Em 1997, a chamada Lei do Petróleo instituiu novos critérios para a partilha das rendas petrolíferas com estados e municípios, elevando substancialmente a arrecadação dos entes federativos. De acordo com a teoria econômica os recursos naturais devem ser aplicados de forma eficiente em capital, visando o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do país. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar se os royalties do petróleo, gás natural e outros hidrocarbonetos fluidos afetam a eficiência dos municípios no que se refere a determinados indicadores sociais. Esta análise foi feita em dois estágios. No primeiro estágio, estimaram-se escores de eficiência relativa com respeito à \"produção\" de indicadores sociais municipais pela metodologia da Análise de Envoltória de Dados (DEA, em inglês). No segundo estágio, uma regressão desses escores no valor em Reais de royalties recebidos por cada município (além de outras variáveis de controle) avaliou que, a níveis estatisticamente significativos, pode-se afirmar que os royalties têm um impacto negativo na eficiência da \"produção\" desses indicadores. / In 1997, the law known as Oil Act established new criteria regarding the distribution of the oil income to States and Municipalities, substantially raising the incomings of the Federal entities. According to the economic theory natural resources should be applied efficiently in the capital, targeting the country\'s socioeconomic development. This work aims to analyze whether the royalties from the production of oil, natural gas and other fluid hydrocarbons affect the efficiency of Municipalities with regard to certain social indicators. This analysis was done in two stages. In the first stage, relative efficiency scores were estimated with respect to the \"production\" of municipal social indicators by the methodology of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In the second stage, a regression of these scores in Reais of royalties received by each Municipality (besides other variables of control) assessed that, at statistically significant levels, it may be asserted that the royalties have a negative impact upon the efficiency of the \"production\" of these indicators.

Em 1997, a chamada Lei do Petróleo instituiu novos critérios para a partilha das rendas petrolíferas com estados e municípios, elevando substancialmente a arrecadação dos entes federativos. De acordo com a teoria econômica os recursos naturais devem ser aplicados de forma eficiente em capital, visando o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do país. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar se os royalties do petróleo, gás natural e outros hidrocarbonetos fluidos afetam a eficiência dos municípios no que se refere a determinados indicadores sociais. Esta análise foi feita em dois estágios. No primeiro estágio, estimaram-se escores de eficiência relativa com respeito à \"produção\" de indicadores sociais municipais pela metodologia da Análise de Envoltória de Dados (DEA, em inglês). No segundo estágio, uma regressão desses escores no valor em Reais de royalties recebidos por cada município (além de outras variáveis de controle) avaliou que, a níveis estatisticamente significativos, pode-se afirmar que os royalties têm um impacto negativo na eficiência da \"produção\" desses indicadores. / In 1997, the law known as Oil Act established new criteria regarding the distribution of the oil income to States and Municipalities, substantially raising the incomings of the Federal entities. According to the economic theory natural resources should be applied efficiently in the capital, targeting the country\'s socioeconomic development. This work aims to analyze whether the royalties from the production of oil, natural gas and other fluid hydrocarbons affect the efficiency of Municipalities with regard to certain social indicators. This analysis was done in two stages. In the first stage, relative efficiency scores were estimated with respect to the \"production\" of municipal social indicators by the methodology of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In the second stage, a regression of these scores in Reais of royalties received by each Municipality (besides other variables of control) assessed that, at statistically significant levels, it may be asserted that the royalties have a negative impact upon the efficiency of the \"production\" of these indicators.

Description and structure of the company. Description and characteristic of type of heating plates and heating medium. Analysis of the current selection of heating plates. Technological and economics aspects. Total estimation of aspects and suggestion of the best suitable alternate.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The historical Apartheid policy caused a lack ofinterest in metropolitan management in South Africa. Metropolitan management mainly focussed on limiting the accessibility ofthe non-white population to economic activities in urban areas. White institutions directed the intra-urban structure of urban areas to maintain their dominant economic, social and political position in the South African community. Increasing urbanization and constitutional changes in South Africa since 1991, together with international theoretical developments, necessitated a reconsideration of the nature of metropolitan management. For this purpose the objectives of metropolitan management were reformulated and industrial location was identified as an instrument in metropolitan management to increase the accessibility to economic activities. Itwas also determined that the non-establishment of industries intraditional non -white urban areas and the long distances between workplace and residential areas in North Gauteng limited the accessibility to non-whites. The New Institutional Approach, which serves as the theoretical starting point in this study, emphasises the role of rival individuals and interest groups in determining the intra-urban structure. An analysis of the role of primarily white individuals and interest groups, namely the community, the local and central governments, and the industrial entrepreneur, showed that the local and central governments played a determining role in establishing the intra-urban structure of the study area. The approach of the community and industrial entrepreneurs was mostly directed towards their own private interests and the inaccessibility of the study area for non-white population groups did not concern them. The institutions of the town councillors and officials of the local governments originated from exogenous institutions which were enforced on local governments from the central government and endogenic institutions which derived from a long tradition of urban planning. These institutions do not relate to the realities of the South African community and therefore a new institutional framework for decisionmaking on intra-urban structure was needed. Although this study only concerns one metropolitan area, the study area manifests all the characteristics of a typical Apartheid city in South Africa and the conclusions can be used in the reformulation of metropolitan management for most areas in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die historiese Apartheidsbeleid het veroorsaak dat metropolitaanse bestuur in Suid- Afrika nie veel aandag gekry het nie. Metropolitaanse bestuur was grootliks gerig op die beperking van die toeganklikheid van nie-blanke bevolkingsgroepe tot ekonomiese aktiwiteite in stedelike gebiede. Blanke instellings het die intra-stedelike struktuurvan stedelike gebiede gerig om huloorheersende ekonomiese, sosiale en politieke posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te handhaaf. Toenemende verstedeliking en konstitusionele verandering in Suid-Afrika sedert 1991, tesame met internasionale teoretiese ontwikkelinge, het 'n herbesinning oor die aard van metropolitaanse bestuur genoodsaak. Vir doeleindes hiervan is die doelstellings van metropolitaanse bestuur herformuleer en is fabrieksvestiging as 'n instrument in metropolitaanse bestuur geïdentifiseer om die toeganklikheid tot ekonomiese aktiwiteite te verhoog. Daar is bepaal dat die gebrek aan fabrieksvestiging in die tradisionele nie-blanke stedelike gebiede en die groot afstande tussen werks- en woonplek in Noord-Gauteng toeganklikheid vir nie-blankes beperk het. Die Nuwe Institusionele Benadering, wat as 'n teoretiese vertrekpunt vir die studie dien, beklemtoon die rol van mededingende indiwidue en belangegroepe in die bepaling van die intra-stedelike struktuur. In Ontleding van die rol van hoofsaaklik blanke indiwidue en belangegroepe, nl. die gemeenskap, die plaaslike en sentrale owerhede, en die fabrieksondernemer, het getoon dat die plaaslike en sentrale owerhede 'n bepalende rol gespeel het in die vasstelling van die intra-stedelike struktuur van die studiegebied. Die gemeenskap en fabrieksondernemers se benadering was grootliks gerig op hul eie partikuliere belang en die ontoeganklikheid van die studiegebied vir nie-blanke bevolkingsgroepe was nie vir hulle ter sake nie. Die instellings van die stadsraadslede en amptenare van plaaslike owerhede het lVontstaan uit eksogene instellings wat op plaaslike owerhede vanaf die sentrale owerheid afgedwing was en endogene instellings wat uit In lang stedelike beplanningstradisie ontstaan het. Dié instellings hou nie verband met die realiteite van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap nie en daarom word Innuwe institusionele raamwerk vereis waarbinne besluitneming oor die intra-stedelike struktuur kan plaasvind. Hoewel hierdie studie slegs In gevallestudie van een metropolitaanse gebied is, openbaar die studiegebied al die eienskappe van die tipiese Apartheidstad in Suid- Afrika en die gevolgtrekkings kan gebruik word in die herformulering van die aard van metropolitaanse bestuur vir die meeste gebiede in Suid-Afrika.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Agricultural Economics)) --University of Limpopo, 2016. / Refer to document