Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pre-eclampsia is a common and dangerous condition of pregnancy. During clinical care the sensitive obstetrician will frequently recognise moral ambiguity and ethical conflicts. It is important to understand the pertinent issues and find ways of resolving them. Counselling is an important element of modern medicine. In deciding which counselling model to apply, clinicians must consider many variables including the particular clinical scenario, strength of evidence, and the justifiable limits of paternalism and autonomy in a position of shared responsibility. Couples have a moral right to procreate even when the pursuit of pregnancy involves significant risks. However, with their understanding of care ethics as well as rights ethics, informed women are well placed to negotiate the extremes of these positions when deciding whether to risk a pregnancy or not. The concept of the “fetal patient” is a helpful one. An autonomous woman may choose to confer or deny this status to her previable fetus, while obstetricians must balance autonomy- and beneficence-based obligations to the pregnant woman with beneficence-based obligations to her fetus. Maternal behaviour that harms the fetus and future child is categorised as maternal-fetal conflict. However, any pregnant woman is morally required to avoid harming the fetus, if this can be done without sacrificing her own important interests. The term non-compliance implies a hierarchical nature in the doctor-patient relationship. This reduces patient agency, erodes trust and conflicts with informed choice. Although sometimes justified, this “label” generally does more harm than good. Expectant management of early pre-eclampsia recognises that neonatal intensive care is an expensive and limited resource. The ultimate goal of expectant management remains the safety of the mother and the delivery of a live infant who will not require intensive and prolonged neonatal care. This judicious use of neonatal intensive care improves distributive justice but by consenting to expectant management as an inpatient, the pregnant woman voluntarily restricts her freedom. The decision is morally undergirded by the value accorded to the viable fetus and the scientific evidence informing the decision. When an extremely preterm, growth restricted fetus requires delivery, resuscitation may become an issue for consideration. The distinction between withholding resuscitation in such cases, or initiating but later withdrawing care is morally irrelevant. Categories of optional and obligatory treatments are more helpful, but perinatologists must determine treatment thresholds through understanding the relevant data and ethics issues. Finally, women do not lose their rights when they become terminally ill. When an undelivered woman is declared brain dead following complications of pre-eclampsia, her doctors and family must formulate clear plans for her and her living fetus. She must still be treated with respect and her right to die with dignity not forgotten. Extension of somatic support to optimise the outcome of her fetus can be supported ethically provided that the fetus is at the threshold of viability, the support is not prolonged (distributive justice), advanced level support is available with a successful outcome likely, and that doctors and family are in clear agreement. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pre-eklampsie is ‘n algemene en gevaarlike toestand van swangerskap. Die verloskundige met ‘n fyn waarnemingsvermoë sal dikwels morele dubbelsinnigheid en etiese konflik tydens kliniese sorg erken. Dit is belangrik om die kernaspekte te verstaan en maniere te vind om dit op te los. Berading is ‘n belangrike komponent van moderne geneeskunde. Tydens besluitneming oor watter model van berading toegepas moet word, moet klinici ‘n aantal veranderlikes teen mekaar opweeg insluitend die spesifieke kliniese senario, sterkte van die getuienis, die geregverdigde perke van paternalisme en outonomie in ‘n posisie van gedeelde verantwoordelikheid. Die egpare het ‘n morele reg om voort te plant selfs wanneer die verlange na swangerskap betekenisvolle risiko’s inhou. Vrouens wat goed ingelig is, het die vermoë om die uiterstes van etiek van sorg en regte teen mekaar op te weeg wanneer hulle besluit om die risiko van swangerskap te loop. Die konsep van “fetus as pasiënt” kan wel tot verdere besluitneming bydra. Die outonome vrou mag self besluit of die fetus daardie status het. Aan die ander kant moet die verloskundige outonomie en goedwilligheid- (“beneficence”) gebasseerde verpligtinge teenoor die swanger vrou opweeg teen die goedwilligheid-gebasseerde verpligting teenoor haar fetus. Moederlike gedrag wat die fetus en toekomstige kind skend, word as ‘n moeder-fetus konflik beskou. Enige swanger vrou is egter moreel verplig om nie die fetus skade te berokken nie, mits dit gedoen kan word sonder die prysgawe van haar eie noodsaaklike belange. Die term “nie-inskiklikheid” (“non-compliance”) impliseer hiërargie in die dokter-pasiëntverhouding. Hierdie hiërargie doen afbreuk aan die besluitneming van die pasiënt, ondermyn vertroue en bots met ingeligte keuses. Alhoewel besluitneming op grond van hiërargies-gebaseerde gesag soms geregverdig is, veroorsaak hierdie kategorisering gewoonlik meer kwaad as goed. Afwagtende hantering van vroeë pre-eklampsie gaan van die standpunt uit dat neonatale intensiewe sorg ‘n duur en skaars hulpbron is. Die uiteindelike doel van afwagtende hantering bly die veiligheid en gesondheid van die ma en die verlossing van ‘n lewendige baba wat nie verlengde intensiewe- en neonatale sorg benodig nie. Hierdie oordeelkundige gebruik van neonatale sorg bevorder distributiewe geregtigheid, maar wanneer sy toestemming gee tot afwagtende behandeling as binnepasiënt, beperk die swanger vrou vrywilliglik haar vryheid. Hierdie besluit word moreel ondersteun deur die waarde wat aan die lewensvatbare fetus toegevoeg word en die wetenskaplike gronde waarop die besluit berus. Wanneer ‘n erge voortydse, groeivertraagde fetus verlossing benodig, word ressussitasie soms iets wat oorweeg moet word. Die onderskeid tussen die weerhouding van ressussitasie in sulke gevalle en die onttrekking van sorg waar dit aanvanklik begin is, is moreel irrelevant. Kategorieë van opsionele en verpligte behandelings is meer behulpsaam, maar perinatoloë moet die behandelingsdrempels bepaal deur die relevante data en etiek te verstaan. Laastens, vroue verloor nie hul regte wanneer hulle terminaal siek word nie. Wanneer die komplikasies van pre-eklampsie breindood van die vrou veroorsaak voor die verlossing van haar baba, moet haar dokters en familie duidelike planne vir die hantering van haar en haar fetus ontwikkel. Sy moet nogsteeds met respek behandel word en haar reg om met waardigheid te sterf, mag nie uit die oog verloor word nie. Verlenging van die ondersteuning van lewensfunksies om die uitkoms van haar fetus te verbeter, kan eties ondersteun word, mits die fetus na aan lewensvatbaarheid is, die ondersteuning nie te lank duur nie (distributiewe geregtigheid), gevorderde ondersteuning beskikbaar is met ‘n goeie kans vir suksesvolle uitkoms en dat die dokters en familie ten volle saamstem.

Apesar de sua importância clínica e epidemiológica, a fisiopatologia da préeclâmpsia ainda não foi completamente compreendida. Sabe-se que a doença constitui-se de uma fase pré-clínica e um estágio clínico. Durante a última década muito esforço tem se concentrado na identificação precoce da doença, ainda em sua fase pré-clínica. A literatura científica tem demonstrado claramente um desequilíbrio na regulação da angiogênese das gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, marcado por níveis elevados do fator antiangiogênico soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) e níveis diminuídos do fator pró-angiogênico placental growth fator (PlGF). Embora um número crescente de estudos em populações de alto risco tenha avaliado o papel desses biomarcadores no diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia, dados sobre sua utilização para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, cujo diagnóstico pode ser particularmente difícil, permanecem relativamente escassos e controversos. Com o presente estudo pretendemos avaliar o desempenho de medidas seriadas dos níveis maternos circulantes dos fatores sFlt-1 e PlGF, bem como da razão sFlt-1/PlGF, para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada e compará-lo ao seu desempenho na predição de pré-eclâmpsia em sua forma \"pura\", não superajuntada. Para este propósito, estudamos uma coorte prospectiva composta de dois braços, um de gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica e outro de gestantes normotensas, e avaliamos os níveis séricos de sFlt-1 e de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/PlGF nas idades gestacionais de 20, 26, 32 e 36 semanas, tendo como desfecho principal o diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia. Um total de 97 gestantes foram acompanhadas, 37 normotensas e 60 com hipertensão arterial crônica. Entre elas, 4 (10,8%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia e 14 (23,3%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Para predição de pré-eclâmpsia, a análise ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) apresentou área sob a curva (AUC - area under curve) de 0,83 (IC 95% = 0,68-0,99, P = 0,035) para dosagem de PlGF com 20 semanas e AUC = 0,92 (IC 95% = 0,81 - 1,00, P = 0,007) para a razão sFlt-1/PlGF com 26 semanas de gestação. A variação percentual dos níveis de PlGF entre 26 e 32 semanas de gestação apresentou AUC = 0,96 (IC de 95% = 0,89-1,00, P = 0,003). Para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, a razão sFlt-1/PIGF na idade gestacional de 32 semanas apresentou AUC = 0,69 (IC de 95% = 0,53-0,85, P = 0,039). Entre 20 e 26 semanas de gestação, a variação percentual do PIGF e da razão sFlt-1/PlGF apresentaram, respectivamente, AUC = 0,74 (IC de 95% = 0,58-0,90, P = 0,018) e AUC = 0,71 (IC 95% = 0,52-0,91, P = 0,034). Por nossos resultados podemos concluir que, embora os níveis de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/ PlGF tenham apresentado bons desempenhos na predição de pré-eclâmpsia, é preciso ter cuidado ao usá-los para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Nessas gestantes, a dosagem dos fatores angiogênicos apresenta capacidade de predição menor e mais tardia. Avaliações seriadas dos fatores podem melhorar o desempenho dos testes para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada em idades gestacionais mais precoces / Despite being a major public health problem, the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is incompletely understood. Preeclampsia progression comprises a pre-clinical stage and a clinical stage. During the last decade much work has focused on identifying the pre-clinical stage of preeclampsia. Many researchers have clearly demonstrated an anti-angiogenic imbalance that is marked by higher levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and lower levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) in the subjects who develop preeclampsia compared with those who do not. Although a growing number of studies in the high-risk population have shown the role of these biomarkers in diagnosing preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, which can be a challenging diagnosis, remains partially understudied and the literature regarding this subject continues to be relatively scarce as well as controversial. By this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of serial measurements of maternal circulating sFlt-1 and PlGF levels for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia in chronic hypertensive subjects and to compare it to the prediction of preeclampsia in normotensive control subjects. For this purpose, we evaluated a two-armed prospective cohort of women with normotensive and chronic hypertensive pregnancies and assessed the serum levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at gestational ages of 20, 26, 32 and 36 weeks, having preeclampsia as the primary outcome to be predicted. A total of 97 women were followed-up, 37 in the normotensive group and 60 in the chronic hypertensive group. Among them, 4 (10.8%) women developed preeclampsia and 14 (23.3%) developed superimposed preeclampsia. For predicting preeclampsia, PlGF at 20 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.83 (CI 95% = 0.68 - 0.99, P=0.035) and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 26 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.92 (CI95% = 0.81 - 1.00, P=0.007). The percent change of the PlGF levels between 26 and 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.96 (CI 95% = 0.89 - 1.00, P=0.003). For predicting superimposed preeclampsia, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.69 (CI 95% = 0.53 - 0.85, P=0.039). Between 20 and 26 gestational weeks, the percent change of PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio presented, respectively, an AUC=0.74 (CI 95% = 0.58 - 0.90, P=0.018) and an AUC=0.71 (CI 95% = 0.52 - 0.91, P=0.034). By our results, we concluded that, although the PlGF level and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio present good performances in the prediction of preeclampsia, caution is required when using them for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia. Sequential assessments slightly improve the test performances for predicting superimposed preeclampsia at earlier gestational ages

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Carolina Barbara - AVALIAÇÃO DE POLIMORFISMOS NO.pdf: 2844302 bytes, checksum: d3ce9355ae4a9633c9b9e0c88ce683c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS-Fiocruz) / Cerca de 10-15% das causas de mortalidade e morbidade materna em países desenvolvidos e 37% das causas de morte obstétricas diretas no Brasil podem ser associadas à pré-eclâmpsia. A pré-eclâmpsia é uma patologia multissistêmica definida por uma hipertensão associada a uma proteinúria, após a 20ª semana de gestação. As manifestações clínicas desta doença podem se apresentar como uma síndrome materna ou fetal e de acordo com a gravidade podem ser classificadas em leve ou severa e de início precoce ou tardio. Apesar do conhecimento limitado sobre esta patologia, existem fortes evidências de envolvimento do componente genético na etiologia da pré-eclâmpsia. O fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF) desempenha um papel importante na regulação do crescimento, proliferação e diferenciação celular, através da ligação ao seu receptor, o EGFR. Acredita-se que este fator esteja relacionado com a regulação do crescimento e da função placentária durante a gestação. Variações na sequência do DNA desses genes podem levar a uma alteração nos níveis de transcrição gênica e, como consequência, ser responsável por mudanças nos níveis de produção e/ou atividade desses fatores. O polimorfismo EGF +61 G>A está associado com a produção in vitro da proteína EGF e os polimorfismos EGFR -216 G>T e -191 C>A estão correlacionados a mudanças na atividade do promotor e na expressão de RNAm desse gene. O objetivo geral do nosso estudo foi avaliar uma possível associação entre polimorfismos funcionais nos genes EGF (+61 G>A) e EGFR (-216 G>T e -191 C>A) e a susceptibilidade à pré-eclâmpsia severa na população de gestantes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, através de um estudo caso-controle. Como objetivos específicos, além de analisarmos uma possível interação entre os polimorfismos no desenvolvimento da pré-eclâmpsia severa, buscamos associar os polimorfismos ao histórico familiar da doença. O estudo foi composto por dois grupos, pareados por etnia: um grupo caso composto por 98 mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia severa e um grupo controle com 98 mulheres saudáveis. Os polimorfismos EGF (+61 G>A) e EGFR (-216 G>T e -191 C>A) foram avaliados pela reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida por análise de polimorfismos por tamanho de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP). As variáveis categóricas, frequências alélicas e genotípicas foram comparadas através do teste do exato de Fisher, e o teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparação das variáveis contínuas em cada grupo. Os resultados demonstram que o alelo A do polimorfismo -191 do gene EGFR está associado com a susceptibilidade à pré-eclâmpsia severa (p<0,05). Não houve associação significativa entre os outros polimorfismos (EGF +61 G>A e EGFR -216 G>T) e a susceptibilidade à pré-eclâmpsia severa (p>0,05), assim como também não foi encontrada relação entre a interação dos polimorfismos, histórico familiar e o desenvolvimento da pré-eclâmpsia severa. Além desses resultados, também foram encontradas diferenças significativas ao avaliarmos as características demográficas e clínicas entre os grupos. Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar associações entre pré-eclâmpsia severa e os polimorfismos -216 G>T e -191C>A do gene EGFR e o primeiro estudo na população brasileira a investigar a associação do polimorfismo EGF +61 G>A e a doença. Com esse achado, podemos sugerir que o polimorfismo, o -191C>A do gene EGFR, possa ser o responsável por alguma regulação na produção do EGFR, e que através dessa regulação possa desempenhar algum papel importante na susceptibilidade à pré-eclâmpsia severa em mulheres do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / About 10-15% of maternal deaths in development countries and approximately 37% of direct obstetrics deaths in Brazil can be assigned to preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder that usually occurs after 20 week of pregnancy and it is determined by the presence of hypertension associated with proteinuria. The clinical findings of preeclampsia can manifest as either a maternal syndrome or fetal syndrome. In addition, the preeclampsia can be classified as mild to severe, and in early or late-onset preeclampsia. Despite the limited knowledge of this pathology, there is a strong evidence of involvement of the genetic component in the etiology of preeclampsia. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in regulating cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, through binding its receptor, EGFR. Evidences suggest that this growth factor and its receptor are involved in growth regulation of placental function during the pregnancy. Variations in the DNA sequence in the EGF and EGFR genes can lead to an altered gene transcription and consequently can be responsible for changes in production and/or activity of these factors. The EGF +61 G>A polymorphism is significantly associated with in-vitro EGF protein production and the EGFR -216 G>T and -191 C>A polymorphisms are correlated with changes in promoter activity and expression of EGFR mRNA. The aim of this study was to verify the association between EGF +61 G>A, EGFR -216 G>T and -191 C>A polymorphisms and susceptibility to severe preeclampsia in the population of Rio de Janeiro through a case-control design. The specific objectives were to assess the association between these polymorphisms and the history family of preeclampsia, and also to analyze a possible interaction among these polymorphisms on the development of severe preeclampsia. The study was composed by two groups matched by ethnicity: the case group with 98 women with severe preeclampsia and the control group with 98 healthy women. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses (PCR-RFLP) were performed to genotype EGF +61 G>A, EGFR -216 G>T and -191 C>A polymorphisms. Categorical variables, allelic and genotype frequencies were compared in each group applying Fisher´s exact test and a Student t test was used for continuous variables. The results showed that the A allele of the -191 C>A polymorphism of the EGFR gene is associated with susceptibility to severe preeclampsia (P<0,05). There were no significant association between severe preeclampsia and +61 G>A EGF and -216 G>T EGFR polymorphisms (P>0,05), as well as no correlation was found between the interaction of these polymorphisms, history family and the development of severe preeclampsia. We also found differences when we evaluated demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups. This is the first study to assess the associations between -191 C>A and -216 G>T EGFR genetics polymorphisms and severe preeclampsia and the first study in Brazilian population to investigate the association between +61 G>A EGF polymorphism and severe preeclampsia. These findings suggest that the polymorphism-191C>A of the EGFR gene may be responsible for some regulation in the production of the EGFR, and that through this regulation this polymorphism might play an important role in the susceptibility to severe preeclampsia in women from Rio de Janeiro.

<p>Biochemical and epidemiological aspects of pre-eclampsia were investigated, with the main focus on possible pathophysiological differences between early-onset and late-onset disease.</p><p>In pre-eclamptic women poor correlation was found between albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a random urine sample and total amount of albumin in a 24-hour urine collection. <i>(Paper I)</i><b> </b></p><p>In a cohort of women giving birth in Sweden in 1973-82 we estimated the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) during the years 1987–2001. The adjusted IRR for development of IHD was 1.6-2.8 in woman exposed to gestational hypertensive disease during her pregnancy compared with unexposed women. The higher risk represents more severe or recurrent hypertensive disease. <i>(Paper II)</i></p><p>Before delivery, in early-onset pre-eclampsia (24-32 weeks) there were pronounced alterations in plasma concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), and also a higher placental 8-iso-PGF_2α concentration and an elevated serum ratio of plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 to PAI-2 compared with early controls. In late-onset pre-eclampsia (35-42 weeks) there were only moderate alterations in sFlt1 and PlGF concentrations, and the placental 8-iso-PGF_2α concentration and PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio were similar to those in late controls. <i>(Papers III, V)</i> There was a rapid postpartum decrease in sFlt1 concentration in all groups. One week postpartum the sFlt1 concentration was persistently higher, however, in women with early-onset pre-eclampsia compared with early controls. <i>(Paper IV)</i></p><p>In conclusion: random ACR cannot replace 24-hour urine collections for quantification of albuminuria in pre-eclamptic women; gestational hypertensive disease, especially severe or recurrent, increases the risk for later IHD; early-onset, but not late-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with pronounced alterations of angiogenesis-related markers and only early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with placental oxidative stress and an increased PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio, all suggesting a stronger link between early-onset than late-onset pre-eclampsia and a dysfunctional placenta.</p>

Biochemical and epidemiological aspects of pre-eclampsia were investigated, with the main focus on possible pathophysiological differences between early-onset and late-onset disease. In pre-eclamptic women poor correlation was found between albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a random urine sample and total amount of albumin in a 24-hour urine collection. (Paper I)<b> </b> In a cohort of women giving birth in Sweden in 1973-82 we estimated the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) during the years 1987–2001. The adjusted IRR for development of IHD was 1.6-2.8 in woman exposed to gestational hypertensive disease during her pregnancy compared with unexposed women. The higher risk represents more severe or recurrent hypertensive disease. (Paper II) Before delivery, in early-onset pre-eclampsia (24-32 weeks) there were pronounced alterations in plasma concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), and also a higher placental 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and an elevated serum ratio of plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 to PAI-2 compared with early controls. In late-onset pre-eclampsia (35-42 weeks) there were only moderate alterations in sFlt1 and PlGF concentrations, and the placental 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio were similar to those in late controls. (Papers III, V) There was a rapid postpartum decrease in sFlt1 concentration in all groups. One week postpartum the sFlt1 concentration was persistently higher, however, in women with early-onset pre-eclampsia compared with early controls. (Paper IV) In conclusion: random ACR cannot replace 24-hour urine collections for quantification of albuminuria in pre-eclamptic women; gestational hypertensive disease, especially severe or recurrent, increases the risk for later IHD; early-onset, but not late-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with pronounced alterations of angiogenesis-related markers and only early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with placental oxidative stress and an increased PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio, all suggesting a stronger link between early-onset than late-onset pre-eclampsia and a dysfunctional placenta.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.

Objective: to evaluate the risk of obstetric and perinatal outcomes in teenage pregnancy in comparison with adult pregnancy. Methods: retrospective cohort study of 67.693 pregnant women attended in a public hospital in Lima between 2000 and 2010. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. The adolescent group was divided in late adolescents (15-20 years), and early adolescents (<15 years) and was compared among the adult group (20-35 years). Adjusted odds ratios were calculated by education, civil status, prenatal care, previous pregnancies, parity, and pre-gesta-tional BMI. Results: higher risk of cesarean (OR=1,28; CI95%=1,07-1,53) and puerperal infection (OR=1,72; CI95%=1,17-2,53) was found in teenager under 15 years old; as well as higher risk of episiotomy (OR=1,34; CI95%=1,29-1,40) in late teenagers. In addition, this study identified a lower risk of teenage pregnancy for preeclampsia (OR=0,90; CI95%=0,85-0,97), 2nd half-pregnancy bleeding (OR=0,80; CI95%=0,71-0,92), premature rupture of membranes(OR=0,83; CI95%=0,79-0,87), preterm labor (OR=0,87; CI95%=0,80-0,94) and vaginal tearing (OR=0,86; CI95%=0,79-0,93). Conclusion: pregnancy behaves as a risk factor for some obstetric outcomes in the adolescent group, especially in the youngest ones. In addition to maternal age, there are other factors that constitute the need to form multidisciplinary teams to reduce obstetric outcomes in this population. / diego.maticorena@gmail.com / Objetivos: analizar el riesgo de complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales en adolescentes embarazadas en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de 67.693 gestantes atendidas en el período 2000-2010. Se evaluó complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales. Las adolescentes se clasificaron en tardías (15-19 años) y tempranas (< 15 años) y se compararon con las adultas (20-35 años). Se calculó OR ajustados por educación, estado civil, control prenatal, gestaciones previas, paridad e IMC pregestacional. Resultados: se encontró mayor riesgo de cesárea (OR=1,28; IC95%=1,07-1,53) e infección puerperal (OR=1,72; IC95%=1,17-2,53) en las adolescentes menores de 15 años, así como mayor riesgo (OR=1,34; IC95%=1,29-1,40)de episiotomía en las adolescentes tardías. Asimismo, se identificó un menor riesgo del embarazo adolescente para preeclampsia (OR=0,90; IC95%=0,85-0,97), hemorragia de la 2da mitad del embarazo (OR=0,80; IC95%=0,71-0,92), ruptura prematura de membranas (OR=0,83; IC95%=0,79-0,87), amenaza de parto pretérmino (OR=0,87; IC95%=0,80-0,94) y desgarro vaginal (OR= 0,86; IC95%=0,79-0,93). Conclusión: el embarazo se comporta como factor de riesgo para ciertas complicaciones obstétricas en la población adolescente, especialmente en las adolescentes tempranas. Existen además otros factores, que sumados a la edad materna, constituyen la necesidad de formar equipos multidis-ciplinarios para reducir complicaciones obstétricas en esta población. / Revisión por pares

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaCFMB.pdf: 373126 bytes, checksum: 359c5249b6f868d7e2bf1418acaf9bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / To determine whether there is familiar aggregation of severe preeclampsia in a Brazilian population from Rio Grande do Norte and to characterize the maternal and perinatal outcomes in the studied population. Methods: A case control study was performed with 412 participants who were admitted at Maternidade Escola Janu?rio Cicco (MEJC) for medical care. Of these, 264 subjects presented normal blood pressure and 148 were cases. Cases were composed of eclampsia (n=47), HELLP Syndrome (n=85) and Eclampsia associated with HELLP syndrome (n=16). The diagnosis of these illness were based on the citeria developed by National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working (2000). An interview was performed with each subject and questions related to personal and familiar history of hypertension, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome and eclampsia. Statistical analysis was performed and comparison of median and mean between cases and controls were performed, with the level of significance of 5%. The Odds-Ratio was determined to estimate the risk of preeclampsia within the families. Results: There were no difference in the demographic data between cases and controls. Previous history of chronic hypertension and preeclampsia was more frequent in the case group. Headaches were more frequent in eclampsia and epigastric pain in the HELLP syndrome cases. Bleeding and oliguria were more frequently found in the eclampsia associated with HELLP syndrome cases. Acute Renal insufficiency was a common complication in the case group, but these cases did not evolve to chronic renal insufficiency. The maternal mortality was 0.4% and the perinatal mortality was high, 223 per 1,000 live births. The 111 risk of a woman to develop preeclampsia whose mother has hypertension or had preeclampsia was respectively 2.5 and 3.5. This risk was increased 5 times, when a sibling has hypertension and 6 times when both sibling and mother had previous history of preeclampsia. Conclusions: This study confirms that there is familiar aggregation of preeclampsia in this Brazilian population. The potential for cardiovascular complications due to development of chronic hypertension indicates the need of closely follow up of women who develop preeclampsia / Determinar a agrega??o familiar na pr?-ecl?mpsia severa em popula??o brasileira do Rio Grande do Norte e caracterizar os resultados maternos e perinatais desta popula??o. M?todos: Estudo de caso controle, no qual foram arroladas 412 pacientes internadas na Maternidade Escola Janu?rio Cicco (MEJC). Dessas, 264 pacientes normotensas, grupo controle, e 148 com pr?-ecl?mpsia severa, grupo dos casos. Os casos foram compostos por ecl?mpsia (n=47), s?ndrome HELLP (n=85) e por ambas, ecl?mpsia e s?ndrome HELLP (n=16). O diagn?stico, destas doen?as, foram baseados nos crit?rios adotados pelo National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working (2000). Foi realizado inqu?rito familiar quanto ? agrega??o familiar, sendo questionadas informa??es a respeito de antecedentes de hipertens?o cr?nica, pr?-ecl?mpsia, ecl?mpsia e s?ndrome HELLP. An?lise estat?stica foi realizada para avaliar associa??es e correla??es entre vari?veis, bem como compara??o de m?dias ou medianas, adotando-se um n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. O Odds-Ratio foi calculado para estimar o risco da pr?-ecl?mpsia severa nas fam?lias. Resultados: N?o houve diferen?a nos par?metros demogr?ficos entre casos e controles. A hist?ria pr?via de hipertens?o cr?nica e pr?-ecl?mpsia foram mais frequentes nas pacientes com pr?-ecl?mpsia severa. A cefal?ia foi o sintoma mais freq?ente na ecl?mpsia e a epigastralgia na s?ndrome HELLP. A hemorragia e a olig?ria foram mais presentes quando associado ecl?mpsia e s?ndrome HELLP. A insufici?ncia renal aguda foi uma complica??o freq?ente, sem, no entanto, evoluir para a insufici?ncia renal cr?nica. A mortalidade xii materna foi baixa 0,4% e a mortalidade perinatal alta de 223 por 1000 nascidos vivos. O risco de uma mulher, cuja m?e teve hipertens?o ou pr?-ecl?mpsia, vir a ter pr?-ecl?mpsia ?, respectivamente, 2,5 e 3,5 vezes. Esse risco aumenta para cinco vezes, quando a irm? tem antecedente de hipertens?o e seis vezes quando, tanto a m?e quanto a irm? t?m antecedentes de pr?-ecl?mpsia. Conclus?es: Este estudo confirma a agrega??o familiar da pr?-ecl?mpsia em popula??o brasileira. O risco aumentado para doen?as cardiovasculares e hipertens?o cr?nica nestas mulheres, indica a necessidade de seguimento das pacientes que desenvolvem pr?-ecl?mpsia

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-26T15:26:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EricoDeLimaVale_DISSERT.pdf: 1912656 bytes, checksum: d9fad5e12618fef8d0405ac649e8f9df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-26T15:45:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EricoDeLimaVale_DISSERT.pdf: 1912656 bytes, checksum: d9fad5e12618fef8d0405ac649e8f9df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T15:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EricoDeLimaVale_DISSERT.pdf: 1912656 bytes, checksum: d9fad5e12618fef8d0405ac649e8f9df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 / Objetivos: Realizar um ciclo de melhoria da qualidade em uma unidade de terapia intensiva materna (UTIM) e avaliar seu impacto na assist?ncia multiprofissional ?s pacientes com doen?as hipertensivas gestacionais (DHG). M?todos: Foi realizado um ciclo de melhoria de maio a julho de 2015; os per?odos pr? e p?s interven??o foram de janeiro a abril e de agosto a outubro do mesmo ano, respectivamente. Os crit?rios definidos para avalia??o foram: (1) solicita??o de exames laboratoriais quando da admiss?o na UTIM; (2) solicita??o de ultrassom obst?trico quando da admiss?o na UTIM; (3) controle de picos press?rico com uso de Hidralazina intravenosa;(4) uso de anti-hipertensivos orais para controle press?rico; (5) uso de Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA) ou Bloqueadores do Receptor da Angiotensina (BRA); (6) restri??o h?drica intravenosa; (7) indica??o do corticoide Betametasona em pacientes com idade gestacional menor que 35 semanas; (8) uso do sulfato de magn?sio (MgSO4) e (9) manuten??o do MgSO4 no p?s parto. Todas as mulheres admitidas na UTIM com diagn?stico de DHG nos per?odos pr? e p?s interven??o foram eleg?veis para o estudo. Foram analisadas as admiss?es antes (50) e ap?s (50) a realiza??o do ciclo de melhoria da qualidade. O desfecho avaliado foi a taxa de adequa??o total e individual das recomenda??es baseadas em evid?ncias nas pacientes com DHG. Em cada avalia??o foram calculados os intervalos de confian?a de 95% para as estimativas de conformidade, suas diferen?as absoluta e relativa e o valor Z (uma cauda), sendo considerado significativo valor de p <0,05. Resultados: Houve aumento da taxa total de adequa??o dos crit?rios (p1=88+3%, p2=92+1%; p=0,018) e solicita??o de ultrassom fetal (p1=72+10%, p2=88+4%; p=0,023), e redu??o no uso de anti-hipertensivos orais (p1=100%, p2=94+3%; p=0,039), n?o houve altera??es significativas nos demais crit?rios. Conclus?o: A realiza??o de um ciclo de melhoria est? associado a um aumento na taxa de ades?o as recomenda??es baseadas em evid?ncia para o tratamento de pacientes com DHG. / Objectives: To conduct a quality improvement cycle in a maternal intensive care unit (MICU) and assess their impact on multidisciplinary care for patients with gestational hypertensive disease (GHD). Methods: An improvement cycle was conducted from May to July 2015; pre and post intervention were from January to April and from August to October of that year, respectively. The criteria for evaluation were: (1) request for laboratory tests at admission in MICU; (2) obstetrical ultrasound request when admission to the MICU; (3) control of pressure peaks with the use of intravenous hydralazine; (4) use of oral antihypertensive drugs for blood pressure control; (5) use of inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs); (6) intravenous fluid restriction; (7) indication of betamethasone steroids in patients with gestational age less than 35 weeks; (8) use of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and (9) MgSO4 maintenance postpartum. All women admitted in MICU diagnosed with GHD pre and post intervention were eligible for the study. The implementation of the recommendations was investigated before (n = 50) and after (n = 50) the implementation of the quality improvement cycle. The primary outcome was the rate of overall and individual adherence to evidence-based recommendations in patients with GHD. In each evaluation were calculated 95% confidence intervals for the estimates of compliance, their absolute and relative differences and the Z value (one tail), being considered significant an p <0.05. Results: There was increase in total adherence ratio (p1 = 88 + 3%, p2 = 92 + 1%; p = 0.018) and individual fetal ultrasound request (p1 = 72 + 10%, p2 = 88 + 4%; p = 0.023), and a reduced use of oral anti-hypertensives (p1 = 100%, p2 = 94 + 3%; p = 0.039), there were no significant changes in other criteria. Conclusion: The completion of a quality improvement cycle was associated with an increase in the adhesion rate of the evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of patients with GHD.