O σκοπός της έρευνάς μας ήταν η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της διαφθοράς σε ορισμένες μακροοικονομικές μεταβλητές. Συγκεκριμένα θέλαμε να εξετάσουμε τις σχέσεις μεταξύ διαφθοράς και επιπέδου εισοδήματος, βάσει της κατάταξης της παγκόσμιας τράπεζας (ΕΗ1), διαφθοράς και ρυθμού οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης (ΕΗ2), διαφθοράς και γραφειοκρατίας (ΕΗ3), διαφθοράς και φορολογικών εσόδων (EH4), και τέλος διαφθοράς και επιπέδου στρατιωτικών δαπανών (EH5). Οι ερευνητικές υποθέσεις ΕΗ1 και ΕΗ4 διερευνώνται στο πλαίσιο μιας περιγραφικής ανάλυσης, καθώς ο στόχος σε τέτοιου είδους αναλύσεις είναι η διαπίστωση της ύπαρξης κάποιου προτύπου στην συμμεταβολή των δύο μεταβλητών, ενώ η ΕΗ2 διερευνάται στο πλαίσιο μιας αιτιολογικής ανάλυσης, καθώς αποσκοπεί στην μέτρηση κάποιας αιτιώδους σχέσης μεταξύ δύο μεταβλητών. Για την διερεύνηση των παραπάνω ερευνητικών υποθέσεων επιλέξαμε ένα δείγμα 180 χωρών, για τις οποίες υπήρχαν στοιχεία αναφορικά με την τιμή του δείκτη αντιλαμβανόμενης διαφθοράς (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) για το 2008. Οι χώρες αυτές, σύμφωνα με την κατάταξη που χρησιμοποιεί η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα (για οικονομίες με πληθυσμό μεγαλύτερο των 30.000 ατόμων), ανήκουν σε μια από τις ακόλουθες τέσσερεις κατηγορίες βάσει του κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστου Εθνικού Εισοδήματος (gross national income (GNI) per capita) το 2009: • Χώρες Χαμηλού Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μικρότερο από 995$. • Χώρες Κατωτέρου-Μέσου Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεταξύ 996$ και 3.945$. • Χώρες Ανωτέρου-Μέσου Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεταξύ 3.946$ και 12.195$. • Χώρες Υψηλού Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεγαλύτερο από 12.196$. / The purpose of our research was to investigate the effect of corruption in certain macroeconomic variables. Specifically, we wanted to examine the relationship between corruption and income level, based on the classification of the World Bank (EH1), corruption and slow economic growth (EH2), corruption and bureaucracy (EH3), corruption and tax revenues (EH5) and finally corruption and military spending (EH5). The research assumptions EH1 and EH4 are investigated in a descriptive analysis, as the goal in a such analysis is the finding of a pattern in “symmetavoli” of two variables, while EH2 is investigated in an explanatory analysis, designed in measuring any casual relationship between two variables. For the investigation of the above research hypotheses, we have choosen a sample of 180 countries, for which the data were available, regarding the index value of perceived corruption (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) for 2008. These countries, according to the classification that used by the World Bank (for economies with population greater than 30.000 people) belong in one of the following four categories based on GNI (gross national income per capita) in 2009: - Low Income Countries: countries with Gross National Income per capita less than $995. - Countries of Lower-Middle Income: countries with GNI per capita between $996 and $3.945. - Countries of Upper-Middle Income:countries with GNI per capita between $3946 and $12.195. - High Income Countries: Countries with GNI per capita greater than $12.196.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_nm_me_arafcl.pdf: 1432589 bytes, checksum: 148d6fb299b41b275285780a2bf7f5dc (MD5) / Com sua reorientação econômica, em 1978, e início da implementação de uma série de reformas econômicas estruturais, a China logrou taxas médias de crescimento de seu produto de quase dois dígitos, ao longo das três décadas seguintes, além da melhora global de vários de seus indicadores sociais e macroeconômicos. Seu desempenho econômico, portanto, a coloca em posição de destaque, tanto com relação a outras economias em transição, quanto a economias em desenvolvimento. A abordagem da China para a reforma econômica não foi convencional, baseada em estratégias big bang, mas sim baseada em um modus operandi híbrido entre planejamento estatal e mercado, ou reforma dual-track. O modelo chinês, ao longo do tempo, consolidou-se como um modelo de crescimento econômico export-led, com forte crescimento e participação das exportações e dos investimentos no PIB. A administração da política econômica chinesa, de forma coordenada, coerente e coesa, a partir do uso de um instrumental com objetivos múltiplos, tem permitido ao país obter significativa estabilidade macroeconômica, objetivo de política econômica mais amplo que a mera estabilidade de preços, por exemplo. Nesse sentido, a política cambial chinesa, ao administrar a taxa de câmbio nominal, e, em conjunto com o estabelecimento de controles nos fluxos de capitais, tem garantido ao país desde seu isolamento a crises financeiras e forte desempenho exportador, à baixas taxa de juros e inflação, exercendo importante papel na promoção da estabilidade macroeconômica chinesa, contribuindo, assim, para o crescimento da produtividade total de fatores e dos investimentos em capital fixo, e, consequentemente, para o crescimento do produto de longo prazo como previsto na literatura / From its economic reorientation in 1978 and early implementation of a series of structural economic reforms, China has achieved average product growth rates of two digits over the past three decades, not to mention the overall improvement of several of its macroeconomic and social indicators. Its economic performance, therefore, puts it in a prominent position regarding both other transition economies and developing economies. China's approach to economic reform was not conventional or based on big bang strategies but based on a hybrid modus operandi between market and state planning, or dual-track reform. The Chinese model, over time, has established itself as an export-led growth model, with strong growth and share of exports and investments in GDP. The administration of Chinese economic policy in a coordinated, coherent and cohesive manner, from the use of policy instruments with multiple objectives has enabled the country to achieve significant macroeconomic stability, a much broader economic policy objective than mere price stability, for instance. In this sense, China's management of its nominal exchange rate, and together with the establishment of controls over capital flows, has secured the country with isolation from financial crisis, strengthen its export performance , kept its interest rate and inflation in a low level, as well as played an important role in promoting China's macroeconomic stability, thereby contributing to the growth of total factor productivity and investment in fixed capital, and hence to the growth of long-term product, just as supported by the concerning literature

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-07Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810020.pdf: 2408089 bytes, checksum: afe52c2a0ee5dc23b52afc5028462ee9 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A tese teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo sobre a fração da classe empresarial brasileira composta pelo empresariado industrial calçadista. A proposta foi conhecer o discurso do empresariado calçadista paulista dos polos produtores calçadistas de Franca, Birigui e Jaú, frente às questões ligadas ao desenvolvimento econômico no contexto globalizado em que se encontra, por meio da análise de suas manifestações públicas em veículos de comunicação voltados ao empresariado nacional sobre o período dos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Lula, entre 1995 e 2010, e de entrevistas. O foco central foi o desenvolvimento de análises de sua opinião em face das políticas sociais e econômicas, principais aspectos apontados pelo empresariado calçadista para explicar o seu declínio em termos de inovação e competitividade. Ao apreender o discurso de tal empresariado, verificamos seu distanciamento do pensamento do empresariado industrial brasileiro por diferentes motivos, dentre os quais estão a crítica pouco realista que fazem acerca da abertura ou quanto à política industrial dos governos estudados; as significativas deficiências para se manter na pauta das exportações frente às exigências do mercado mundial; a gestão significativamente precária das indústrias calçadistas, faltando claramente a inovação e evolução dos próprios conceitos, dentre outros. Pelo que se pode observar, há muito de “ingenuidade” e “fantasia” na fala dos empresários, mesmo entre as lideranças do setor, o que certamente se dá em razão de seu perfil sociocultural. Em contrapartida, observamos que o empresariado calçadista tem adotado ações reativas e adaptativas como resposta aos desafios que o desenvolvimento e a formação da sociedade de massa colocam. É perceptível que estes empresários não embasam suas ações em estratégias. Em muitos casos só conseguimos identificar táticas e reações adaptativas ... / The thesis aimed to develop a study about the fraction of the Brazilian business class composed by the footwear industrial businessmen. The proposal was to understand the speech of businessmen footwear from São Paulo state, from footwear producers poles - Franca, Birigui and Jaú -, compared to development issues in the globalized context in which it finds itself, through the analysis of their public demonstrations in the media aimed at entrepreneurs on the period of the national governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Lula, between 1995 and 2010, and interviews. The central focus was the development of analyzes of their opinion in face of social and economic policies, key issues identified by the footwear business community to explain their decline in terms of innovation and competitiveness. By capturing the speech of such entrepreneurs, track their distance from the thoughts of the Brazilian industrial businessmen for various reasons, among which are critical to make unrealistic about opening or as to the industrial policy of the governments studied; significant deficiencies to remain in the export issues in demands of the world market; significantly to poor management of footwear industries, clearly missing the innovation and evolution of the concepts themselves, among others. From what we can see, there is plenty of “naivety” and “fantasy” in entrepreneurs’ speech, even among the leaders in the industry, which certainly takes place due to its socio-cultural profile. In contrast, we observed that the footwear business community has adopted reactive and adaptive actions in response to the challenges that the development and training of mass society place. It is noticeable that these entrepreneurs do not underpin their actions on strategies. In many cases we could only identify tactics and adaptive reactions to positive conditions or hardships presented by the market and the ...

Orientador: Mario Luiz Possas / Banca: José Ricardo Fucidji / Banca: Enéas Gonçalves de Carvalho / Resumo: No Brasil, as políticas industriais voltadas à inovação cresceram de modo significativo nas últimas décadas e concentraram uma quantidade importante de recursos públicos. A questão a saber é se este grau de atuação do Estado como agente principal da política industrial para a inovação tem contribuído efetivamente para a elevação do padrão tecnológico das firmas do país. A resposta para tal questão passa por se constatar que diversos programas de estímulo ao desenvolvimento industrial foram criados e, em muitos casos, não há fiscalização eficiente sobre o modo de alocação dos recursos. Uma das preocupações essenciais deste trabalho é analisar se determinadas características de formulação e operação das políticas de inovação tecnológica no Brasil, incluindo aspectos legais, não estariam se desviando dos objetivos propostos em suas concepções. Inicialmente foi feita uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório sobre a gestão da política inovativa no Brasil após o período de redemocratização. Em seguida, o estudo assumiu um caráter mais quantitativo. A partir da análise dos contratos dos programas e de microdados com o perfil da empresa tomadora, buscou-se analisar o tipo de estímulo que a empresa recebeu para inovar e o modo como os recursos públicos foram alocados. Há evidências de que a recente política de inovação está associada a fatores como: i) a incorporação de capital tangível; ii) a concentração de recursos; iii) a ineficácia dos mecanismos de monitoramento e avaliação; e iv) a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, industrial policies for innovation have had a significant increase in recent decades, and gathered a considerable amount of public funds. However, the central question is whether the role of the State as the chief agent of innovation policies has contributed for the technological practices of local firms. This is important because, while there are several economic programmes to encourage industrial development, in most cases there is no efficient government oversight on resource allocation decisions. Therefore, a major issue in this field concerns how Brazilian technological innovation policies are designed and operated; the aim of this study is to examine whether some aspects of these policies are deviating from their purposes. Firstly, an exploratory approach was chosen to analyze the Brazilian innovative policy management after the redemocratization period. Secondly, a quantitative assessment was applied to examine microdata so as to evaluate program contracts and companies profile. This was sought to assess incentives to innovate received by companies, and to examine how public funds were allocated. Evidences from this study suggest that recent innovation policies are influenced by the following factors: i) incorporation of tangible capital; ii) concentration of funds; iii) ineffectiveness of control and evaluation mechanisms; and iv) low guidance towards foreign markets. / Mestre

O desenvolvimento econômico é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional, podendo ser melhor compreendido a partir de abordagens que levem em conta o papel das instituições. A presente tese, a partir da inadequação da teoria neoclássica para análise do desenvolvimento econômico por conta de sua incapacidade de incorporar elementos do mundo real decorrente de suas bases teóricas, metodológicas e epistemológicas, busca compor um conjunto de abordagens institucionalistas e heterodoxas que permitam compreensão mais ampla, adequada e realista do processo de desenvolvimento econômico. Para atingir este objetivo, será realizada uma revisão teórica a respeito do desenvolvimento econômico, iniciando com o processo histórico concreto após a Revolução Industrial. As interpretações dos economistas clássicos e, posteriormente, de Schumpeter, inspiradas por este processo, serão mencionadas. A seguir, será feito o resgate da economia do desenvolvimento, apresentando as contribuições dos pioneiros deste ramo, antes da economia neoclássica tornar-se dominante. Conclui-se que a abordagem institucionalista é compreendida como mais adequada para o estudo do desenvolvimento, desde que sejam aprofundadas as complementaridades entre o institucionalismo e outras abordagens heterodoxas que privilegiem as especificidades históricas, necessárias para preencher algumas lacunas e superar algumas limitações. Neste sentido, a convergência de correntes teóricas institucionalistas (Economia Institucionalista Original, Nova Economia Institucional e Economia Política Institucionalista) somadas às abordagens evolucionária e pós-keynesiana, bem como o papel do Estado, da tecnologia e da incerteza, configuram-se como determinantes para a compreensão do desenvolvimento econômico. / Economic development is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, which can be better understood from approaches that take into account the role of institutions. The present thesis departs from the inadequacy of neoclassical theory to the analysis of economic development because of its inability to incorporate real-world elements due to their theoretical, methodological and epistemological foundations. It seeks to compose a set of institutionalist and heterodox approaches that would enable a more broad, adequate and realistic comprehension of the economic development process. To achieve this goal, a theoretical review will be held regarding economic development, starting with the concrete historical process after the Industrial Revolution. The interpretations of the classical economists and Schumpeter, were inspired by this process, will be mentioned. Then, development economics will be reviewed featuring the contributions of the pioneers of this field, before neoclassical economics become dominant. The study concludes that the institutionalist approach is more suitable for the study of development, as long as the complementarities between institutionalism and other heterodox approaches that emphasize historical specificities are detailed in order to complete some gaps and overcome some limitations. In this sense, the convergence of institutionalist theoretical perspectives (Original Institutional Economics, New Institutional Economics and Institutionalist Political Economy) in addition to evolutionary and post-Keynesian approaches, and the role of the State, technology and uncertainty constitute as determinants for the understanding of economic development.

The apartheid Johannesburg was built on spatial divisions, uneven development was undertaken literally to ensure that whites and blacks were to live apart from each other. In the post-apartheid Johannesburg, uneven development persists, though no longer solely based on racial differences. These spatial divisions, as they did under apartheid, reinforce existing structures of the privileged, which mutually reinforce the system of spatial, economic and social exclusion, particularly for the unemployed poor. In the light of the continuation of this urban form, the study aimed to show that people are not unemployed only because there are no jobs generally available to people lacking marketable skills, as primarily argued by most researchers; but also because there is a strong correlation between unemployment and the spatial distribution of employment opportunities within the Johannesburg city. The study also aimed to test the applicability of various theories imported from USA and Europe, which are generally used to explain urban problems in South Africa, through identification of possible areas of contention. In attempt to explain the continuation of the apartheid urban form by the current government policy, the study adopted qualitative data collection techniques focusing on literature studies, documentary, personal observation and the design of a theoretical framework Based on the theoretical framework, the study came to the conclusion that the preoccupation with compact city development to eradicate the effects of uneven development and urban unemployment in Johannesburg is misdirected. It has revealed the need for the government to explore how best to improve the circumstances of low-income households in condition of urban sprawl. The outcome of the study in relation to uneven development is that, although Johannesburg exhibits apartheid patterns of racial oppression and exploitation, in post-apartheid South Africa, Johannesburg is characterized by structural inequality driven by two income gaps: between an increasingly multiracial middle class and the rest; and between the African urban working class and the African unemployed and marginalized poor. In this context, uneven development in Johannesburg can no longer be explained solely by race. High levels of intra-racial inequality, especially among the African population, mean that there are other social forces at work. The study also found that there has been the steady relocation of economic activities to the southern part of Johannesburg, particularly in Soweto. And that the vast majority of new households in Johannesburg are settling in and on the edges of existing townships, most often on the outer edges, mainly because of the informal housing and government's subsidised housing. Nonetheless, these developments continue to perpetuate the apartheid legacy of uneven development. According to the conclusion of the study there is evidence to suggest that employment accessibility within different population groups is largely caused by spatial factors, such as employment decentralisation and residential segregation. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

My broadest aim in this thesis is to explore some of the central ethical concerns of social anthropologists vis-a-vis the phenomena of development. In particular, what I want to bring out and examine is the dynamics of the 'moral experience' and 'moral force' of anthropologists in this area. I go about this by considering the historical unfolding of the anthropological conceptual and evaluative apprehension of planned social and economic change. On this basis, I also consider the nature of the critiques and contributions that social anthropology has generated. I also make an attempt to review the major conceptual moral controversies and agendas that are intrinsic to development from an anthropological perspective. Whilst the concepts and values that emanate from social anthropology are multi-faceted and many stranded, I believe that the anthropological standpoint is both distinctive and potentially counter hegemonic. I look specifically at the moral resources that can be unearthed from the emerging field of 'development ethics' which is largely articulated in terms of the maxims that are fundamental to Western moral and political traditions. I attempt to set out the terrain of the ethical deliberation of anthropologists involved in development in terms of some of the moral difficulties of Western society. I argue that Western moral reasoning, as a result of deep disagreements about the sources of value human life and society, tends to rely upon procedural, instrumental and coercive ethical frameworks. On this basis, one of my assertions is that communitarian arguments, whilst also being needed as a healthy antidote to the excesses of liberal individualism, also constitute a reflection of the aspirations of people(s), many of whom are beleaguered by the alienation, atomism and instrumentalism of modern society. The communitarian perspective also underpins a political commitment to supporting those besieged indigenous communities that struggle to defend their integrity in the face of the aggressive intrusions of the market mentality. This may involve supporting the maintenance of 'traditional' versions of moral reasoning, well being, and sociality (such as indigenous life-worlds), collective rights in the face of the fragmentary and individuating neo-liberal development policies, and to support the 'construction of new associative networks such as 'new social movements' that represent the aspirations, and embody the values, of marginalised and disempowered social groups.

p. 1-199 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-07T19:21:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 111aaa.pdf: 1991814 bytes, checksum: 63349300fd6db0a98b40c6e3640a922a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima(tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2013-03-13T20:17:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 111aaa.pdf: 1991814 bytes, checksum: 63349300fd6db0a98b40c6e3640a922a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-13T20:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 111aaa.pdf: 1991814 bytes, checksum: 63349300fd6db0a98b40c6e3640a922a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A vantagem competitiva das nações. Apenas em seu título o tema já sugere diversidade de dimensões e possibilidades de análise dos aspectos que tornam um Estado - Nação ou uma região mais ou menos competitivo dentro de um determinado contexto econômico. Entrementes, da mesma forma que as dimensões de análise são multi-variadas, inúmeros são os questionamentos que acompanham essa temática tão intrigante. Em quais aspectos residiriam essa vantagem, ou quais fatores seriam decisivos na construção dessa vantagem. Certamente, as vantagens competitivas de países são um dos principais elementos em termos de alocação internacional da atividade econômica, atraindo fluxos de capitais. No caso do modelo de Michael Porter, o foco dessa dissertação, a competitividade é analisada em seus principais determinantes e seus inter-relacionamentos. O modelo é apresentado e criticado em suas deficiências e lacunas como um modelo insuficientemente explicativo do desenvolvimento econômico. / Salvador

Liberalization has been, for the past three decades, one of the most prominent strategies used in the developing world to promote growth and foster development. Haiti, as many other least developed countries, has implemented the liberalization policies over the past two decades. The poor socioeconomic conditions of the Haitians, today, have pushed to question the effectiveness of the neoliberal plan. Agriculture being a pivotal sector of the Haitian economy, the study goal is the evaluation of liberalization on the agricultural production. The findings are that trade liberalization is detrimental to agriculture in Haiti. The food crops production, a major component of the agricultural production, in terms of providing income to the rural poor and ensuring food security, suffered the most from trade liberalization. Also, cash crops production has not increased with liberalization.

The World Bank estimated that 1.4 billion people in the world were living in poverty in 2008. In the last several decades, many countries have succeeded in not only reducing the number and percent of people living in poverty, but also increasing overall economic strength. Yet, while some countries have succeeded, many others have not. This unequal growth has led to newer development theories that include the importance of geography and the physical environment. A leading researchers in this field, Jeffrey Sachs, argues that geography and physical ecology, along with some economic indicators are responsible for this difference in success. This research tests the theory that was suggested by Sachs. Spatial statistics techniques were used to analyze these theories with new methods and shed new light on the variables. Results showed that certain variables (coastal population, proximity to a major market) were not as significant in development, when regional differences were accounted for. However, other variables, particularly malaria and consumption, were very significant. In addition, testing variables regionally provided much better results than previously-used global models. Lastly, the results were used to analyze outliers. The outliers helped to discuss other important variables and pave the way for future research.