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A bio- and litho- stratigraphic study of the Ecca-Beaufort contact in the southeastern Karoo basin (Albany District, Eastern Cape Province)Mason, Richard 27 October 2008 (has links)
The rocks of the Carboniferous to Jurassic aged main Karoo Supergroup of
South Africa preserve an internationally significant and stratigraphically
continuous retro-arc foreland depositional sequence. This succession
documents environmental change from glacial-marine, through fluvio-deltaic to
continental fluvial and aeolian, culminating in rift associated continental flood
basalt extrusions. The fluvio-deltaic transition from marine to continental
deposition has been the subject of much recent research and corresponds
with the position of the Ecca-Beaufort contact. Over the entire basin this
transition comprises three separate lithofacies associations deposited in the
prodelta, deltafront and delta plain environments. Anomolously the
southeastern contact is currently mapped as reflecting fluvial deposits of the
Koonap Formation lying unconformably on prodelta deposits of the Fort Brown
Formation.
Detailed study across the Ecca-Beaufort contact in this part of the basin now
reveals the same lithological transition as is present in the rest of the basin.
Contrary to previuos work, this has shown that the Waterford Formation is
indeed present in this part of the basin. This in effect means that the
Grahamstown map sheet (1:250 000, Map 3326) requires modification to
include this Formation and the new contact placement of the Ecca-Beaufort
contact occurs some 70 to 120m above the presently mapped contact.
Fossils collected during this and previous studies show that
biostratigraphically Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone fauna occurs in the
rocks of the Koonap Formation in this part of the basin, indicating that the
Ecca-Beaufort contact in the southern part of the basin youngs towards the
east. This supports the prograding shoreline deposition model that has been previously proposed for the Ecca-Beaufort contact.
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Los movimientos de innovación compositiva dentro de las vanguardias contemporáneas: el caso de la ECCA, Escuela de Composición y Creación Artística de AlcoyMolina Rubio, Francisco José 20 September 2019 (has links)
A partir de partir de 1945, con la tonalidad ya definitivamente disuelta, y con recursos como el dodecafonismo asimilados, la música se asentó́ en una confluencia de corrientes que, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX y en lo acontecido en el XXI, han ido, no solo sucediéndose, sino también coexistiendo. Ello ha dejado tras de sí, hasta nuestros días, distintas propuestas técnicas, además de estéticas. Como consecuencia –¬al margen de algunas tendencias que se han mantenido en la órbita de la tonalidad tradicional– han aparecido nuevos recursos y técnicas en la composición musical, basados generalmente en propuestas individualizadas, que no cristalizan en sistematizaciones generalistas. Es por ello que el presente trabajo trata de demostrar que, a partir del análisis de las composiciones del colectivo ECCA (Escuela de Composición y Creación Artística) –creado a partir de la labor docente del compositor Javier Darias– se puede constatar que sí existen alternativas sistematizadas en la composición contemporánea, dentro de las tendencias de vanguardia, materializadas en la obra del colectivo. Tras su análisis, se ha podido confirmar que, a partir de las propuestas técnicas del maestro del colectivo –basadas en técnicas de ordenación y control aplicables a la composición– se pueden observar características que denotan, una práctica común en dicho grupo; que abarcan aspectos como el armónico, el escalístico y el formal. Sin descartar en dichas obras, tanto recursos de las vanguardias, como reminiscencias a elementos de la tradición. Asimismo, se constata la versatilidad de dichas propuestas, bajo la visión de cada uno de los autores implicados.
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The Ecca type section (Permian, South Africa) : an outcrop analogue study of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirsCampbell, Stuart Alexander January 2015 (has links)
The Karoo Basin of South Africa holds an estimated 906 billion to 11 trillion cubic meters of unconventional shale gas within the shales of the Whitehill and Collingham formations of the Ecca Group. Evaluation of this potential resource has been limited due to the lack of exploration and a scarcity of existing drill core data. In order to circumnavigate this problem this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential target horizons exposed in outcrops along the southern portion of the Karoo Basin, north of Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape Province. Detailed field logging was done on the exposed Whitehill and Collingham formations as well as a possible conventional sandstone (turbidite) reservoir, the Ripon Formation, along road cuttings of the Ecca Pass. Palaeocurrent data, jointing directions and fossil material were also documented. Samples were analysed for mineralogy, porosity, permeability, and total organic carbon content (TOC). The extensively weathered black shales of the Whitehill Formation contain a maximum TOC value of 0.9% and the Collingham Formation shales contain a maximum TOC value of 0.6%. The organic lithic arkose sandstones of the Ripon Formation are classified as ‘tight rock’ with an average porosity of 1% and an average permeability of 0.05 mD. The Whitehill Formation in the southern portion of the Karoo Basin has experienced organic matter loss due to low grade metamorphism as well as burial to extreme depths, thus reducing shale gas potential. The Ripon Formation is an unsuitable conventional reservoir along the southern basin boundary due to extensive cementation and filling of pore spaces.
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Diagenetic, thermal and provenance histories of the Permian lower Ecca Group based on two newly drilled boreholes in the western and eastern main Karoo Basin, South AfricaGeel, Claire 21 January 2021 (has links)
Fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Lower Permian lower Ecca Group in the Main Karoo Basin (MKB) in southern Africa have been identified to form a possible unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir, the gas potential of which is still relatively unknown. The lower Ecca Group is comprised of flysch-like successions of the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham formations, which were impacted by diagenesis as well as contact and regional and metamorphism. Studies of fine-grained sedimentary rocks are notoriously complex as mechanical breakdown and diagenesis result in mineralogical changes and loss of source rock information. Therefore, a variety of analytical techniques are required for their thorough investigation. In this study, we analyse Permian rocks from two boreholes (KZF-1 and KWV-1) that were drilled ~ 830 km apart in the western and eastern MKB, respectively, and compare their composition, thermal maturity and petrophysical characteristics to better assess the hydrocarbon potential of the lower Ecca Group. In addition, whole rock geochemistry is used to reconstruct the palaeo-environment and provenance settings. Lastly, we investigate the influence of shale composition, porosity, well pressure and temperatures on their geomechanical properties such as compressive strength and elastic moduli. Sedimentary rocks in both boreholes were affected by burial and regional metamorphism (linked to orogenic events), but the sedimentary rocks in BH KWV-1 were also altered by contact metamorphism due to dolerite intrusions in the Early Jurassic. Major mineralogical differences between the boreholes include: 1) Fesilicate (greenalite); carbonates (rhodochrosite and dolomite) and Mn nodules (birnessite) being found only in BH KZF-1; and 2) metamorphic minerals such as garnet, cordierite, staurolite being found only in BH KWV-1. The results show that these rocks are over mature as evidenced by the low quantity of free hydrocarbons (S1 peak; 0.02–0.06 mg/g) and potential to release hydrocarbons (S2 peak; 0.06– 0.14 mg/g) and low hydrogen index (HI) values (2.40–167 mg HC/g TOC) from Rock Eval pyrolysis accompanied with high vitrinite/bitumen reflectance (BH KZF-1 is VRo= 4 and BH KWV-1 is BRo= 5). The total organic carbon (TOC) content is the highest in the Whitehill Formation in both boreholes (BH KZF-1: 5.17 wt%; BH KWV-1: 4.87 wt%). Burial diagenesis significantly reduced interparticle porosity and most of the measurable porosity comes from intraparticle nano-pores confined to organic matter v and dolomite. Meso- and macro-porosity are limited to phyllosilicates, pyrite framboids and microfractures. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is highest for the Prince Albert Formation (72– 78) as the palaeo-environment changed from an ice-house to a green-house, postglacial period in southern Gondwana. Enrichment of trace elements in BH KZF-1 and BH KWV-1 are in order: Mn > Ba > Zn > Co > Cu > V > Rb > Cr > Ni; and for BH KWV-1: Mo > Ba > Cu > Zn > Mn > V > Co > Cr > Rb > Ni. Geochemical proxies used in determining levels of anoxia were: V/Cr, V(V+Ni), Ni/Co and Fe-S-TOC plots. Salinity was deduced using Rb/K ratios and with identification of potential benthic foraminifera and minerals such as apatite, birnessite and phosphate nodules, which are assumed to be syn-sedimentary in origin. Overall, the geochemical results indicate that the depositional conditions fluctuated with respect to anoxia, salinity levels, and that while the sedimentation rates were low and the bio-productivity level was high, at least episodically. Provenance was investigated using Discriminant Function Diagrams, Principle Component Analysis Results (PCA), Zr/Ti ratios and the Index of Compositional Variability (ICV). Results indicate that the Prince Albert and Whitehill formations in the western MKB comprises sediment that was mostly sourced from the Cambrian to Late Carboniferous Cape Granite Suite, Cape Supergroup, the Dwyka Group and possibly the Precambrian Kango Group (Saldania Belt) and/or the Namaqua-Natal Belt. The Prince Albert and Whitehill formations in the eastern MKB have a mafic signature, indicating that these sediments may have been derived from the PermoCarboniferous Dwyka Group, Precambrian Kaapvaal Craton, Natal Belt (Tugela Terrane), Natal Group and the Pan-African Mozambique and Maud Belts. The mudstone and wackes in the Collingham Formation were mostly sourced from the quartz-arenites and granites that were most likely associated with the Cape Fold Belt, the orogen immediately adjacent to and largely coeval with the MKB. Geomechanical results from BH KZF-1 show that the lower Ecca Group has a high proportion (~ 50–70 vol%) of mechanically strong minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspar, pyrite), ~ 30–50 vol% weak minerals (e.g., clay, organic matter) and up to ~ 0–50 vol%, highly variable, intermediate components (e.g., carbonates). Constant strain rate deformation experiments (T ≤ 100 °C; p ≤ 50 MPa) and compressional tests performed perpendicular and parallel to bedding show that the Prince Albert Formation is the strongest and most brittle followed by the Collingham Formation and then the Whitehill Formation. Triaxial compressive strength as well as static Young's vi moduli increased with increasing hard minerals and decreased with increasing mechanically weak minerals and porosity. On comparison with European and American shales, the shales in the lower Ecca Group are geomechanically stronger and more brittle, and thus may allow for fracture propagation without rock breakdown under pressure. The lower Ecca Group varies from the western to the eastern MKB in mineralogy, thermal maturity, palaeo-depositional environment and provenance. These observations directly challenge the previous assumptions that these black shales were deposited under predominantly anoxic conditions. Indeed, during deposition, the levels of anoxia appear to have been inconsistent across the MKB and were likely dependent on the changing primary bio-productivity levels, sedimentation rates and basin morphology. Neither borehole contained significant gas, likely due to degasification by dolerite intrusions in the Early Jurassic and structural deformation during syn- and post-Karoo times. In summary, this study quantitatively confirms that the lower Ecca Group has the potential to be an easily frackable, unconventional shale gas reservoir. However, this study also attests to the compositional and geomechanical complexity of these Karoo rocks, and this inevitably translates to a gas potential that is expected to vary significantly across the basin.
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Petrology, geochronology and provenance of the Laingsburg and Tanqua Karoo submarine fan systems, Ecca Group, South AfricaNguema Mve, Oliver Patrice 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Earth Sciences))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The integration of whole-rock chemistry, heavy mineral chemistry, detrital zircon
morphology and age dating has enabled high-resolution characterization of the
Permian Laingsburg and Tanqua submarine fan provenance in the Karoo Basin,
upper Ecca Group, South Africa.
Geochemically, the Laingsburg and Tanqua sandstones are classified as
greywacke and litharenite. The chemical index of alteration values for these
sandstones suggest low to moderately weathered sources and a relatively cold
climate. Abundant angular clastic grains and lithic fragments as well as the
predominance of pristine zircons indicate a near provenance and a first cycle
derivation. The investigated sandstones originated from a continental island arc
and an active continental margin. The source is dominantly intermediate to felsic
and includes tonalites, granodiorites, and adamellites or their volcanic
equivalents.
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Chemostratigraphic trends and provenance of the Permian Tanqua and Laingsburg depocentres, southwestern Karoo Basin, South AfricaVan Lente, Belinda 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Foreland basins commonly fill with sediment derived from the adjacent fold/thrust belt,
providing a relatively simple source-to-basin configuration. However, that is not true for the
early southwestern Karoo Basin, since the composition of the Ecca Group sedimentary rocks
do not match the composition of the adjacent fold/thrust belt.
The southwestern Karoo Basin is bordered to the west and south by the Cape Fold Belt
(CFB) and provides the opportunity to study the linkage between its early structural evolution
and deposition in the two spatially and temporally distinct Tanqua and Laingsburg
depocentres. The CFB was formed when the early Palaeozoic passive continental margin,
which formed a large section of the southern edge of Gondwana, evolved into an active
convergent margin during the late Palaeozoic. Orogenesis resulted in a northwest-trending
Cedarberg branch and an eastwest-trending Swartberg branch. The oroclinal bend between
the two branches includes large-scale northeast-trending syntaxis structures, such as the Hex
River and Baviaanshoek anticlinoria, which influenced the sedimentation path into the basin.
Spectral gamma ray (SGR), mineralogical and geochemical studies of exposed rocks
from the Tanqua and Laingsburg depocentres indicate a near uniform provenance for both,
dominated by granitic and metamorphic material derived from a provenance seemingly far
beyond the CFB.
SGR data, combined with lithology, show that regional stratigraphic correlation is possible
in the Skoorsteenberg, Kookfontein and Waterford Formations in the Tanqua depocentre. The
same is true for the Laingsburg and Fort Brown Formations in the Laingsburg depocentre.
There are no major changes in the SGR data set between the successive sandstone or shale
units that could imply different origin, and no distinct signals in the SGR pattern of the shale
intervals that could potentially correspond to maximum flooding surfaces.
The Tanqua and Laingsburg depocentre sandstones are very fine- to lower mediumgrained,
tightly packed, poorly to well sorted, and have undergone mechanical compaction
and pressure solution. The mineralogical composition and texture of these sandstones
suggest that they have undergone high-grade diagenesis to low-grade regional burial
metamorphism to the lower greenschist facies (250 ± 50ºC; ~2 kbars). They are
mineralogically and geochemically classified as lithic arenites and greywackes, and the
Tanqua depocentre sandstones are slightly more mature than the Laingsburg depocentresandstones. REE patterns for the Tanqua and Laingsburg depocentre sandstones are similar,
suggesting that both form part of the same evolutionary pattern and that the sediments have
one common origin, i.e. a provenance predominantly composed of granitic material.
Homogenous εNd-values for all sandstone samples of around –5 at the time of deposition
indicate that there is little or no variation in provenance between the Tanqua and Laingsburg
depocentre sediments. TCHUR model ages of 0.70 to 0.95 Ga, and TDM model ages of 1.19 to
1.49 Ga, resulted from a mixture of Archaean and Proterozoic material in unknown
proportions. The most likely source terrane is thought to be the North Patagonian Massif. The
latter show Nd isotopic compositions corresponding to an average εNd-value of -5 at 265 Ma. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voorlandkomme word oor die algemeen gevul met sediment afkomstig van die
aanliggende plooigordel, wat lei tot ‘n redelik eenvoudige brongebied-tot-afsettingskom
konfigurasie. Dit is egter nie van toepassing vir die vroeë suidwestelike Karookom nie,
aangesien die samestelling van die Ecca Groep sedimentêre gesteentes nie ooreenstem met
die samestelling van die aanliggende plooigordel nie.
Die suidwestelike Karookom word aan die weste en suide begrens deur die Kaapse
Plooigordel en bied die geleentheid om die verwantskap tussen die vroeë strukturele evolusie
en afsetting in die twee ruimtelik en temporeel afsonderlike Tankwa en Laingsburg
subkomme te bestudeer. Die Kaapse Plooigordel het gevorm toe die vroeë Palaeosoïkum
kontinentale grens, wat ‘n groot deel van die suidelike grens van Gondwana was, ontwikkel
het tot ‘n aktiewe konvergerende grens gedurende die laat Palaeosoïkum. Orogenese het
gelei tot die vorming van ‘n noordwes-strekkende Sederberg tak en ‘n ooswes-strekkende
Swartberg tak. Die oroklinale buig tussen die twee takke sluit grootskaalse noordoosstrekkende
sintaksis strukture in, soos die Hex Rivier en Baviaanshoek antiklinoria, wat die
sedimentasie rigtings na die kom beïnvloed het.
Spektrale gammastraal (SGR), mineralogiese en geochemiese studies op die dagsome
van die Tankwa en Laingsburg subkomme dui ‘n byna identiese brongebied aan vir beide,
oorheers deur granitiese en metamorfe materiaal vanaf ‘n brongebied oënskynlik vêr vanaf
die Kaapse Plooigordel.
SGR data, gekombineer met litologie, dui aan dat dit moontlik is om regionale
stratigrafiese korrelasies in the Skoorsteenberg, Kookfontein en Waterford Formasies in die
Tankwa subkom te maak. Dieselfde geld vir die Laingsburg en Fort Brown Formasies in die
Laingsburg subkom. Daar is geen groot veranderinge, wat ‘n verskil in oorsprong kan aandui,
in the SGR datastel tussen die opeenvolgende sandsteen of skalie eenhede nie, en ook geenuitstaande tekens in the SGR patroon van die skalie-intervalle wat moontlik kan ooreenstem
met ‘n maksimum vloedingsvlak nie.
Die Tankwa en Laingsburg subkom sandsteenlae is baie fyn- tot laervlak mediumkorrelrig,
dig gekompakteer, swak tot goed gesorteer, en het meganiese kompaksie en drukoplossing
ondergaan. Die mineralogiese samestelling en tekstuur van hierdie sandsteenlae
dui daarop dat hulle hoë-graadse diagenese tot lae-graadse regionale begrawingsmetamorfose
tot laervlak groenskis fasies (250 ± 50ºC; ~2 kbars) ondergaan het. Hulle word
mineralogies en geochemies geklassifiseer as litiese areniete en grouwakke. Die Tankwa
subkom sandsteenlae is effens meer volwasse as die Laingsburg subkom sandsteenlae. Die
lantanietgroep patroon vir die Tanqua en Laingsburg sandsteenlae is eenders, wat aandui dat
beide deel gevorm het van dieselfde evolusionêre ontwikkeling en dat die sedimente een
gesamentlike oorsprong gehad het, naamlik ‘n brongebied bestaande hoofsaaklik uit
granitiese materiaal.
Homogene εNd-waardes van ongeveer –5 by tye van afsetting vir al die sandsteen
monsters dui daarop dat daar min of geen verandering in brongebied vir die Tankwa en
Laingsburg subkom sedimente was nie. TCHUR model ouderdomme van 0.70 tot 0.95 Ga, en
TDM model ouderdomme van 1.19 tot 1.49 Ga, is afkomstig van ‘n mengsel van Argeïese en
Proterosoïese materiaal in onbekende hoeveelhede. Die mees waarskynlike brongebied is
die Noord Patagoniese Gebergtes. Dit wys Nd isotopiese samestellings wat ooreenstem met
‘n gemiddelde εNd-waarde van –5 by 265 Ma.
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Stratigraphy and facies architecture of the uppermost fan system in the Tanqua sub-basin, Permian Ecca Group, South AfricaVan der Merwe, Willem C 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fan System 5 forms the uppermost submarine fan system of the Permian-age Tanqua Fan
Complex (Ecca Group) of the southwestern Karoo Basin. It is the most widespread system and
represents the final phase of fan deposition in the Tanqua sub-basin. Depositional characteristics
differ markedly from the rest of the fan systems, mainly because it lacks sedimentary features
indicative of a single point source basin floor fan. The entire system consists of six different
stages of fan growth and development in the lower slope settings.
A hypothetical model was composed for Fan System 5 to understand the spatial/temporal
distribution of reservoir and seal facies in slope turbidite settings. The facies vary from massive
amalgamated sandstone beds to thin-bedded, ripple cross-laminated sand and siltstone beds. A
thick shale unit identified as a regional marker layer overlies Fan System 5. lts base is defined by
the presence of a regionally developed 20 cm thick hemipelagic shale unit.
Six sand-rich units with channel-complexes are present in the Klein Hangklip, Groot Hangklip,
Kalkgat, Tongberg, Skoorsteenberg and Blauwkop localities. The facies characteristics in the
southernmost outcrops of Fan System 5 (Groot Hangklip, Tongberg and Kalkgat) reflect
deposition in a lower slope setting where local structural control seems to have played a major
role in the distribution and regional development of channel-fill and overbank depositional
elements.
The channel-fills are arranged in vertical to off-set stacking patterns and are comprised of
massive, amalgamated [me to very fine-grained sandstone units up to 30 m in thickness. They are
separated by thinner sandstone/siltstone units of varying thickness. The channelization displayed
by the more proximal outcrops are interpreted to represent an upper fan, deposited in a lower- to
mid-slope setting. In contrast to the channel-fill deposits at Skoorsteenberg, Klein Hangklip and
Groot Hangklip, ripple cross-laminated overbank deposits, associated with smaller channel-fill
units, predominate in the northeastern and eastern parts of the outcrop area. Massive- and thinbedded
frontal sheet sandstones constitute the down-dip extensions to the most northern outcrops
of Fan System 5. Highly erosive, stacked base-of-slope channel complexes, seemingly controlled by subtle early
structural features, were able to construct significant thicknesses of regionally well-developed
overbank deposits, marginal to the channel complexes. These facies changes occur over relatively
short distances, which hold significant implications for the prediction of and the heterogeneity of
reservoir facies in slope settings.
Gradients are much steeper in the lower slope to mid-slope area than on the proximal basin floor.
The occurrence of soft-sediment deformation in the overbank and upper parts of the channel-fill
deposits supports a slope origin. Weakly developed wave-ripple marks in the uppermost layers of
Fan System 5 further indicate that water depths approached wave base prior to deposition of the
upper markerbed shales.
Paleotransport for Fan System 5 was towards the north, northeast and east. The palaeocurrent
directions of the channel-fill complexes in Klein- and Groot Hangklip seem to roughly
correspond to the structural trend of synclinal depressions in this area. However, the effect and
influences of basin floor topography and structural features on deposition were determined to be
minimal on the regional development and local facies control of the fan. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Waaiersisteem 5 vorm die laaste submarine waaiersisteem van die Perm-ouderdom Tankwa
Waaierkompleks (Ecca Groep) in die suidwestelike Karoo-kom. Dit vorm die mees
wydverspreide sisteem en verteenwoordig ook die fmale fase van waaierafsetting in die Tankwa
sub-kom. Afsettingseienskappe verskil aansienlik van die onderliggende waaiersisteme, omdat
kenmerkende sedimentêre eienskappe van 'n enkele toevoer bron ontbreek. Die hele sisteem
bestaan uit ses verskillende periodes van waaiergroei en ontwikkeling in die laer kornhelling
omgewmgs.
'n Voorspellingsmodel is opgestel vir Waaiersisteem 5 om die ruimtelike/temporele verspreiding
van die reservoir en seël fasies in kornhelling turbidiet omgewings te kan verstaan. Hierdie fasies
varieer van massiewe, geamalgameerde sandsteen tot dun gelaagde riffel- lamineerde sand- en
sliksteenlae. 'n Dik regionale skalie eenheid oorlê Waaiersisteem 5 en vorm die boonste
merkerlaag. Die basis word onderlê deur 'n 20 cm dik regionaalontwikkelde hemipelagiese
skalie laag wat die onderste merkerlaag vorm.
Ses sandige eenhede met geassosieerde kanaalkomplekse is onderskeidelik teenwoordig in: Klein
Hangklip, Groot Hangklip, Kalkgat, Tongberg, Skoorsteenberg en Blauwkop omgewings. Die
fasies-eienskappe van die mees suidelike dagsome van Waaiersisteem 5 (Tongberg, Groot
Hangklip en Kalkgat) toon afsetting in 'n laer kornhelling omgewing, waar plaaslike tektoniese
effekte moontlik 'n groot rol gespeel het in die verspreiding en regionale ontwikkeling van die
kanaalvulsels en geassosieerde oewerwal-afsettings.
Die gestapelde, wegstand kanaalvulsels-afsettings bestaan uit massiewe, geamalgameerde fyn tot
baie fynkorrelrige sandsteen eenhede, wat diktes tot ongeveer 30 m kan bereik. Dit word van
mekaar geskei deur dun sandsteenlsliksteen eenhede van afwisselende diktes. Die kanaal
komplekse in die mees proksimale dagsome word interpreteer as 'n bo-waaier, wat afgeset is in
'n laer- tot middel kornhelling omgewmg. In teenstelling met die kanaalvulsels in die
Skoorsteenberg, Klein Hangklip en Groot Hangklip omgewings, domineer riffel kruisgelamineerde
oewerwal-afsettings, geassoseer met klein kanaalvulsels, die noordoostelike en oostelike dagsome van Waaiersisteem 5. Massiewe en dungelaagde frontale plaat sandstene, kom
voor in die distale helling-omgewings in die mees noordelike dagsome van Waaiersisteem 5.
Hoogs eroderende, gestapelde kanaalkomplekse, aan die basis van die komhelling wat moontlik
beheer is deur vroeë komvloer topografie, was die oorsaak vir regionaal goed-ontwikkelde
oewerwalafsettings. Hierdie fasies-verandering vind plaas oor 'n baie kort afstand wat
betekenisvolle gevolge inhou vir die voorspelling van heterogeniteit van petroleum reservoir
fasies in komhelling afsetting-omgewings.
Die gradiënt vir die laer komhelling tot mid-komhelling omgewings is baie steiler as die distale
komvloer omgewings. Die voorkoms van sagte-sediment deformasies in die oewerwal en boliggende
dele van die kanaalvulsels weerspeël 'n moontlike komhelling omgewing. Swakontwikkelde
golfriffelmerke in die boonste lae van Waaiersisteem 5 dui 'n waterdiepte aan wat
nabyaan golf-basis is, voordat dit deur diepmariene skalies oorlê word.
Paleovloeirigtings vir Waaiersisteem 5 was in 'n noord, noordoostelike en oostelike rigting. Die
paleovloeirigting vir die Klein- en Groot Hangklip kanaalkomplekse stem min of meer ooreen
met die strukturele grein van die sinklinale laagtes in die omgewing. Die effek en beheer van
komvloer topografie en ander strukturele faktore op afsetting was minimaalop die regionale
ontwikkeling en plaaslike fasies verspreiding van die waaier.
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The Evangelical Church of Central Africa facing socio-ethnic problems: missiological perspectives from the Republic of BurundiHarimenshi, Privat-Biber 06 1900 (has links)
Since independence, Burundi has lost over a million of its inhabitants to ethnic conflict. Political collaboration is divided along ethnic lines and this has destroyed the ethnic solidarity and good social relationships that characterized the pre-colonial period.
Ideally, the mission of the Evangelical Church of Central Africa (ECCA) when faced with Burundi’s tragic and successive socio-ethnic wars should have been to promote peace, social justice, ethnic cohabitation, national reconciliation, respect for human rights, national reconstruction and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being.
The ECCA has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive socio-economic and political transformation of Burundi.
This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic mission according to God’s vision and with the purpose of positively transforming Burundian society. / Christian Spritituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)
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The Evangelical Church of Central Africa facing socio-ethnic problems: missiological perspectives from the Republic of BurundiHarimenshi, Privat-Biber 06 1900 (has links)
Since independence, Burundi has lost over a million of its inhabitants to ethnic conflict. Political collaboration is divided along ethnic lines and this has destroyed the ethnic solidarity and good social relationships that characterized the pre-colonial period.
Ideally, the mission of the Evangelical Church of Central Africa (ECCA) when faced with Burundi’s tragic and successive socio-ethnic wars should have been to promote peace, social justice, ethnic cohabitation, national reconciliation, respect for human rights, national reconstruction and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being.
The ECCA has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive socio-economic and political transformation of Burundi.
This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic mission according to God’s vision and with the purpose of positively transforming Burundian society. / Christian Spritituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)
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Implementace real-time operačního systému uC/OS-II na platformě ARM Cortex-M4 / Implementation of uC/OS-II Real-Time Operating System on ARM Cortex-M4 PlatformAnisimov, Mikhail January 2016 (has links)
This Master's project deals with implementation of uC/OS-II real-time operating system on FITkit 3 platform, its testing and proving its functionality with simple examples. Describes an example of uC/OS-II application for displaying images on a E-ink display and application of ECCA method for increasing fault tolerance of the system.
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