Am Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges war im zerstörten Europa die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Wirtschaftsordnung gegeben. Insbesondere in Deutschland war es wichtig, dass durch diese ein erneuter Krieg verhindert würde. Das 1918 nach dem ersten Weltkrieg entstandene wirtschaftliche System wurde damals als eine der Hauptursachen für den Aufstieg des nationalsozialistischen Regimes gesehen. Die Sieger des ersten Weltkrieges hatten sich gegen einen direkten Eingriff in die Wirtschaftspolitik Deutschlands entschieden und damit die Entwicklung der marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung der Weimarer Republik ermöglicht. Dieses Vorgehen erschien den Siegermächten nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg fehlerhaft und veranlasste sie zur Besetzung Deutschlands und zur Restriktion der Wirtschaft...

In this master thesis I want to focus on high rank execs in the National Bank of Czechoslovakia. between years 1938-1953. These employers are important for me, because they were educated during the time of Austro-Hungarian empire or during the time of The First Czechoslovak Republic. They also had to work under nazi economic system and under communist economic system as well. These interactions between employers and both regimes are the ones that I would like to study in my master thesis.

In this master thesis I want to focus on high rank execs in the National Bank of Czechoslovakia. between years 1938-1953. These employers are important for me, because they were educated during the time of Austro-Hungarian empire or during the time of The First Czechoslovak Republic. They also had to work under nazi economic system and under communist economic system as well. These interactions between employers and both regimes are the ones that I would like to study in my master thesis.

The main aim of the thesis is to compare (by diachronic historical comparison) the basic aspects of political, economic and social development of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), between the years 1958 and 1963 with the overlap to the year 1968. The milestone between the two periods is the building of the Berlin wall in 1961. In this context, the thesis examines to what extent the inner development in the GDR after 1961 can be seen as (non)continual. In other words, the questions asked are, whether we can see the change of the political regime and socio-economic realities in the development of the country after 1961 as a natural continuation of the previous development, even while changing its means and reformulating its goals, but retaining its original character and focus, or if we need to approach the change of the political regime as a diversion from the previous development and as such to approach it as a qualitatively different regime.

El presente artículo pretende demostrar, partiendo del estudio del neoliberalismo, que el modelo económico de economía social de mercado contenido en la Constitución Política del Perú debe ser interpretado desde su esencia y principios fundamentales; por lo que, la necesidad de un cambio de modelo económico es innecesaria. Por ello, se plantea la necesidad de retomar sus fundamentos iniciales, así como interpretarlo desde el principio de subsidiariedad para establecer las adaptaciones necesarias al entorno social y económico actual, de manera que otras ramas del derecho como el mercantil y el de competencia puedan adaptarse desde la esencia del modelo. / This article aims to demonstrate, starting from the study of neoliberalism, that the economic model of the social market economy contained in the Political Constitution of Peru must be interpreted from its essence and fundamental principles, therefore, the need for a change in the economic model it is unnecessary. Therefore, the need arises to return to its initial foundations, as well as to interpret it from the principle of subsidiarity to establish the necessary adaptations to the current social and economic environment, so that other areas of law such as both, commercial and competition law, can adapt from the essence of the model.

Sammanfattning Titel Lönesättande samtal i praktiken - En kvalitativ studie om hur chefer på Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap upplever management med fokus på lönesättande samtal. Nivå                        Datum Magister                  Augusti 2018 Författare               Handledare Victor Skoglund        Jonas Axelsson Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap och djupare förståelse av lönesättande chefers upplevelser av management med särskilt fokus på arbetet med lönesättande samtal. Metod Studien är baserad på kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har tagits fram med hjälp av semistrukturerad intervjuform. Sammanlagt har 7 intervjuer genomförts och urvalet består av lönesättande chefer som arbetar på Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Resultat och slutsatser Undersökningen kommer fram till olika slutsatser angående lönesättande chefs arbete kring lönesättande samtal. Resultatet visar att det generella chefskapet innehåller vad bland annat Mintzberg (1973), Tengblad (2012), Kanter (1977) och Sayles (1964) kallar för managementarbete, eftersom chefskapet upplevs innehålla många och olika arbetsuppgifter, hektisk arbetsmiljö, förväntningar från berörda intressenter, långa arbetstider, anpassningsförmåga och beslut som ska främja verksamhetens intressen. Vidare visar studien att ekonomiska resurser, höga ingångslöner, omplacering till ny tjänst och allmänt formulerade lönekriterier försvårar lönesättande chefs arbete med lönesättande samtal. Studien skiljer sig något från Lysgaards (1985) teori om arbetarkollektivet då cheferna inte upplever något ”starkare” kollektiv bland medarbetarna. Däremot kan lönesättningen spegla efter hur kollektivavtalen är reglerade med fackförbundet ST, Seko och Saco. Slutligen visar studien att det råder maktfördelning till fördel cheferna enligt Korpis (1978) teori om makt och konflikt eftersom chefen, arbetsgivaren, är den beslutsfattande parten att påverka medarbetarens nya lön. Nyckelord Lönesättande samtal, Individuell lönesättning, Teknisk/ekonomiska system, Mänskligt system, Kollektivets system, Management, Arbetarkollektiv, Makt och konflikt. / Abstract Title Pay setting conversations in practice - A qualitative study on how managers at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency experience management regarding pay setting conversations. Level                     Date Magister-level         August 2018 Author                   Supervisor Victor Skoglund       Jonas Axelsson Aim The aim of this study is to gain knowledge and a deeper understanding of pay setting managers ́ experiences of management with a particular focus on the work of pay setting conversations. Method The study is based on qualitative methodology and the empirical material has been developed using semistructured interviews. A total of 7 interviews have been conducted and the selection consists of pay setting managers who work at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. Results and conclusions The study reveals different conclusions regarding the pay setting managers ́ work with pay setting conversations. The result shows that the general leadership includes what Mintzberg (1973), Tengblad (2012), Kanter (1977) and Sayles (1964) calling for management work, because the leadership is perceived to contain many and different tasks, hectic working environment, stakeholder expectations, long working hours, adaptability and decisions to promote the company’s interests. Furthermore, the study results that financial resources, high entrance salary, redeployement of position and generally formulated salary criteria complicating pay setting managers ́ work with pay setting conversations. The study differs somewhat from Lysgaard's (1985) theory of the labor collective, since the managers do not experience any ”stronger” collective among the employees. On the other hand, the pay setting can reflect how collective agreements are regulated with the trade union ST, Seko and Saco. Finally, the study results that there is power distribution to the advantage of the leaders according to Korpi's (1978) theory of power and conflict because the manager, the employer, is the decision-making part to influence the employees ́ new salary. Keywords Pay setting conversations, Individual pay setting, Technical/economic system, Human system, Collective system, Management, Labor collective, Power and conflict.

This thesis deals with the transition of centrally planned economic system to market system, namely in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. In the theoretical part are approximated goals and phases ot transformation and transformation strategies. Furthermore, the Washington consensus, the circumstances of its origin, its content and what position occupied in transition economies. The practical part monitor the development of individual economies in the period from 1990 until 2004. Development is not captured only by macroeconomic indicators (GDP, inflation, unemployment), but also by events that these indicators have an impact. Conclusion is devoted to an overall summary and assessment of the transformation process in all three countries.

The common theme throughout the thesis is to explore the possibility of using a single framework, namely the systems theory framework, in modeling a few stylized features of a financial market. A systems theoretic model is developed, in this thesis in Chapter 3, for confidence bias of an individual. The effect of this bias on his investment decision is brought out explicitly. The phenomenon of excessive trading, arising due to overconfidence and optimism, has been explained. The concept of virtual capital, incorporating the ideas from prospect theory, is introduced. We have proposed a dynamical system framework to model limits to arbitrage and the herding behavior in financial markets in Chapter 4. The market evolves due to the participation of traders. It is instructive to look at the market as a system evolving from a set of initial conditions during every time interval. In the proposed model, herding is defined as a specific relation between the system responses. The proposed herding measure quantifies how far the individual is from clustering with others. It is also shown how this interpretation helps us to understand the effects of herding. There exists a risk when the market price variation, due to herding, is thought of as entirely due to the portfolio fundamentals. The generic dynamical system model that captures some aspects of the limits of arbitrage is also proposed wherein fundamental risk, noise trader risk, implementation risk, and model risk can be incorporated. The proposed model offers a single framework to study the Marginally Efficient Market and Synchronization Risk models. In Chapter 5, we have proposed a switching dynamical system with minority game rules incorporated within the framework. We have explored the possibility of developing a market model, in Chapter 6, in the same framework that has been used to develop models for arbitrage and herding. We have explored, in this thesis, the possibility of using a single framework to model stylized features of stock market. It will be a long way before a single model can capture all complex characteristic features of a stock market. We have attempted, in this thesis, to capture a few stylized features in a single framework, if not in a single model. Different models proposed for individual confidence bias, limits to arbitrage, herding, and switching model for incorporating minority games are all set up in system dynamics framework. This leads to a stage where one can explore incorporating other features, not addressed in this thesis, in system dynamics framework. If each feature is captured using a different framework like confidence bias as stochastic system, herding as pattern cluster, limits to arbitrage as rule-based agents, etc., it would be difficult to integrate them into a single framework. But, in the present work, we have captured the chosen stylized features using system dynamics framework though individual models differ from each other substantially. The challenges are many in creating a single framework. The vision of such framework may involve different components such as modeling decision making, considering risk profiles, devising investment strategies, etc. Stylized features would come as emergent properties of complex interactions among the components of the system. Emergence refers to the way in which multiplicity of simple interactions lead to complex behavior. Emergence of such features may include different time scales of causal relationships among components. System may have thresholds, determined by diversity of traders and nature of interactions, which is vital for features to become emergent. This can be seen in practice. Stock market regulates the relative prices of companies across the world. There is no single central agency to control the workings of the market. Traders have knowledge of only few companies within their portfolio, and to follow transaction rules. Trends and patterns are still emerging which are studied by technical analysts. Emergent properties are mostly signature of self-organizing complex system. Self-organization in complex system relies on four properties which are fundamental in system dynamics framework: positive feedback, negative feedback, multiple interactions, and balance among strategies. A complex adaptive stock market system which is self-organizing and exhibit stylized features as emergent property is a distant goal of system theorists around the world. The challenge does not end there. We have attempted to model and study the stylized features of a stock market in systems theory framework. The focus of our approach is to use the dynamical system modeling to study the features. We have not considered the investment aspects in a financial market. The investment models are very important in real life for individuals and policy-makers. Future extension of the ideas explored in this thesis could be along the lines of creating investment models for individuals and policy-makers. Creating such models using complex adaptive stock market system goes a long way in understanding a phenomenon that had started by Dutch East India Company issuing shares on Amsterdam Stock Exchange way back in 1602.

This thesis deals with an analysis, selection and proposition of the transformation of the company economic information system. We are talking about company, where the business object is distribution and service of Škoda car. On this analysis is built the following implementation process from the product selection to the final transform of the whole corporation to the economic information system Pohoda from Stormware. This change should help to eliminate the inefficient areas, contribute to increase productivity and thereby consolidate the market status.

The master thesis The solution of the financial crisis in the Federal Republic of Germany 2008-2009 is based on the statement, that the state intervention during the solution of the financial crisis in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was in accord with the model of social market economy. The confirmation or disproval of this statement shall be reached by answering the following questions: What are the basic principles of the social market economy in FRG? How does the bank system of FRG work? What was the timeline of the financial crisis in FRG? What measures had to be taken to master the crisis? What was the role of the state in these measures? Within the framework of these questions this master thesis deals with the economic system and economic policy of FRG and the role of the state and other actors in the forming of economic policy. The bank system is outlined and the financial crisis as an example of general rules applied to particular regulative measures are discussed. In the topic of the financial crisis the focus is put on the beginning and the causes of the global financial crisis, the impact of the financial crisis on FRG and the central point are the particular measures which were taken to solve the financial crisis in FRG. Keywords Financial crisis, solution of the financial crisis...