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Children around the world suffer greatly due to conflicts. One of the most common interventions to support children affected by conflicts are Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). Implemented within different cultural contexts, CFSs aim to be both culturally sensitive and contribute to gender equality, an interaction that can be complex. Previous research regarding CFSs is limited. As CFSs are commonly used in Humanitarian Action, further knowledge is central.This thesis aims to explore and compare how culture and gender appropriate responses in CFSs guidelines and manuals are expressed in order to gain an increased understanding of how these guidelines handle the interaction between gender norms in different cultures.In this study I discuss six CFSs guidelines and manuals by conducting comparative analysis and applying the Ecological Resilience Framework.The result suggests that culture and gender appropriate responses are central in all guidelines and manuals but emphasized in different ways. The participation of children, families and communities, as well as the adaption of activities, are all strategies aimed at cultural sensitivity. The result also entails that the equal inclusion of all children is a general gender appropriate approach. In addition, I claim that the main intervention, aiming to be both gender and culture appropriate, is separated groups between boys and girls. Finally, I argue that gender and culture may clash due to different perceptions of gender and culture appropriate responses.

The return of Māori land to a productive role in the New Economy entails the innovation and diffusion of technologies relevant to the sustainable development of this land. Sustainable development requires substantive changes to current land and resource use to mitigate environmental degradation and contribute to ecological and sociological resilience. Such innovation is emerging in 'New Economic Space' where concerns for cultural resilience have arisen as political-economic strategies of the New Economy converge within a global economic space. New Economic Space comprises policy, technology and institutional innovations that attempt to influence economic activity, thus directly engaging with local 'place-based' expressions of geohistorically unique knowledge and identity. This thesis approaches contemporary Māori development from three perspectives. First, by viewing the changing links between ecosystems and communities as examples of innovation diffusion, the evolution of relevant policies, technologies and institutions can be examined for their impact upon Māori resilience. Second, such innovation diffusion can be described as a form of regional development, acknowledging the integral role of traditional territories in Māori identity and culture as well as the distinct legislative and governance contexts by which this land is developed. Third, by incorporating the geohistorical uniqueness of Māori ideas, values and beliefs, standard concepts of political-economy can be reformulated to show an explicit cultural economy – Māori Traditional Economic Space – in which Māori horticulturalists participate in parallel with the New Economy. Two methods are used in the analysis of the participation by Māori horticulturalists in New Economic Space. Fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA) allows the rigorous investigation of small-N studies of limited diversity for their partial membership in nominated sets. This thesis uses fs/QCA to organise theoretical and substantive knowledge of each case study to score its membership in agri-food networks, Māori institutions and post-production strategies, allowing the identification of causal configurations that lead to greater resilience for Māori growers and their communities. The second method is Actor-Network Theory (ANT) that incorporates elements of nature and society, showing the extensive and dynamic entwinement that exists between the two. ANT describes the enrolment of diverse 'actants' by a range of eco-social institutions and the subsequent translation of the resulting assemblages into resilience strategies. The results of this research first show a 'System of Provision' (SOP) in which Māori development strategies converge with non-Māori attempts to expand research and marketing programmes. These programmes seek to implement added-value strategies in supplying novel horticultural products within New Economic Space; parallel 'cultural logics' ensure food is supplied to traditional Māori institutions according to the cultural logics of Māori. In addition to this finding, results also show that the participation of Māori growers in New Economic Space can paradoxically lead to an expansion of the Traditional Economic Space of Māori. This expansion is not simply contingent upon configurations of policy, technology, and institutional innovations that originate in New Economic Space but is directed by Māori cultural logics, located in Māori territories but seeking innovations from an amorphous universal 'core'. The interface between the global New Economy and the localities of a Māori cultural economy is defined by the 'interrogation' of these innovations, and innovators, through eco-cultural institutions in their diffusion to and from Māori land, Māori resources and Māori people. Within the boundaries of this interrogation border resides a malleable assemblage of actants, enrolled by Māori as components of resilience strategies, which can lead to the endurance of Māori culture.

The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e.g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4175.pdf: 5543574 bytes, checksum: 6ad253555867a94756824560171065d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In this study we present the case of Ilha Diana caiçara community (Santos, Brazil), which is passing through significant transformations as the artisanal fishing activity declines and the industrial-port complex expands through this territory. We discuss which elements configure adaptability and resilience to the social-ecological system that evolves the Ilha Diana caiçara community in order to build resilience. The aims were the qualitative identification of caiçara cultural aspects, of social mechanisms and management traditional practices of the fishing resources and their transformations (1), as well as the analysis of the social-technological net logique d action composed by the emergent controversy of the environmental licensing of a modern port terminal (2). Proceeding the first analysis, we adopted an ethnoecological approach interviewing 20 Ilha Diana inhabitants (9% of the resident population), with ages varying from 18 to 90 years, respecting the equity between genders. Proceeding the second analysis, ten social stakeholders evolved at the controversy of port expansion were interviewed. Particular aspects of caiçara culture were identified at Ilha Diana territory, as its social organization linked to fishery and the self-recognition of this culture. We identified seven fishing management practices based on the local ecological knowledge, four social mechanisms connected to those practices, three innovation technological practices and the extinction of a traditional practice of selective fishery. The intergenerational loss of ecological knowledge and its linked social mechanisms can decrease resilience in this social-ecological system. However, the social mechanisms here identified may be a counterbalance to the negative aspects of crisis, promoting the re-organization of the system. We also noticed that the commercial and industrial logique d action , dominant worldviews within the ambit of the studied territory exert a negative influence for the maintenance of fishing practices and caiçara social mechanisms of Ilha Diana. The civic, domestic and opinion logics are only the counterpoint to the dominant views, as social-environmental conditions to licensing process of significant environmental impact undertakings. Thus we could not observe a real translation process of the analyzed licensing merely a process of negotiating conditions resulting in suspicions and conflicts which demonstrated that the concerning net is not wide, strengthened, attentive and clear. Then, we conclude that the promotion of resilience within the ambit of the studied social-ecological system will depend on the adaptive ability of the community, starting with sustainable socioeconomic practices, as, for instance, those based on their cultural upgrading. We think that it will also depend on debates with wide popular participation about the Santos estuarine portuary development projects, on a clear way, in terms of strengthening the concerning nets and elevate the vigilance upon them. / Apresentamos neste estudo o caso da comunidade caiçara da Ilha Diana, a qual passa por transformações devido ao declínio da pesca artesanal e à expansão do complexo industrialportuário no estuário de Santos - SP. Discutimos quais elementos configuram adaptatividade e resiliência no sistema socioecológico que envolve a comunidade da Ilha Diana para que a sustentabilidade seja construída. Para tal, foram objetivos: (1) a identificação qualitativa dos aspectos da cultura caiçara, dos mecanismos sociais e práticas tradicionais de manejo dos recursos pesqueiros e suas transformações; (2) a analise das lógicas de ação da rede sociotécnica formada pela emergência da controvérsia do licenciamento ambiental de um moderno terminal portuário. Para a primeira análise, nos valemos de uma abordagem etnoecológica entrevistando 20 residentes da Ilha Diana (9% da população total), com idades variando de 18 a 90 anos, respeitando-se a equidade entre gêneros. Para a segunda análise, foram entrevistados dez atores sociais envolvidos na controvérsia da expansão portuária. Foram identificados aspectos próprios da cultura caiçara no território da Ilha Diana, como sua organização social interligada à pesca e o auto-reconhecimento de sua cultura. Identificamos sete práticas de manejo pesqueiro baseadas no conhecimento ecológico local, quatro mecanismos sociais atrelados às tais práticas, três processo de inovação tecnológica e a extinção de uma prática de pesca tradicional seletiva. A perda intergeracional de conhecimento ecológico e dos mecanismos sociais atrelados pode ocasionar na redução de resiliência. Todavia, os mecanismos sociais identificados poderão contrabalançar aspectos negativos do processo de mudança e crise, promovendo a reorganização do sistema. Também identificamos que as lógicas de ação comerciais e industriais, visões de mundo dominantes no território estudado, interferem negativamente na manutenção das práticas pesqueiras e mecanismos sociais caiçaras da Ilha Diana. As lógicas cívica, doméstica e de opinião apenas exercem o contraponto às visões dominantes, na forma de condicionantes socioambientais aos processos de licenciamento de empreendimentos com significativo impacto ambiental. Desta forma, não foi observado um real processo de tradução do licenciamento analisado, apenas um processo de negociação de condicionantes, que resultou em desconfianças, conflitos, demonstrando que a rede em questão não é ampla, fortalecida, vigilante e transparente. Conclui-se que a promoção de resiliência no sistema socioecológico estudado dependerá da capacidade adaptativa da comunidade, a partir de práticas socioeconômicas sustentáveis, como aquelas baseadas na valorização de sua cultura. Dependerá também de que os projetos de expansão portuária no estuário de Santos sejam debatidos com ampla participação popular, de forma transparente, com vistas a fortalecer as redes e elevar sua vigilância.

The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e.g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.

Amsterdam and Dhaka are two cities that represent the global north and the global south respectively. Both cities are, because of climate change, prone to heavy rain that can lead to flooding. Due to the fact that global north and global south are facing different challenges when it comes to implementing urban resilience, in combination with lack understanding of how policy of urban resilience is created, it leads to question if the global north and global south differ regarding their understanding of urban resilience. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare narratives of urban resilience in Amsterdam and Dhaka to explore if the understanding of urban resilience in various documents differ between the global north and global south. Therefore, the study aimed to provide an understanding of whether who describes urban resilience is important for how urban resilience is presented. This study applied socio-ecological theory to explain whether the strategies implemented can be characterized as transformative or adaptive approach to urban resilience. Further, the study was conducted using qualitative narrative analysis. Finally, this study shows that narrative of urban resilience differs between Amsterdam and Dhaka, which indicates that the narrator has an impact on the presentation of urban resilience. The study also shows that narrative of urban resilience has an impact on which strategies are employed. Finally, power also plays an important role in crisis management.

La recherche vise à établir si les modes de gestion des ressources naturelles et sociales des producteurs familiaux, dont les exploitations sont majoritairement de petite taille, ont pu contribuer à la construction de systèmes de production et de paysages durables. Quelles stratégies ces paysans mettent-ils en œuvre pour garantir les conditions de production de leurs fermes, de reproduction de leurs familles, et de conservation des ressources naturelles ? Ensuite, peut-on découvrir dans ces stratégies des pistes pour la conception de systèmes durables ? Notre étude a été menée dans une zone tropicale des Andes du nord située en territoire colombien, sur les communes de Riosucio et Supia, département du Caldas. Lors de la crise du café (années 1990), les producteurs vont réagir de manières diverses. Une réaction particulièrement intéressante, que nous analysons en profondeur, est la proposition de l'Association des producteurs indigènes et paysans de Riosucio et Supia, ASPROINCA : recomposition des systèmes productifs, recherche de la durabilité par une diversification des stratégies fondées sur une approche agro-écologique et une gestion intégrée des systèmes productifs, et renforcement du capital social et humain. Au-delà des unités d'exploitation, la proposition est élargie à l'espace du micro-bassin et au paysage régional, ce qui implique la coexistence avec d'autres formes de production, la conclusion d'accords sur la gestion des ressources d'usage commun, en particulier l'eau, et la mise en œuvre de pratiques partagées pour leur conservation. / The research aims to establish how the modes of management of natural and social resources of family farmers whose holdings are generally small, have contributed to the construction of sustainable production systems and landscapes.Which are the strategies developed these producers to guarantee the production and reproduction conditions of their farms, their families, and conservation of natural resources? And, is it possible to discover in these strategies, elements for the design of sustainable systems? Our study was carried out in a tropical zone of the Northern Andes, located in Colombia in the municipalities of Riosucio, Supia, Department of Caldas. During the crisis of the late 1980s and early 1990s coffee producers reacted in various ways. A particularly interesting reaction, we looked at a depth is the proposal of the Association of indigenous and peasant producers of Riosucio, Supia ASPROINCA: re-arrangement of productive systems, pursuit of sustainability through diversification of strategies supported in an agro ecological approach , integrated management of production systems, and the strengthening of human and social capitals. Sustainability building of production systems and landscapes implies a multiplicity of relations between social and ecological processes at different temporal and spatial scales. Beyond farm units, Asproinca proposal expands to the watershed and regional landscape, this implies the coexistence with other forms of production, the search for agreements for the management of common pool resources, in particular water, and the implementation of conservation practices at those levels. / La investigación busca establecer si las formas de gestión de los recursos naturales y sociales de los pequeños productores familiares, han podido contribuir a la construcción de sistemas de producción y de paisajes sostenibles. ¿Qué estrategias son las que desarrollan estos productores para garantizar las condiciones de producción de sus fincas, la reproducción de sus familias y la conservación de los recursos naturales empleados? ¿Es posible descubrir en estas estrategias pistas para el diseño de sistemas sostenibles? Nuestro estudio se desarrolló en la zona tropical de los Andes del Norte situada en territorio Colombiano, en los municipios de Riosucio y Supía en el Departamento de Caldas. Durante la crisis de los mercados cafeteros (de los años 1990), los productores van a reaccionar de maneras diversas. Una reacción particularmente interesante, que analizamos a profundidad, es la propuesta de la Asociación de Productores Indígenas y Campesions de Riosucio y Supía (ASPROINCA): que involucra la recomposición de sistemas productivos, la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad a partir de la diversificación de estrategias apoyadas en un enfoque agroecológico y una gestión integrada de los sistemas productivos, así como del fortalecimiento del capital social y humano. Más allá de las unidades de producción familiares, la propuesta se amplía al espacio de la micro cuenca y al paisaje regional, lo cual implica la coexistencia con otras formas de producción, el establecimiento de acuerdos sobre la gestión de recursos de uso común, en particular del agua, y la puesta en marcha de prácticas de conservación para la conservación de esto recurso.

This research presents the Colorado River basin as a social-ecological system. Utilizing event data on cooperative and conflictive interactions over fresh water, the system is decomposed to look for evidence of outcomes of resilience enhancement. The Animas-La Plata Project in the upper San Juan basin is presented as a case study, and qualitative methods are used to analyze interactions that led to its construction in order to assess social-ecological outcomes. In the upper San Juan basin, cooperative interactions over fresh water outnumbered conflictive ones. Interactions over water rights and infrastructure were most common, and the most cooperative interactions focused on these issue types. Many of these interactions focused on the Animas-La Plata Project compromise, which ultimately enhances social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River basin. / Graduation date: 2012