Esta tese teve como objeto a análise da condição do turismo, enquanto atividade econômica, de promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento regional, e sob que modelo teórico-metodológico, estrutura e configuração. Um objetivo diretamente vinculado ao objeto da tese consistiu na análise da coerência e propriedade da aplicação do conceito de cluster, formulado por Michael Porter, bem como o de cadeia produtiva, à atividade do turismo, conformando um cluster turístico. Em paralelo buscou examinar a condição de uma configuração de cluster de turismo poder ser considerada como um modelo de desenvolvimento regional. Secundariamente, mas com uma relação direta com o conceito de cadeia produtiva, foi focalizada a noção de fugas ou vazamentos da economia de uma região, decorrentes de pagamentos efetuados a fornecedores localizados fora da região pelo suprimento dos inputs necessários à estrutura produtiva da economia dessa região. Tais vazamentos provocam uma redução na magnitude da retenção local ou regional dos resultados econômicos propiciados pela atividade do turismo. A competitividade e sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento turístico, em base endógena, pressupõe a internalização da produção de tais inputs, através da criação de novas atividades produtivas e do fortalecimento das já existentes, visando eliminar pontos de estrangulamentos e implicando no adensamento dos encadeamentos setoriais, para frente e para trás, que integram a estrutura produtiva da economia da região. Para a elaboração desta tese foi efetuada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, em fontes primárias e secundárias, e realizado um trabalho empírico junto à hotelaria de Salvador, capital do Estado da Bahia. Este levantamento visou avaliar a incidência de fugas no valor da contribuição do turismo para a economia de Salvador, a partir da rede hoteleira, bem como identificar variáveis influenciadoras e áreas por onde ocorrem os vazamentos, ficando evidenciado que as fugas se relacionam diretamente com problemas e dificuldades que os hotéis encontram com os fornecedores locais de bens e serviços, e também com o tamanho do estabelecimento e a propriedade do capital, se local ou de cadeias nacionais e internacionais. O estudo realizado permitiu concluir que para regiões deprimidas economicamente, o turismo pode atuar como atividade motora de cresciemnto econômico, mas sem condições de, isoladamente, promover o desenvolvimento regional. O modelo de cluster, na concepção de Michael Porter, de enfoque marcadamente empresarial e microeconômico, caracterizado pela presença de grandes indústrias, de dimensão nacional e com elevada amplitude espacial e alto nível de agregação, não se aplica apropriadamente ao turismo e não pode ser considerado como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento regional. O agrupamento que tem o turismo como atividade nuclear, com foco no destino turístico entendido como um microcluster e que apresente as características de delimitação da amplitude geográfica de seu entorno, delimitação da abrangência territorial do próprio agrupamento, delimitação do segmento turístico principal e dos seus sub-segmentos, bem como do próprio mercado alvo, pode ser qualificado como um cluster de turismo que reúne as condições de modelar estratégias e promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de micro-regiões ou zonas turísticas. Deste modo, o microcluster constitui o modelo viabilizador do alcance e sustentação do desenvolvimento regional, como resultado da interação entre a função de especialização – o turismo, e o território – o destino turístico e seu entorno próximo. / This thesis had as object the analysis of the condition of tourism, while economical activity, of promoting the growth and the regional development, and under that theoretical-methodological model, structure and configuration. An objective directly linked to the object of the thesis consisted in the analysis of the coherence and property of the application of the cluster concept, formulated by Michael Porter, as well as the one of productive chain, to the activity of tourism, conforming a tourist cluster. In parallel it looked for to examine the condition of a configuration of cluster of tourism to be considered as a model of regional development. Secondarily, but with a direct relationship with the concept of productive chain, it was focused the notion of escapes or leaks of the economy of an area, current of payments made to suppliers located out of the area by the supply of the necessary inputs to the productive structure of the economy of that area. Such leaks provoke a reduction in the magnitude of local or regional retention of the economical results propitiated by the activity of the tourism. The competitiveness and support of the tourist development, in endogenous base, presupposes to immerse the production of such inputs, through the creation of new productive activities and of the invigoration of the already existent, seeking to eliminate strangulation points and implicating in the aggregation of the sectorial linkages, forward and back, that integrate the productive structure of the economy of the region. For the elaboration of this thesis an extensive bibliographical revision was made, in primary and secondary sources, and accomplished an empiric work close to the hostelry of Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia. This experiment sought to evaluate the incidence of escapes in the value of the contribution of the tourism for the economy of Salvador, starting from the hotel net, as well as to identify variables that influence and areas through where happen the leaks, being evidenced that the escapes link directly with problems and difficulties that the hotels find with the local suppliers of goods and services, and also with the size of the establishment and the property of the capital, if place or of national and international chains. The accomplished study allowed to end that for areas economically depressed, the tourism can act as motive activity of economical growth, but without conditions of, separately, to promote the regional development. The cluster model, in Michael Porter's conception, of focus remarkably business and micro economic, characterized by the presence of great industries, of national dimension and with high space width and high aggregation level, it doesn't reply adequately to the tourism and it cannot be considered as a strategy of regional development. The grouping that has the tourism as nuclear activity, with focus in the destiny tourist expert as a micro cluster and that it presents the characteristics of delimitation of the geographical with of its spill, delimitation of the territorial inclusion of the own grouping, delimitation of the main tourist segment and of their sub-segments, as well as of the own target of market, it can be qualified as a cluster of tourism that gathers the conditions of to model strategies and to promote the growth and the development of micro regions or tourist zones. This way, the micro cluster constitutes the model that makes possible the reach and support of the regional development, as a result of the interaction among the specialization function - the tourism, and the territory - the tourist destiny and its spills close.

Orientador: André Martins Biancareli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:41:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RodrigoBonecinide_M.pdf: 2336327 bytes, checksum: 77cd380b031cc0c0197b47fbb893310b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A partir dos anos 1980 medidas de liberalização da economia foram amplamente disseminadas para os países periféricos, principalmente pelas instituições multilaterais de Bretton Woods. Desde então os países da periferia não adotaram de maneira homogênea este conjunto de reformas econômicas e reorientações de políticas econômicas. Num primeiro momento a dissertação enfatiza como Filipinas, Tailândia, Malásia, Indonésia (Asean-4) e Coréia do Sul seguiram alguns dos preceitos de liberalização econômica, dentre as quais se sobressaíram à abertura das contas financeiras do balanço de pagamentos e a desregulação de diversos mercados domésticos, inclusive o financeiro. Em seguida, aponta-se como a execução destas e de outras medidas tiveram como consequência o surgimento da crise asiática na segunda metade da década de 1990, interrompendo por alguns anos o processo de desenvolvimento dos países afetados. Na década subsequente não ocorreu semelhante episódio. Parte-se da hipótese de que a estes países, para evitarem novas crises e manterem suas economias em trajetórias sustentáveis de desenvolvimento, reviram de forma exitosa suas políticas macroeconômicas no início do século XXI, adequando-as a um contexto de integração produtiva regional na Ásia e de expansão internacional da demanda agregada. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da dissertação é compreender como, neste contexto regional e internacional, a desvalorização do câmbio e sua estabilização por meio de intervenção governamental via acumulação de reservas, taxas de juros cadentes e maior ativação da política fiscal destes países na pós-crise permitiram menor instabilidade em meio a uma trajetória de forte crescimento / Abstract: Liberalization measures were widely spread in the periphery of capitalism throughout the 1980s and 1990s, especially by the World Bank and the IMF. Since then, many countries have adopted those propelled economic reforms and economic policy reorientation. Although with national nuances, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Asean-4) and South Korea have followed some of the economic liberalization prescriptions. In which stands out the opening of capital accounts of the balance of payments and the deregulation of many domestic markets, including the financial markets. The application of these and other measures have brought, as consequence, the rise of the Asian crisis in the second half of the 1990s, curtailing in some years the economic development of affected countries. The hypothesis sustained is that these countries, in order to avoid new crises and keep their economies in a path of sustainable development, revised their macroeconomic policies in the wake of the XXI century. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to understand how post-crisis exchange rate depreciation and stabilization - brought about by government intervention in exchange markets via reserve accumulation -, falling interest rates and active fiscal policy in these countries helped lessen economic instability, without the threat of a crisis like the one started in 1997 / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Econômico / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Orientador: Marcio Pochmann / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T17:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim_RicardoLuizChagas_D.pdf: 2566645 bytes, checksum: e70670b6092d219e1a7fc4579460456e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A tese procura resgatar a preocupação básica dos autores da dependência, buscando formas de utilizá-la, hoje, em pesquisas aplicadas sobre temas especializados da economia brasileira. Para tanto, o trabalho está dividido em uma introdução que apresenta o problema, outros cinco capítulos que discutem o tema e uma conclusão que avalia o resultado da proposta. No primeiro capítulo, debate-se a problemática do desenvolvimento até formular-se um conceito que será utilizado em toda a tese. Já no segundo, o assunto é o debate sobre o desenvolvimento nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, porta de entrada da idéia de dependência. No terceiro capítulo está o debate em torno da problemática da dependência, suas correntes e a desmistificação de tentativa de transformá-la em teoria. O capítulo seguinte discute uma forma de servir-se dos avanços da idéia de dependência, propondo um primeiro passo para resgatá-la para aplicação em pesquisas especializadas sobre a economia brasileira. Por fim, o último capítulo faz três aplicações da proposta, a partir de informações do antigo debate, com o objetivo de testar sua viabilidade / Abstract: The thesis tries to redeem the basic concern of the authors of the dependence, seeking ways to use it, today, in applied research on specialized issues of Brazilian economy. For this, the work is divided into an introduction that presents the problem, other five chapters that discuss the theme and a conclusion that evaluates the result of the proposal. The first chapter discusses the problem of development to formulate a concept that will be used throughout the thesis. In the second, the subject is the debate on the development in the 1950s and 1960s, portal of entry for the idea of dependence. In the third chapter is the debate around the issue of dependence, their currents and the demystification of attempt to turn it in theory. The following chapter proposes a first step to use the advances of idea of dependence, redeeming her for application in specialized research on the Brazilian economy. Finally, the last chapter makes three applications of the proposed, based on the information of the old debate, with the objective of testing its viability / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Orientadores: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa, Mariano Francisco Laplane / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LeandroRibeiro_D.pdf: 1691726 bytes, checksum: 352c0b60096eb834841d0a7c68504855 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O trabalho está centrado na noção de ciclos de desenvolvimento no Brasil ao longo do século XX e a sua retomada no início do século XXI a partir da identificação das correntes de pensamento do desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. A começar pelo nacional desenvolvimentismo que teve seu auge na década de 50, a tradição de um Estado indutor do desenvolvimento (desenvolvimentistas nacionalistas e do setor público) predominou na história recente do país deixando marcas na formação da sociedade e ditando a dinâmica das transformações sociais. O golpe de 1964 deu outro tom ao desenvolvimento, com a ascensão dos desenvolvimentistas governistas (desenvolvimentistas do setor privado e parte dos nacionalistas), e logo após enfrentou um longo período de decadência até os anos 80. Entendido como um grilhão do passado militar, as políticas desenvolvimentistas bem como as suas forças políticas que as apoiavam passou a ser identificadas com o "pesado passado militar" que tinha ser superado. Desde então o país se mostrou um terreno fértil as influências externas do neoliberalismo que ganharam força na década de 90. O rápido esgotamento desse ideário levou ao reagrupamento dos intelectuais que no passado pensaram o desenvolvimentismo como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento do país. O movimento ganhou mais consistência no início dos anos 2000 com pensadores - não apenas economistas, apesar de ser maioria - de várias gerações e linhas de pensamento em um novo ciclo que se inicia e recebeu o nome de novo desenvolvimentismo. Não estamos em seu auge, mas certamente em um momento de importantes definições de novas correntes dentro desse novo movimento e de identificação de influencias, que superam as do antigo desenvolvimentismo / Abstract: The work is centered on the notion of development cycles in Brazil throughout the twentieth century and its resumption at the beginning of the XXI century by identifying the currents of thought of the Brazilian economic development. Starting with the national developmentalism which had its heyday in the 50s, the tradition of a development-inducing State (nationalist-developmentalists and the public sector) prevailed in the country's recent history, leaving marks on the formation of society and dictating the dynamics of social changes. The 1964 coup set another tone to the development, with the rise of the governing-developmentalists (developmentalists from the private sector and part of the nationalists), and soon after faced a long period of decline until the 80s. Understood as a fetter of the military past, the developmental policies and their political supporters came to be identified as the "heavy military past" that had to be overcome. Since then the country has proved itself as a fertile ground to the external influences of neoliberalism that gained momentum in the 90s. The fast depletion of this ideario led to the reunification of the intellectuals who in the past thought about developmentalism as an alternative to the country's development. The movement gained more consistency in early 2000 with thinkers - not just economists, although they were the most of them - from several generations and lines of thought in a new cycle which was named after New Developmentalism. We are not at its heyday, but certainly in a time of important definitions of new trends within this new movement and of identification of influences that surpass the old developmentalism ones / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Sustainability reporting is becoming increasingly important, and governments and stock exchanges of many countries require or strongly encourage businesses to provide some level of sustainability reporting. South Africa is one of few emerging market economies and the only country in Africa which show substantial sustainability reporting activities. In South Africa, sustainable development has been recognised at a constitutional and legislative level. Companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) must integrate sustainability reporting with financial reporting, or explain why they are not complying. Establishing a suitable sustainability reporting framework should therefore be part of the strategic integration of sustainability with other aspects of organisational planning and decision-making. This study suggests such a framework of standards and indicators for sustainability reporting in South African businesses, and evaluates it in South African listed companies. Mixed methods research was used in two phases. In phase 1, a critical analysis of the literature produced a framework of standards and indicators to be used as a measure to evaluate sustainability reporting in South Africa. In phase 2, first hand, original data was collected by performing a quantitative content analysis of sustainability reports of 84 companies listed on the Johannesburg stock exchange with the aim to identify standards and indicators that are applied in the content of sustainability reports in South Africa. Quantitative content analysis involves analysing material and then classifying it into various coding units or themes found in the material - it is a systematic way of converting text to numerical variables for quantitative data analysis.

In the early literature, the empirical evidence showed that the rate of economic convergence is close to 2%. This paper reexamined the convergence pattern of U.S. counties from 1959-2015 and explored the potential impact of the net migration rate and population density on the rate of convergence. By investigating both the ordinary least square and quantile regression estimates, this paper found out the convergence pattern for the latter economic development period differed from that in the early period. This change is mainly featured by a close to zero convergence rate after 1979. Furthermore, for counties starting off at a relatively low GDP per capita level, no significant economic convergence was observed during the period 1979-2005. Net migration rate didn’t show to have a significant impact on the rate of convergence. Population density has a double effect on the economic growth and can partly account for the change in the rate of convergence in the latter economic development period.

The development of economic corridors is becoming an important strategy for accelerating economic growth and integration in developing economies. Around these corridors economic regions are forming with trade barriers being lowered, with numerous investment opportunities emerging within these regions. Historically many of the countries in these regions have been overlooked by investors due to a lack of data, unfavourable business environments, lack of scale in their economies and perceived barriers that exist within these economies. But, due to the slow of growth and decline of many developed economies, there seems to be a mad scramble for companies to enter these fast growing economies of developing countries. What are these prospective investors currently basing their investment decisions on? This research study will aim to create a weighted scorecard for investment decision making not based on a country by country analysis but rather based on a regional analysis of countries within the different economic corridors that are developing throughout these economies. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / pagibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

This paper aimed to develop a better understanding of political institutions by assessing the direct and indirect impacts of political decentralisation on economic growth. Institutions as the major drivers of economic growth have been studied extensively in the last two decades and within this context, political institutions have been found to significantly influence the so-called economic institutions that are required to attract investment and accelerate economic growth. The objectives of the study were designed to confirm previous research and determine whether there is a direct relationship between political decentralisation and economic growth or whether there was an indirect relationship mediated through fiscal policy volatility. The study was conducted using a sample of 153 countries that was collected from the World Bank’s databases and regression analysis was used to measure the strength of the association between the variables selected to measure political decentralisation, fiscal policy volatility and economic growth. Since there is no single, universally accepted measure for political decentralisation, senators’ representation of constituencies, local authority over taxation, spending and legislating and the method of appointing municipal government were used as proxies for political decentralisation. The results were mixed but suggested that there are more benefits than drawbacks to political decentralisation. The results of the study showed that senators’ representation of constituencies and local authority over taxation, spending and legislating helped to reduce fiscal policy volatility and confirmed that lower volatility in fiscal policy was correlated with higher economic growth. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Chapter 1 revisits the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth by addressing the endogeneity. We use an instrumental variable approach based on two geography variables, namely a Geographic Fragmentation Index (GFI) and country size. We find that both instruments are strong and valid in the first stage regression and that a ten percent increase in decentralization measured by the expenditure or revenue share of subnational government in total government expenditures or revenues increases GDP per capita growth by approximately 0.4 percentage points. Moreover, we find that the results are more pronounced in the case of developed countries with a higher magnitude of the impact of revenue decentralization and lower impact of expenditure decentralization, while for a sample of developing countries both decentralization measures are insignificant. Chapter 2 explores the role of the tax structure and its key elements on the volatility of output growth. We account for both embedded automatic stabilizers measured by progressivity of the tax system and discretionary policy by accounting for the actual levels of revenue and its composition measured by tax mix ratio or the ratio of direct taxes to indirect taxes. We find that higher reliance on direct taxes versus indirect taxes is a significant stabilizing factor for output volatility for the whole sample of all countries and the subsample of lower income countries. For the subsample of high-income countries, we find a significant stabilizing impact of progressivity in the income tax structure, especially when there is higher reliance on personal income tax revenue. Chapter 3 reexamines the causal link between institutional quality and economic development using "Malaria Endemicity" as an instrument for institutions. This instrument is superior to the previously used instruments in the literature which suffered from measurement error. Because the Malaria Endemicity measure captures the malaria environment before the discovery that mosquitoes transmit the disease and before the successful eradication efforts that followed, it is exogenous to both institutional quality and economic development. We find Malaria Endemicity a valid strong instrument which yields larger significant effects of institutions on economic development than those obtained in the previous literature.

At present, many national and local governmental programmes initiated to promote greater economic growth as well as alleviating poverty and unemployment include, among others, Local Economic Development (LED) poverty alleviation projects. LED poverty alleviation projects which are the focus of this study typically concentrate on empowering vulnerable groups, especially women and the disabled to improve their livelihoods by providing them with rural infrastructure, employment opportunities as well as training. It is evident that the need to address poverty and inequality has been firmly placed at the centre of the nation’s agenda. Several poverty audits have been undertaken, and a range of policy documents and strategies have been developed to address this crucial issue. The LED strategy is a locally driven process by which public, business and the non-governmental sector partners work collectively to create better conditions for economic growth and employment generation in order to sustain livelihood and to improve future economic prospects. This study explored the concept of poverty as understood globally and investigated the perspectives and poverty alleviation approaches in developing countries and in South Africa against the background of certain developing countries’ trends, especially LED. The study also determined the meaning of the concept of LED within the South African context and investigated the historical legislative milieu of LED, the key role players and strategies as well as an investigation on how this relates to the implementation strategy of LED implementation projects in the Thulamela Municipality. This study also assessed whether LED initiatives, and in particular, LED projects are successful toward alleviating poverty in the Thulamela Municipality in the Limpopo province. Specific critical issues addressed in this study include the determination of the socio-economic development benefits derived by the projects’ participants in the Thulamela Municipality towards unemployment and poverty alleviation as well as the sustainability of the projects. / Prof. C. J. Auriacombe