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Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-09T15:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermeaugustodasilveira.pdf: 1284583 bytes, checksum: cd2152b32ccbfdb57ae8224070af4508 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-10T12:45:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermeaugustodasilveira.pdf: 1284583 bytes, checksum: cd2152b32ccbfdb57ae8224070af4508 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T12:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermeaugustodasilveira.pdf: 1284583 bytes, checksum: cd2152b32ccbfdb57ae8224070af4508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nascentes são ecossistemas estáveis, onde a conectividade aquático-terrestre e a complexidade de microhabitats que apresentam permitem que estes ambientes suportem uma fauna diversa. Considerando a importância das nascentes na manutenção da biodiversidade de organismos aquáticos e sua relevância econômica e ecológica, aliado à escassez de estudos em ambientes tropicais, o presente estudo objetivou testar os modelos das teorias de nicho e neutra, bem como quantificar a importância do espaço e das variáveis ambientais como agentes estruturadores das comunidades de invertebrados em nascentes. Foram obtidas três amostras compostas de substratos (pedras, areia e folhiço) em quinze nascentes de cinco localidades no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Um total de 11.239 invertebrados foram identificados. As nascentes do tipo helocreno, com área alagada difusa, e reocreno, cuja água ao sair do solo forma imediatamente um riacho apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de invertebrados que limnocreno, nascentes que formam poça. A composição da fauna também diferiu entre os três tipos estudados, o que pode ser explicado pela heterogeneidade ambiental encontrada nestas nascentes e pelas diferenças físicas e químicas entre os diferentes tipos. Os resultados da análise de Redundância parcial mostraram que 23% da variação total da composição da fauna de invertebrados foram explicados pelas variáveis ambientais profundidade, temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, matéria orgânica e frações de areia média e areia muito fina, 4% foram explicados pela variação espacial e outros 12% pela interação entre estes fatores. Os 61% restantes corresponde à fração residual resultante de interações bióticas e outras variáveis não analisadas. Estes resultados podem ser relacionados ao efeito combinado entre os mecanismos enfatizados pela teoria de nicho e pela teoria neutra, e, portanto, estão de acordo com a abordagem de metacomunidades, seguindo o modelo de sorteamento de espécies de dinâmica de comunidades. Assim, pode-se concluir que os fatores ambientais e espaciais explicam parcialmente a estruturação da comunidade de invertebrados em nascentes, com maior importância dos filtros ambientais. / Springs are stable ecosystems, where the water-land connectivity and the complexity of microhabitats allow these environments to support a diverse fauna. Considering the importance of springs in the maintenance of biodiversity of aquatic organisms and their economic and ecological relevance and regarding with the lack of studies in tropical environments, the present study aimed to identify the influence of abiotic variables and spacial factors in the structuring of invertebrate communities in springs through a theoretical ecology approach. Three composite substrate samples (rocks, sand and litter) were obtained from 15 springs in five different areas in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 11,239 invertebrates were identified. Helocrenes and rheocrene springs showed greater invertebrate abundance when compared to the limnocrene and the fauna composition differed between the three types of spring studied, which may be explained by the environmental heterogeneity found in helocrenes springs and physical and chemical differences between the different types. Results on the partial redundancy analysis showed that 23% of the total variation of the invertebrate fauna composition was explained through the measured environmental variables, while other 4% was explained by spatial variation; this can be related to the combined effect between mechanisms emphasized by the niche theory and neutral theory, and thus a agreeing with the metacommunities approach. So, we conclude that the environmental factors and space can partially explain the structure of invertebrate communities in springs, with greater importance of the environmental filters, the remainder being possibly explained by the biotic interactions and other non-analyzed variables.

This study explores incidents in a spatial and temporal context to achieve suitable strategies for urban planning and policing in crime prevention/reduction. For this purpose, space and time related incidents are analyzed through new crime ecology theories within the designed loose-coupled GIS-based system at mezo-micro ecological levels in a case area within Ankara Metropolis, in 2000. Its main argument is that incidents display differences in the spatial and/or temporal distribution among planned, squatter, and in-transition settlements. In exploring distribution of incidents at global and local scales, it also searches the validity and critical adaptability of the new theories developed/practiced in North American and European countries. In line with new theories, incidents at global scale displayed clustering in space and time. Generally, incidents in aggregate, concentrated mostly in planned / less in in-transition / least in squatter areas / and particularly during spring-summer months. However, incidents against people and against property predominated respectively in squatter and planned areas, and between 18:00-00:00, and 00:00-08:00. As for local scale, incidents in aggregate, displayed spatial interaction (clustering), but no space-time interaction. Spatial distribution in time suggested that incidents persistently occur mainly in planned areas. v Incidents against property displayed highest level of spatial, and also temporal clustering at global scale / and particularly spatial clustering (particularly for commercial burglaries/thefts) and space-time clustering (for residential burglaries) at local scale. Complementarily, relatively homogenous global scale spatial distribution of incidents against people is accompanied by their non local scale spatial clustering or space-time clustering, whereby space-time dispersion was observed for simple batteries.