This study focuses on the potential of using a single beam echosounder as a tool for recognition and assessment of seafloor vegetation. Seafloor vegetation is plant benthos and occupies a large portion of the shallow coastal bottoms. It plays a key role in maintaining the ecological balance by influencing the marine and terrestrial worlds through interactions with its surrounding environment. Understanding of its existence on the seafloor is essential for environmental managers. / Due to the important role of seafloor vegetation to the environment, a detailed investigation of acoustic methods that can provide effective recognition and assessment of the seafloor vegetation by using available sonar systems is necessary. One of the frequently adopted approaches to the understanding of ocean environment is through the mapping of the seafloor. Available acoustic techniques vary in kinds and are used for different purposes. Because of the wide scope of available techniques and methods which can be employed in the field, this study has limited itself to sonar techniques of normal incidence configuration relative to seafloors in selected regions and for particular marine habitats. For this study, a single beam echosounder operating at two frequencies was employed. Integrated with the echosounder was a synchronized optical system. The synchronization mechanism between the acoustic and optical systems provided capabilities to have very accurate groundtruth recordings for the acoustic data, which were then utilized as a supervised training data set for the recognition of seafloor vegetation. / In this study, results acquired and conclusions made were all based on the comparison against the photographic recordings. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is only as accurate as within the selected habitat types and within very shallow water regions. / In order to complete this study, detailed studies of literature and deliberately designed field experiments were carried out. Acoustic data classified with the help of the synchronized optical system were investigated by several methods. Conventional methods such as statistics and multivariate analyses were examined. Conventional methods for the recognition of the collected data gave some useful results but were found to have limited capabilities. When seeking for more robust methods, an alternative approach, Genetic Programming (GP), was tested on the same data set for comparison. Ultimately, the investigation aims to understand potential methods which can be effective in differentiating the acoustic backscatter signals of the habitats observed and subsequently distinguishing between the habitats involved in this study.

yes / Circular Economy (CE) and the adoption of its principles globally are more important than ever to sustain the rate of production of goods and services to meet the ever-increasing consumer demand that is burdening the environment and society. This study investigates the adoption of CE principles amongst emerging economies as the challenges faced by these economies are generally different in terms of resource availability, varying government policies and consumer behaviour from those of developed economies. This research presents an empirically validated CE adoption model using a sample of 183 consumer responses. The study highlights the strong influence of factors such as consumer behaviour on the acceptance of remanufactured products and using products as a service to encourage the adoption of CE practices in emerging economies. This research offers businesses, consumers and policy makers insights into measures that have been taken by emerging economies that are in line with CE principles.

Ce travail se veut d’un rapprochement aux pratiques et savoirs des peuples amazoniens à partir de discours produits par ces nations. Nous y interpréterons des chants sacrés, des narrations ancestrales et des textes académiques de penseurs autochtones. Ce travail indique que les pratiques amazoniennes s’inscrivent dans un contexte de significations qui considèrent que tout être vivant possède des pensées et un esprit; qu’il existe des êtres spirituels qui défendent ces êtres vivants contre les abus possibles. Les êtres humains doivent transcender leur état de conscience, se déplacer vers les mondes invisibles et initier la communication avec ces esprits, pour ainsi maintenir l’équilibre existentiel. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, les communautés humaines ne peuvent pas se concevoir comme autosuffisantes; elles doivent plutôt maintenir de constantes relations avec les multiples êtres qui peuplent leur environnement visible et les mondes invisibles. Les trois concepts clés qui permettent de rendre compte des pratiques des peuples amazoniens sont la déprédation, la transformation et l’équilibre. Par déprédation, nous entendons les pratiques amazoniennes qui impliquent une destruction des autres êtres afin de sustenter la vie de la communauté. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, cette déprédation devrait être mesurée, dans le but de ne pas tuer plus que nécessaire à la survie. La déprédation est régulée par les êtres spirituels. Les pratiques amazoniennes de transformation sont destinées à la sauvegarde des liens de la communauté, en transfigurant tout ce qui entre ou sort de cette dernière, de manière à ce qu’aucun agent externe ne mette en péril les liens affectifs. Les pratiques de déprédation et de transformation sont complémentaires et elles requièrent toutes les deux de se produire de manière équilibrée, en respectant les savoirs ancestraux et les lois cosmiques établies par les esprits supérieurs. En ce qui a trait à la méthode d’analyse, nous aborderons les discours de l’Amazonie à partir leur propre logique culturelle, sans imposer des méthodologies préétablies, ce qui donne comme résultat un travail académique qui approfondie la production intellectuelle interculturelle, puisque ce sont les voix indigènes qui expriment elles-mêmes leurs conceptions et le sens de leurs pratiques. Dans son ensemble, le travail engage un dialogue critique avec son champ d’étude en discutant ou en approfondissant certaines conceptions forgées par la littérature anthropologique consacrée à l’étude de la région, à partir des savoirs ancestraux amazoniens qui nourrissent les pratiques de ces nations. / This dissertation delves into the knowledge-practices of Amazonian peoples, drawing on discourses produced by members of these nations. It explores sacred songs, stories and academic texts of ancient Indian thinkers. The dissertation signals that Amazonian practices belong to a context of meanings which consider that all living beings have thoughts and spirit; that spiritual beings defend these living beings against possible abuses. Human beings must transcend their state of consciousness, navigate the invisible worlds and establish communication with these spirits to uphold existential balance. According to Amazonian thought, human communities are not self-sufficient and must maintain a constant relationship with the multiplicity of beings that populate the visible environment and invisible worlds. Three key concepts account for the practices of Amazonian peoples: depredation, transformation and balance. Depredation refers to Amazonian practices involving the destruction of other beings in order to sustain the life of the community. According to Amazonian thought, depredation should be measured and only that which is necessary for survival should be killed. Depredation is governed by spiritual beings. Amazonian transformation practices are designed to safeguard community ties, transfiguring all that enters or leaves it, so that no external agent may jeopardize these ties of affection. The practices of depredation and transformation are complementary and both must be carried out in a balanced manner, respecting ancestral knowledge and cosmic laws established by higher spirits. With regard to the method of analysis, the dissertation considers Amazonian discourses from their own cultural logic and does not impose pre-established methodologies on them. Consequently, the present scholarly work makes a profound attempt at achieving an intercultural intellectual production; as it is indigenous voices themselves that express their ideas and the meaning of their practices. Overall, the dissertation enters into a critical dialogue with its field of study, both challenging and broadening certain concepts forged by the anthropological literature dedicated to the region’s study, drawing on the ancient Amazonian knowledge that nurtures the practices of those nations. / El presente trabajo es una aproximación a los saberes-prácticas de las naciones de la Amazonía occidental, a partir de discursos producidos por miembros de esas mismas naciones. Se interpretarán cantos sagrados, narraciones ancestrales y textos académicos de pensadores indígenas. El trabajo señala que las prácticas amazónicas occidentales se enmarcan dentro de un contexto de significaciones que consideran que todo ser vivo tiene pensamientos y espíritu; que existen seres espirituales que defienden a estos seres vivos contra posibles abusos. Los seres humanos deben trascender su estado de conciencia, desplazarse a los mundos invisibles y entablar comunicación con estos espíritus, para de esa manera mantener el equilibrio existencial. Para los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, las comunidades humanas no pueden pensarse autosuficientes, sino que deben mantener constantes relaciones con la multiplicidad de seres que pueblan su entorno visible y los mundos invisibles. Tres conceptos claves que permiten dar cuenta de las prácticas de los pueblos de la Amazonía occidental son depredación, transformación y equilibrio. Por depredación se entienden las prácticas amazónicas que implican una destrucción de otros seres para sustentar la vida de la comunidad. Según los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, esta depredación debe ser medida, sin asesinar más de lo necesario para subsistir. La depredación se encuentra regulada por los seres espirituales. Las prácticas amazónicas de transformación están destinadas a salvaguardar los vínculos de la comunidad, transfigurando todo aquello que entra o sale de la misma, de tal manera que ningún agente externo ponga en peligro los vínculos de afecto. Las prácticas de depredación y transformación son complementarias y ambas requieren hacerse de manera equilibrada, respetando los saberes ancestrales y las leyes cósmicas establecidas por los espíritus superiores. En cuanto al método de análisis, se abordan los discursos amazónicos occidentales a partir de sus propias lógicas culturales, sin imponerles metodologías pre-establecidas, lo que da como resultado un trabajo académico que sigue ahondado en el intento de llegar a una producción intelectual intercultural, siendo las voces indígenas mismas las que expresan sus concepciones y los sentidos de sus prácticas. En su conjunto, el trabajo entabla un diálogo crítico con su campo de estudio, discutiendo o ahondando ciertas concepciones forjadas por la literatura antropológica dedicada al estudio de la región, a partir de aquellos saberes ancestrales de la Amazonía occidental que nutren las prácticas de esas naciones.

Ce travail se veut d’un rapprochement aux pratiques et savoirs des peuples amazoniens à partir de discours produits par ces nations. Nous y interpréterons des chants sacrés, des narrations ancestrales et des textes académiques de penseurs autochtones. Ce travail indique que les pratiques amazoniennes s’inscrivent dans un contexte de significations qui considèrent que tout être vivant possède des pensées et un esprit; qu’il existe des êtres spirituels qui défendent ces êtres vivants contre les abus possibles. Les êtres humains doivent transcender leur état de conscience, se déplacer vers les mondes invisibles et initier la communication avec ces esprits, pour ainsi maintenir l’équilibre existentiel. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, les communautés humaines ne peuvent pas se concevoir comme autosuffisantes; elles doivent plutôt maintenir de constantes relations avec les multiples êtres qui peuplent leur environnement visible et les mondes invisibles. Les trois concepts clés qui permettent de rendre compte des pratiques des peuples amazoniens sont la déprédation, la transformation et l’équilibre. Par déprédation, nous entendons les pratiques amazoniennes qui impliquent une destruction des autres êtres afin de sustenter la vie de la communauté. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, cette déprédation devrait être mesurée, dans le but de ne pas tuer plus que nécessaire à la survie. La déprédation est régulée par les êtres spirituels. Les pratiques amazoniennes de transformation sont destinées à la sauvegarde des liens de la communauté, en transfigurant tout ce qui entre ou sort de cette dernière, de manière à ce qu’aucun agent externe ne mette en péril les liens affectifs. Les pratiques de déprédation et de transformation sont complémentaires et elles requièrent toutes les deux de se produire de manière équilibrée, en respectant les savoirs ancestraux et les lois cosmiques établies par les esprits supérieurs. En ce qui a trait à la méthode d’analyse, nous aborderons les discours de l’Amazonie à partir leur propre logique culturelle, sans imposer des méthodologies préétablies, ce qui donne comme résultat un travail académique qui approfondie la production intellectuelle interculturelle, puisque ce sont les voix indigènes qui expriment elles-mêmes leurs conceptions et le sens de leurs pratiques. Dans son ensemble, le travail engage un dialogue critique avec son champ d’étude en discutant ou en approfondissant certaines conceptions forgées par la littérature anthropologique consacrée à l’étude de la région, à partir des savoirs ancestraux amazoniens qui nourrissent les pratiques de ces nations. / This dissertation delves into the knowledge-practices of Amazonian peoples, drawing on discourses produced by members of these nations. It explores sacred songs, stories and academic texts of ancient Indian thinkers. The dissertation signals that Amazonian practices belong to a context of meanings which consider that all living beings have thoughts and spirit; that spiritual beings defend these living beings against possible abuses. Human beings must transcend their state of consciousness, navigate the invisible worlds and establish communication with these spirits to uphold existential balance. According to Amazonian thought, human communities are not self-sufficient and must maintain a constant relationship with the multiplicity of beings that populate the visible environment and invisible worlds. Three key concepts account for the practices of Amazonian peoples: depredation, transformation and balance. Depredation refers to Amazonian practices involving the destruction of other beings in order to sustain the life of the community. According to Amazonian thought, depredation should be measured and only that which is necessary for survival should be killed. Depredation is governed by spiritual beings. Amazonian transformation practices are designed to safeguard community ties, transfiguring all that enters or leaves it, so that no external agent may jeopardize these ties of affection. The practices of depredation and transformation are complementary and both must be carried out in a balanced manner, respecting ancestral knowledge and cosmic laws established by higher spirits. With regard to the method of analysis, the dissertation considers Amazonian discourses from their own cultural logic and does not impose pre-established methodologies on them. Consequently, the present scholarly work makes a profound attempt at achieving an intercultural intellectual production; as it is indigenous voices themselves that express their ideas and the meaning of their practices. Overall, the dissertation enters into a critical dialogue with its field of study, both challenging and broadening certain concepts forged by the anthropological literature dedicated to the region’s study, drawing on the ancient Amazonian knowledge that nurtures the practices of those nations. / El presente trabajo es una aproximación a los saberes-prácticas de las naciones de la Amazonía occidental, a partir de discursos producidos por miembros de esas mismas naciones. Se interpretarán cantos sagrados, narraciones ancestrales y textos académicos de pensadores indígenas. El trabajo señala que las prácticas amazónicas occidentales se enmarcan dentro de un contexto de significaciones que consideran que todo ser vivo tiene pensamientos y espíritu; que existen seres espirituales que defienden a estos seres vivos contra posibles abusos. Los seres humanos deben trascender su estado de conciencia, desplazarse a los mundos invisibles y entablar comunicación con estos espíritus, para de esa manera mantener el equilibrio existencial. Para los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, las comunidades humanas no pueden pensarse autosuficientes, sino que deben mantener constantes relaciones con la multiplicidad de seres que pueblan su entorno visible y los mundos invisibles. Tres conceptos claves que permiten dar cuenta de las prácticas de los pueblos de la Amazonía occidental son depredación, transformación y equilibrio. Por depredación se entienden las prácticas amazónicas que implican una destrucción de otros seres para sustentar la vida de la comunidad. Según los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, esta depredación debe ser medida, sin asesinar más de lo necesario para subsistir. La depredación se encuentra regulada por los seres espirituales. Las prácticas amazónicas de transformación están destinadas a salvaguardar los vínculos de la comunidad, transfigurando todo aquello que entra o sale de la misma, de tal manera que ningún agente externo ponga en peligro los vínculos de afecto. Las prácticas de depredación y transformación son complementarias y ambas requieren hacerse de manera equilibrada, respetando los saberes ancestrales y las leyes cósmicas establecidas por los espíritus superiores. En cuanto al método de análisis, se abordan los discursos amazónicos occidentales a partir de sus propias lógicas culturales, sin imponerles metodologías pre-establecidas, lo que da como resultado un trabajo académico que sigue ahondado en el intento de llegar a una producción intelectual intercultural, siendo las voces indígenas mismas las que expresan sus concepciones y los sentidos de sus prácticas. En su conjunto, el trabajo entabla un diálogo crítico con su campo de estudio, discutiendo o ahondando ciertas concepciones forjadas por la literatura antropológica dedicada al estudio de la región, a partir de aquellos saberes ancestrales de la Amazonía occidental que nutren las prácticas de esas naciones.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-17T13:27:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 helen.pdf: 1588372 bytes, checksum: 6a9147929fe2a98e866f1ad2ffb1feac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T16:47:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 helen.pdf: 1588372 bytes, checksum: 6a9147929fe2a98e866f1ad2ffb1feac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T16:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 helen.pdf: 1588372 bytes, checksum: 6a9147929fe2a98e866f1ad2ffb1feac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O equilíbrio ecológico é reconhecido pela Constituição Federal como elemento indispensável para a manutenção das características dos ecossistemas, para a qualidade de vida e para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Logo, a defesa do meio ambiente exige estratégias multitemáticas, que considerem e incorporem a unicidade do meio ambiente. Neste contexto, está inserida a gestão integrada da zona costeira e das bacias hidrográficas, que leva em consideração, além das interações ecológicas, as interações sociais e econômicas de ambos os ecossistemas. No entanto, a gestão de bacias hidrográficas que contém trechos de zona costeira está focada apenas na conservação dos recursos hídricos, operando de modo dissociado da gestão costeira, que visa o gerenciamento de múltiplos recursos por meio do planejamento e ordenamento do uso do solo e das águas dentro da costa. A concentração demográfica na região costeira do Brasil e as atividades nela desenvolvidas causam intensa pressão antrópica sobre as bacias hidrográficas, assim como as atividades realizadas no âmbito das bacias impactam direta ou indiretamente a zona costeira, devido à relação ecossistêmica entre o continente e o oceano, por meio do ciclo hidrológico. Esses impactos podem acarretar o agravamento da crise hídrica já instalada no Brasil. Por essa razão, se faz necessária a gestão integrada entre esses setores, uma vez que as estratégias de gerenciamento sobre um ecossistema terá, necessariamente, reflexos econômicos, sociais e ecológicos no outro. Em face dessa problemática, o presente estudo delineou os marcos normativos que permitem a integração da gestão de bacias hidrográficas com a gestão da zona costeira, a partir do novo tratamento dado ao meio ambiente pela Constituição Federal de 1988, verificando que a concretização da gestão integrada é uma obrigação tanto para o Estado quanto para a coletividade e que é possível realiza-la por meio da harmonização e inter-relação dos instrumentos do gerenciamento costeiro com os Planos de Bacias, da participação popular e da descentralização do poder de gestão dos recursos hídricos. / The ecological balance is recognized by the Federal Constitution as a needful feature to the maintenance of the ecosystem characteristics, the life quality and sustainable development. Therefore, the environment defense requires an multi-subject strategy, that consider and incorporate the environment unity. In this context, it is inserted the integrated management of the watersheds and the coast zones, which considers, besides the ecological interaction, the social and economic interaction oh both ecosystems. Nevertheless, the watersheds management which contains parts of the coast zone is focused only in the conservation of the water resources, operating separated from the coast zone management, which aims the management oh multiply resources by means of the usage planning of the soil and water inside the coast. The demographic concentration on Brazil coast zone and the activities developed cause intense anthropic pressure on the watersheds, as well as the activities developed in the watersheds impacts direct or indirectly the coast zone, due to the ecosystem relation between the continent and the ocean by the hydrological cycle. These impacts can result on the aggravation of the water crisis already installed in Brazil. Therefore it is necessary the integrated management among theses systems, once the management strategies on an ecosystem will necessarily have social, economic and ecological reflexes on one another. Due to these problems the present study outlined legal milestones that allows the integration of the watershed and the zone coast managements from the new environment treatment of the Federal Constitution of 1988, verifying that implementation of the integrated management is an obligation to the State and the collectivity and that it is possible to implement it by means of the harmonization and the interrelationship of the coast management tools with the watershed plans, the popular participation and the decentralization of the water resources management power.

After many decades of being considered useless and often destroyed wetlands have become valued for the many functions they provide. To make informed wetland management decisions biologists have to develop practical, rapid, and inexpensive ways to assess biological conditions and functions. Ideally these assessment methods have to measure more than one attribute of the wetland to represent the overall condition of the biological community. For this project I conducted field assessments at mitigation sites in Pembroke Pines, Florida, to see how the newest method used in the State of Florida, the Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method (UMAM), compared to the older Wetland Rapid Assessment Procedure (WRAP), and a Wildlife Survey (WS). The assessments determined at what level the mitigation sites of this study functioned, and were than repeated over a thirteen month period to account for seasonal fluctuations. For each assessment method a worksheet was completed, which along with available background information for the sites, was used to determine the value, and function provided by the wetlands. The three methods were then compared using eleven evaluation criteria I developed. Based on my results UMAM was the best assessment method tested saving the most acreage while integrating risk factors and time lag.

A major problem of mankind is the continuous degradation of the environment. In order to protect the environmental components, it was necessary for the competent authorities to adopt specific legal norms, which could sanction the possible behaviors of the people towards the environment. Legal liability for the environmental law was necessarily established, due to the national ecological situation increasingly affected by the consequences of industrialization and automation, by the irrational exploitation of natural resources. It is necessary to mention certain shortcomings related to the effectiveness of criminal and contraventional law regulations in ensuring the goals of protecting the environment. Thus, examining the new criminal and contraventional law regulations in the chapter Environmental Crimes and Contraventions (ecological), we note certain circumstances that characterize them positively, just same as we note certain circumstances that characterize them negatively. The article tackles the aspects concerning ecological balance, pollution and effects on environmental damage. and refers to the differences in criminal and contravention liability, trying to offer some solutions to the current ecological situation.

Elektroautos gelten als Hoffnungsträger, um die verkehrsbezogenen Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland drastisch zu reduzieren. Aus bisheriger Forschung geht hervor, dass Elektroautos über den Lebenszyklus im Durchschnitt eine geringere Menge an Treibhausgasen verursachen als konventionelle Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotoren. Jedoch betrachtet bisherige Forschung nicht, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Fahrzyklen der Pkw auf die Ökobilanz haben, was zur Folge hat, dass technologische Unterschiede, die nur auf einem Teil des Straßennetzes Anwendung finden, nicht berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss verschiedener Fahrzyklen auf die Höhe der Treibhausgasemissionen von Elektroautos und Pkw mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor. Grundlage der Emissionsbestimmung sind je ein Autobahn-Fahrzyklus und ein Stadt-Fahrzyklus, anhand derer der Strom- bzw. Kraftstoffverbrauch modelliert wird. Die Modellierung erfolgt anhand eines mikroskopischen Verbrauchsmodells, welches physikalische Kräfte, Fahrzeugparameter sowie wesentliche technologische Unterschiede berücksichtigt. Neben den Emissionen der Nutzungsphase werden die Emissionen der Produktions- und der Recyclingphase bestimmt, um den Lebenszyklus eines Pkw zu komplettieren. Die Ergebnisse bisheriger Forschung werden bestätigt, da das Elektroauto für beide Fahrzyklen geringere Emissionen aufweist. In der Stadt fällt der Unterschied deutlich höher aus, hier verursacht das Elektroauto 45,7 % weniger Treibhausgasemissionen als der Benziner bzw. 34,1 % weniger als der Diesel. Im Vergleich dazu lassen sich auf der Autobahn Treibhausgasemissionseinsparungen von 27,9 % bzw. 17,9 % realisieren, wobei die Treibhausgasemissionen in der Stadt für Elektroautos und für Autos mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor höher sind als auf der Autobahn. Eine abschließende Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt, dass ein weniger emissionsintensiver Strommix sowie die Reduktion des Leergewichts Hebel zur weiteren Reduktion der Emissionen des Elektroautos sind. Daraus erschließt sich, dass Elektroautos im Vergleich zu Pkw mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor ökobilanziell zurecht als Hoffnungsträger gelten, doch ihr Einsparpotenzial durch den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien sowie durch die Verwendung kleinerer und leichterer Pkw in der Stadt erhöht werden kann.:Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII Tabellenverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Symbolverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 1 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 Aktueller Forschungsstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3 Vorstellung des Konzepts der LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 4 Methodik: Festlegung des Ziels und des Untersuchungsrahmens. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.1 Batterieelektrische Pkw (BEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotor (ICEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Fahrzyklen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.4 Modellierung der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Modellierung der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6 Modellierung der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.7 Modellierung der Aggregation der einzelnen Phasen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.8 Betrachtete Emissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.9 Funktionelle Einheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 Sachbilanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6 Ergebnisse: Wirkungsabschätzung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1 Treibhausgasemissionen der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 Treibhausgasemissionen der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.3 Treibhausgasemissionen der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.4 Aggregierte Treibhausgasemissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7 Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 7.1 Definition und Arten von Sensitivitätsanalysen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Methodik der lokalen Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Variation des Leergewichts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Variation des Luftwiderstandsbeiwertes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.5 Variation der Lebensfahrleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.6 Variation des Strommixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7.7 Variation des Rekuperationsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7.8 Variation der Betriebs- und Verlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7.9 Aggregation der Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 9 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Literaturverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Anhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII A.1 Input für die Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII A.2 Input für die Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI A.3 Ergebnisse der Wirkungsabschätzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII A.4 Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII / Electric cars are seen as a beacon of hope regarding the drastic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector in Germany. Previous research shows that electric vehicles are emitting a smaller amount of greenhouse gases than cars with a petrol or a diesel engine. However, previous research does not consider the influence of different use cases of passenger cars, which means that technological differences which only apply to parts of the road network are not accounted for. The goal of this thesis is to extend previous research by investigating the influence of different drive cycles on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted by electric cars and cars with a petrol or a diesel engine. Specifically, a highway drive cycle and an urban drive cycle are used to model the consumption of electricity, petrol or diesel. In other words, it is a microscopic model utilizing physical forces, car parameters, and significant technological differences. Besides the emissions during driving the emissions caused by production and recycling are taken into account to complete the life cycle of cars. The results of previous research can be confirmed by this thesis as the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by electric cars is smaller than that caused by cars with petrol or diesel engines for both drive cycles. In the urban area, the difference among the investigated technologies is significantly greater over the entire lifecycle; the electric car emits 45.7 % less than a car with a petrol engine and 34.1 % less than a car with a diesel engine. In comparison, on the highway the electric car emits just 27.9 % less than a car with a petrol engine and 17.9 % less than a car with a diesel engine. A final sensitivity analysis shows that a less emission-intensive electricity mix and a reduced vehicle weight are key levers for further reducing greenhouse gas emissions of electric cars. In summary, the results of this thesis lead to the conclusion that electric cars are rightfully seen as a beacon of hope for drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions; nevertheless, their impact could be further enhanced by expanding renewable energies and by focussing on lighter electric vehicles in urban areas.:Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII Tabellenverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Symbolverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 1 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 Aktueller Forschungsstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3 Vorstellung des Konzepts der LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 4 Methodik: Festlegung des Ziels und des Untersuchungsrahmens. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.1 Batterieelektrische Pkw (BEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotor (ICEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Fahrzyklen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.4 Modellierung der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Modellierung der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6 Modellierung der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.7 Modellierung der Aggregation der einzelnen Phasen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.8 Betrachtete Emissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.9 Funktionelle Einheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 Sachbilanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6 Ergebnisse: Wirkungsabschätzung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1 Treibhausgasemissionen der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 Treibhausgasemissionen der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.3 Treibhausgasemissionen der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.4 Aggregierte Treibhausgasemissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7 Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 7.1 Definition und Arten von Sensitivitätsanalysen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Methodik der lokalen Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Variation des Leergewichts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Variation des Luftwiderstandsbeiwertes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.5 Variation der Lebensfahrleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.6 Variation des Strommixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7.7 Variation des Rekuperationsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7.8 Variation der Betriebs- und Verlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7.9 Aggregation der Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 9 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Literaturverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Anhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII A.1 Input für die Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII A.2 Input für die Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI A.3 Ergebnisse der Wirkungsabschätzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII A.4 Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII

(Résumé de la thèse) Ayant constaté l’échec de ses Objectifs 2010 pour la biodiversité, dont, entre autres, l’incapacité de l’Empreinte écologique à rendre compte de la biodiversité, la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique a adopté en 2011 "Les objectifs d’Aichi (2011-2020) pour la biodiversité". Parmi ceux-ci les objectifs 1 et 2 concernent la prise de conscience des valeurs de la biodiversité, leur intégration dans les processus de planification nationaux et locaux de développement, et leur incorporation dans les comptabilités nationales. Ce en quoi ces objectifs de la CDB convergent désormais avec ceux des Nations Unies concernant le Système de Comptabilité Economique et Environnementale (SCEE). La présente thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre de questionnement unifié. Elle a le double objectif : (a) de rechercher, fonder et mettre au point une unité de mesure biophysique de la diversité biologique caractérisant tout aussi bien l’ordre naturel que le désordre anthropogénique, et (b) d’incorporer celle-ci dans un nouveau système de comptabilité physique, le Bilan écologique. Celui-ci est susceptible de comparer, à toutes échelles territoriales, le Passif écologique des collectivités urbaines, vu comme le reflet biophysique de leur comptabilité monétaire, à l’Actif écologique de leurs espaces naturels, afin de révéler les relations de cause à effet, et de signifier les impacts cumulés de la perturbation anthropogénique sur l’Ecosphère et la Biosphère. Il aurait ainsi vocation, à terme, à nous permettre de caractériser les voies d’un développement véritablement écologique des territoires. / (Abstract of the thesis) Having noted the failure of its 2010 targets for biodiversity, including, among others, the inability of the Ecological Footprint to account for biodiversity, the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted in 2011 "The 2011-2020 Aichi Targets for biodiversity". Among these, objectives 1 and 2 concern awareness of the values of biodiversity, their integration into national and local development planning process, and their incorporation into national accounts. This how these objectives of the CBD converge now with those of the United Nations for the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). This thesis lie within this unified questioning framework. It has the double purpose : (a) of searching for, founding and developing a biophysical measurement unit of biodiversity, characterizing just as well the natural order as the anthropogenic disorder, and (b) to incorporate it into a new physical accounting system, the Ecological balance sheet. The latter is likely to compare, for all territorial scales, the Ecological liability of urban communities, seen as the biophysical reflection of their monetary accounting, to the Ecological asset of their natural spaces, in order to reveal the relationships of cause and effect, and to signify the cumulative impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on the Ecosphere and the Biosphere. In the end, it would have so vocation to enable us to characterize the ways of a truly ecological development of the territories.