapté à la méthode peut être alors évalué. La démarche d’aide à la conception conçue intègre deux approches, déductive et inductive basées sur l'expérience du concepteur. Le DCT comprend le choix d’un solide de base qui suggère, à partir des surfaces fonctionnelles définies dans la démarche, une réflexion vers une esquisse du concept de pièce. Les différents concepts élaborés sont hiérarchisés à partir d’une aide à la décision multicritère basée sur l’indicateur environnemental, sur un coût de fabrication, sur un indice de performance et sur un indice de combinaison obtenu par logique floue. La démarche s’appuie sur une base de données lié aux connaissances requises et sur un outil logiciel « ECOTRIAL ». Une application de reconception d’une pièce de liaison clôt la thèse et montre l’applicabilité de la méthode proposée. / The development of an eco-design method to create products involving environmental indicators to aid decision making at the stage of conceptual design, can be found in the present work. The proposed method is based on the definition and generation of a TRIPLET: a consistent relationship between materials, processes and forms. A taxonomy of shapes characterizes different shapes achievable by the manufacturing processes. A Description of Concept (DCT) includes some overall dimensions of the piece conceived and the finishing and material removal processes. An environmental indicator based on RECIPE database and adapted to the method to be able to evaluate the environmental impact. The aid integrates two approaches, deductive and inductive based on the experience of the designer. The DCT includes choosing a solid base that suggests, based on the functional surfaces defined in the process, a reflection towards a sketch of the piece concept. The different concepts developed are ranked from a multiple-criteria decision analysis based on the environmental indicator, a manufacturing cost, a performance index and a combination index obtained by fuzzy logic. The process is supported on a database linked to the required knowledge and the software tool "ECOTRIAL". A redesign application concludes the thesis and demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method.

Every day more and more users with different abilities and/or temporally or permanent disabilities are accessing the Web, and many of them have difficulties in reaching the desired information. However, the development of this kind of software is complicated for several reasons. Though some of them are technological, the majority are related with the need to compose different and, many times, unrelated design concerns which may be functional as in the case of most of the application’s requirements, or non- functional such as Accessibility. Even though, there is a huge number of tools and proposals to help developers assess Accessibility of Web applications, looking from the designer perspective, there is no such a similar situation. It seems that creating accessible Web sites is more expensive and complicated than creating Web sites and then assessing/modifying them. Although this feeling somehow seems to be true, addressing Accessibility at early design, not only has a significant impact on Web site quality, but also avoids subsequent efforts to return accessible fully developed applications. In this thesis, we present a novel approach to conceive, design and develop Accessible Web applications using concepts from Aspect-Orientation. In order to accomplish our goal, we provide some modelling techniques that we explicitly developed for handling the non-functional, generic and crosscutting characteristics of Accessibility. Specifically, we have enriched the UID technique with integration points to record Accessibility concerns that will be taken into account when designing the user interface. Then, by instantiating the SIG template with association tables, we work on an abstract interface model with Accessibility softgoals to obtain a concrete and accessible interface model for the Web application being developed. We use a real application example to illustrate our ideas and point out the advantages of a clear separation of concerns throughout the development life-cycle. Thus, our proposal is based on recognized design techniques, which we embedded in a software tool, in order to facilitate the transfer of the approach to the industry. / Desarrollar aplicaciones Web Accesibles es en la actualidad una necesidad. Cada día más y más usuarios con capacidades diferentes y/o discapacidades temporales o permanentes acceden a la Web, y muchos de ellos tienen dificultades especiales para obtener la información deseada. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de este tipo de software Web es complicado por varias razones. Si bien algunas de estas son de índole tecnológicas, la mayoría están relacionadas con la necesidad de componer intereses de diseño distintos y muchas veces no relacionados entre sí, los cuales a su vez pueden ser funcionales, como lo son la mayoría de los requerimientos específicos de una aplicación, o no-funcionales, como lo es la Accesibilidad. Aún existiendo hoy en día un gran número de herramientas y propuestas para ayudar a los desarrolladores en la evaluación de la Accesibilidad de las aplicaciones Web, la situación no es la misma al observar desde la perspectiva del diseñador Web. Parece ser que diseñar sitios Web accesibles es más costoso y complejo que crear sitios Web y luego evaluarlos/modificarlos. A pesar de que este sentimiento puede ser ciertamente verdadero, los beneficios al modelar la Accesibilidad en etapas tempranas del diseño superan ampliamente las necesidades de un desarrollador al implementar esa Accesibilidad. En esta tesis, presentamos un enfoque original para concebir, diseñar y desarrollar aplicaciones Web Accesibles con una modalidad Orientada a Aspectos. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo, ofrecemos algunas técnicas de modelado que desarrollamos específicamente para manejar las características no-funcionales, genéricas y transversales de la Accesibilidad como un interés de factor de calidad. Específicamente, enriquecimos los “User Interaction Diagrams” (UIDs) con puntos de integración, los cuales usamos durante el diseño de la interfaz de usuario, para razonar y documentar la Accesibilidad en la actividad de modelado. Luego, instanciando la plantilla del “Softgoal Interdependency Graph” (SIG) con las tablas de asociación, trabajamos en el modelo de interfaz abstracta (compuesta por “ontology widgets”) para obtener un modelo de interfaz concreta y accesible de la aplicación Web en desarrollo. Para ilustrar nuestras ideas y señalar las ventajas de una clara separación de intereses durante el ciclo de vida de desarrollo, utilizamos un ejemplo de aplicación real.

The User Experience (UX) has become a major concern for the design of consumer products. Today exist various tools for the evaluation of static properties of final products on their User Experience value. However, very few tools and methods are available that allow anticipating the future User Experience during the first stages of product conception. This thesis explores the wide range of design dimensions that potentially form the experience of the user. Dynamic product properties emerge as an important factor for User Experience. In the studies a software based on inspiration words and links, as well as the technique body storming are tested as a new means of User Experience generation. The produced early concepts and interaction gestures are then evaluated through a combination of questionnaires, behavioural and physiological measurements. The study results show firstly that a wide range of design dimension needs to be regarded to design for User Experience, secondly that it is possible to apply UX evaluations on early concepts and thirdly that UX evaluations can also be done on dynamic properties like interaction gestures. This thesis furthermore contributes design research and practice with a new model on the mechanism of User Experience and a list of design dimensions for early product conception.

Dans un contexte industriel en constante évolution, le designer industriel utilise la représentation comme un vecteur lui permettant de s’inspirer et d’opérer des choix stylistiques afin d’imaginer l’expérience induite par les concepts de produits qu’il développe. Ce travail doctoral présente l'étude comparative entre l'activité de design amont traditionnelle et l'activité de design amont immersive, permettant l'évaluation et la modélisation de l'activité de Kansei Design Virtuel. Mes travaux portent essentiellement sur l'application et l'expérimentation de théories fondamentales à travers la conception de deux outils consécutifs du processus de design:• Les Univers de Tendance sont des environnements inspirationnels spatiaux immersifs dédies à la compréhension d'une tendance stylistique et conçu pour substituer et augmenter le rôle des planches de tendances traditionnelles.• Le Dessin Tridimensionnel Immersif est un environnement générationnel permettant au designer de déposer, effacer, manipuler… un tracé dans l'espace et dédié aux premiers croquis d'idéation.Ces recherches ont pour but de développer des outils et un workflow digital immersif permettant d'une part, d'anticiper le Kansei (relation holistique designer/client-produit) afin d'optimiser les choix stylistiques stratégiques et d'autre part, de maximiser la fidélité de retranscription entre espace d'inspiration et espace de génération tout en augmentant la capacité du designer à produire des concepts esthétiques et innovants. / In an ever-changing context, the industrial design uses representation as a vector for inspiration and as a tool to operate stylistic choices which in turn enable the shaping of the experience induced by the designed product.This doctoral research presents the comparative study of traditional early design activity and immersive early design activity. This enables the evaluation and modeling of Virtual Kansei Design. My work essentially address the application and experimentation of fundamental theories through the design of two successive tools composing and innovative early design process.• The Immersive Moodboards are spatial immersive inspirational environments dedicated to the understanding of a stylistic trend, designed to substitute and enhance traditional moodboards.• The Immersive sketching is a generational environment enabling the design to position, erase, manipulate… a graphical mark in a three dimensional space planned for the creation of the first ideation sketches.This research aim to develop tools and a digital immersive workflow which first of all enables the design to anticipate Kansei (holistic relationship between the designer/user and the product) in order to optimize strategic style related choices and secondly enhances the fidelity between inspiration and generation while increasing the ability of the designer to produce innovating and aesthetic concepts.

La prise de décision dans les phases amont de conception est autant cruciale que difficile. Les besoins des parties prenantes et leurs perceptions sont difficiles à prédire et à partager au sein de l’équipe de conception. Il est ensuite difficile de comprendre quels concepts sont à plus forte valeur ajoutée.Cette thèse s’inspire des méthodes de conception orientées valeur et développe une méthodologie en trois étapes pour aider à la prise de décision dans les phases amont de conception.La méthodologie a été testée et validée sur plusieurs cas industriels. / Decision making in early design stages is crucial as well as difficult. Stakeholders’ needs and perceptions are difficult to predict and share among the design team. It is then difficult to understand which design concepts are the most valuable to explore.This thesis builds upon value-oriented design methodologies and develops a three-step methodology to maximize value creation in early design stages.The methodology was tested and validated on several industrial use cases.