Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T11:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Aurelio Paes de Oliveira.pdf: 851630 bytes, checksum: 2143362518b27ef1e6da1fcf00bdbee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T11:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Aurelio Paes de Oliveira.pdf: 851630 bytes, checksum: 2143362518b27ef1e6da1fcf00bdbee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Atlantic forest fragments, surrounded by crops such as sugarcane, may undergo changes in terms of termite community richness and composition. This study aimed to analyze termite richness in Pernambuco's sugarcane region and to compare the communities found in sugarcane plantations and in Atlantic forest fragments near such plantations. For the richness study, four 1 ha areas were delimited within the plantations in each sugarcane processing plant selected – Trapiche, União & Indústria, São José, and Central Olho D'Água. A comparative analysis between the termites that occur in forest fragments and in sugarcane plantations was carried out at the São José processing plant, where three transects were placed 10, 50, and 300 m parallel to each environment's border, respectively. The insects were collected from all of the micro-habitats in ten intercalated sectors of 10 m2 for each transect. The richness study in the sugarcane plantations recorded 13 species of eight genera and two families (Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae). The number of species varied from six to nine per processing plant. Twelve Termitidae species occurred, of which Subfamily Nasutitermitinae was the richest (S=6). Rhinotermitidae included only one species, which belonged to Subfamily Heterotermitinae. The comparative analysis between the two environments studied revealed 27 termite species in the Atlantic forest fragments, from 17 genera and three families. Termitidae had the greatest number of species (24), Subfamily Nasutitermitinae was the richest. Ten species occurred in sugarcane, including six genera and one family; Subfamily Syntermitinae stood out in terms of species number (S=4). The results showed a higher termite richness than what had been previously recorded for Pernambuco's sugarcane plantations. Additionally, termite associations to forest fragments and sugarcane plantations were distinct – for the latter, species richness decreased the further away the transects were from the forest's edge. / Fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica, circundados por culturas como a cana-de-açúcar, podem sofrer alterações na riqueza e na composição de comunidades termíticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a riqueza de cupins nas regiões canavieiras de Pernambuco e comparar as comunidades termíticas existentes em cana-de-açúcar e remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, próximas a canaviais. No estudo da riqueza delimitaram-se quatro áreas de um hectare para cada Usina – Trapiche, União & Indústria, São José e Central Olho D`água. A análise comparativa entre os cupins que ocorrem em fragmentos de mata e em canavial foi realizada na Usina São José, onde foram traçados três transectos a 10, 50 e 300 metros, respectivamente, paralelos à borda de cada ambiente. Em 10 setores intercalados, de 10m2, de cada transecto, os insetos foram coletados em todos os micro-habitats. O estudo de riqueza nos canaviais registrou 13 espécies pertencentes a oito gêneros e a duas famílias (Rhinotermitidae e Termitidae). O número de espécies variou de seis a nove por Usina. Em Termitidae ocorreram 12 espécies, com a subfamília Nasutitermitinae apresentando maior riqueza (S=6). Rhinotermitidae contou com apenas uma espécie da subfamília Heterotermitinae. A análise comparativa entre os dois ambientes estudados registrou 27 espécies de cupins nos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, sendo 17 gêneros e três famílias. Termitidae apresentou maior número de espécies (24) e a maior riqueza (S=12) foi observada na subfamília Nasutitermitinae. Em cana-de-açúcar ocorreram 10 espécies incluídas em seis gêneros e em uma família, tendo a subfamília Syntermitinae se destacado em número de espécie (S=4). Os resultados apresentaram uma riqueza de térmitas mais elevada que aquela previamente registrada para os canaviais pernambucanos e a associação termítica entre os fragmentos de mata e cana apresentaram-se distintas, havendo diminuição na riqueza de espécies, nessa última, à medida que os transectos se afastavam da borda da mata.

Orientador: Rosely Ferreira dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T20:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Blumenfeld_EstherCarone_M.pdf: 2130383 bytes, checksum: 023eca5c2ce1153215c1be4f98683e8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O efeito de borda em fragmento de floresta é uma das principais conseqüências promovidas pelo uso e ocupação do homem em áreas onde ocorrem ecossistemas naturais. Para uma cupação racional da paisagem, visando à conservação ambiental, é necessário um conhecimento mais preciso a respeito dessa interação homem e fragmento. Nessa direção, este estudo caracterizou e estabeleceu a extensão do efeito de borda em um fragmento de floresta em relação a diferentes vizinhanças e indicadores de efeito de borda. O trabalho foi realizado na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande (SP) e seu entorno, uma região intensamente ocupada por diferentes usos humanos. A região foi mapeada e foram selecionados dois tipos de ocupação antrópica (urbana e agrícola) para estudo dos respectivos efeitos de borda, além de uma área florestal definida como referência. A qualificação e extensão do efeito de borda foram obtidas por meio da avaliação, em transecções, de indicadores de efeito de borda na floresta. Foi possível então distinguir dois grupos distintos de efeitos de borda: físicos e biológicos. O primeiro se estendeu ao longo da borda a profundidades menores e foi mais expressivo quando a vizinhança era a ocupação urbana. O segundo se expressou mais profundamente no fragmento e o efeito foi mais intenso na tipologia agrícola. Os melhores parâmetros para o efeito de borda neste estudo foram a temperatura e o diâmetro das árvores. / Abstract: Edge effect is one of the main consequences of men's use and occupation of natural ecosystem occurring areas. For a rational landscape occupation concerned with environmental conservation needs, it is necessary to develop precise knowledge about the interaction between human populations and forest fragments. This study characterized and established the extent of the edge effect in a forest fragment in relation to its different neighborhoods and edge effect indicators. The study was developed in Morro Grande Forest Reserve (São Paulo, Brazil) and in its vicinity, a region intensely occupied by different types of human activities. The region was mapped and two kinds of a human occupation were selected for the edge effect study (rural and urban), and a forest area was defined as a reference. The type and extension of the edge effect were evaluated in transects in the forest using edge effect indicators. It was possible to determine two distinct groups of edge effects: physical and biological. The first type of edge effect spread along the edge at smaller depths and was more expressive when the vicinity was an urban area. The second type of effect was deeper expressed in the edge and the effect was more intense in rural areas. The best parameters to measure edge effect in this study were temperature and tree circumference. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Submitted by Izabel Monteiro (izabel_22@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-17T14:44:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Paula Caroline dos Anjos Sampaio.pdf: 1945530 bytes, checksum: 4de6cd227a8d74fc79263925169c075d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-06-23T20:07:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Paula Caroline dos Anjos Sampaio.pdf: 1945530 bytes, checksum: 4de6cd227a8d74fc79263925169c075d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-06-23T20:10:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Paula Caroline dos Anjos Sampaio.pdf: 1945530 bytes, checksum: 4de6cd227a8d74fc79263925169c075d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T20:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Paula Caroline dos Anjos Sampaio.pdf: 1945530 bytes, checksum: 4de6cd227a8d74fc79263925169c075d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research addresses professionals who play central roles in implementing the Young Citizen Project (PJC) and Christmas Concert (CN) developed with adolescents in the city of Manaus, in order to know the potential that artistic resources have in transforming the contexts of vulnerability. The historical and cultural conditions that teenagers have to be constituted as subjects are simultaneously associated with various diseases, with which young people need to deal with. Artistic projects have been used along with these various purposes, still little known the results related to the reduction of vulnerability. Aiming to deepen understanding of art as intervention, Social Intervention and Community Development Laboratory (LABINS) started in 2012, studies on the impact that the PJC and CN projects in the lives of adolescents. As part of these studies, it was proposed as objective of this research, investigate with the professionals responsible for implementing these projects, the potential for maximizing protection promoters resources and vulnerability reduction, from the concept of Edge Effect (EB). This concept, based on ecology and used by the Community Psychology Review, is organizing and comprehensive tool actions involving participation of different subjects and institutions, whose encounter results in an 'edge' where new features emerge, optimizing project outcomes. The research is characterized as exploratory, qualitative and used the database of previous research with teenagers and four semistructured interviews with professionals, analyzed according adaptation of the Grounded Theory method. From the results, it was concluded that: the projects were considered transforming the subjectivity of adolescents and professionals; resources have been identified in projects that could maximize such as artistic resources (learning techniques, new forms of communication, artistic knowledge); socializing resources, resulting in other modes of being in the world (self-concept, self-esteem, life project, creation and strengthening of links); organizers resources (organized structure of the projects as protective network); resources for social inclusion. The difficulties posed to maximize the resources were primarily related to the project structure, restricted space for the participation of its various members, level of communication between institutions and agents; the concept of edge effect was particularly useful to the analysis of processes whose characteristic development of actions that include participants from diverse backgrounds, with different resources and experiences, and therefore theoretical construct capable of supporting the analysis of practices changes aimed in the direction of improving the living conditions of young people and other groups in vulnerable contexts. / Esta pesquisa abordou profissionais que desempenharam funções centrais na execução do Projeto Jovem Cidadão (PJC) e Concerto de Natal (CN) desenvolvidos junto a adolescentes na Cidade de Manaus, visando conhecer o potencial que recursos artísticos possuem na transformação dos contextos de vulnerabilidade. As condições históricoculturais que os adolescentes dispõem para constituir-se enquanto sujeitos estão contemporaneamente associadas a diversos agravos, com os quais os jovens necessitam lidar. Projetos artísticos tem sido utilizados junto a estes com fins diversos, sendo ainda pouco conhecidos os seus resultados relacionados à redução da vulnerabilidade. Visando aprofundar conhecimentos sobre a arte como intervenção, o Laboratório de Intervenção Social e Desenvolvimento Comunitário (LABINS) iniciou em 2012, estudos acerca do impacto que os projetos PJC e CN na vida dos adolescentes. Como parte destes estudos, propôs-se como objetivo desta pesquisa, investigar com os profissionais responsáveis pela execução destes projetos, o potencial de maximização de recursos promotores de proteção e redução de vulnerabilidade, a partir do conceito de Efeito de Borda (EB). Este conceito, oriundo da ecologia e utilizado pela Psicologia Comunitária Crítica, é ferramenta organizadora e compreensiva de ações que envolvem participação de diferente sujeitos e instituições, cujo encontro resulta em uma ‘borda’ onde recursos novos emergem, otimizando os resultados dos projetos. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como exploratório-qualitativa e utilizou o banco de dados das pesquisas anteriores com adolescentes, além de quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos profissionais, analisadas segundo adaptação do método da Grounded Theory. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que: os projetos foram considerados transformadores da subjetividade dos adolescentes e dos profissionais; foram identificados recursos nos projetos passíveis de maximização, tais como recursos artísticos (aprendizado das técnicas, novas formas de comunicação, conhecimento artístico); recursos socializadores, implicando em outros modos de estar no mundo (autoconceito, autoestima, projeto de vida, criação e fortalecimento de vínculos); recursos organizadores (estrutura organizada dos projetos como rede protetiva); recursos de inclusão social. As dificuldades levantadas à maximização dos recursos foram primordialmente referentes à estrutura do projeto, espaço restrito de participação de seus diversos membros, nível de comunicação entre instituições e agentes; o conceito de Efeito de Borda mostrou-se particularmente útil à análise dos 9 processos que tem por característica o desenvolvimento de ações que incluem participantes de diversos contextos, com diferentes recursos e experiências, sendo, portanto, construto teórico capaz de subsidiar a análise de práticas que visem transformações no rumo da melhoria das condições de vida de adolescentes e outros grupos em contextos de vulnerabilidade.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-05T19:38:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jardel Barbosa dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2156132 bytes, checksum: dc42d7a06a415c7e2f9e0d0138348569 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T13:37:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jardel Barbosa dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2156132 bytes, checksum: dc42d7a06a415c7e2f9e0d0138348569 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T13:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jardel Barbosa dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2156132 bytes, checksum: dc42d7a06a415c7e2f9e0d0138348569 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The patterns of parasitism and the influence of the edges between native vegetation and soybean crop on the population dynamics of whitefly were evaluated in twenty fields in the center-west of Brazil. Monitoring was carried out in two crop seasons, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The samplings were biweekly, in two field sites, one on the edge, 20 meters away from the native vegetation and another in the interior of the field, at least 400 meters from the edge. Adult populations of whitefly were monitored using yellow stick traps and whitefly nymphs and parasitized nymphs where counted in 30 soybean leaflets in the lower third of the plant per sampling point. Four species of whitefly parasitoids in soybean, Encarsia lutea, E. porteri, E. nigricephala and Eretmocerus mundus were identified. The species of greatest abundance was E.lutea, which was found in approximately 60% of parasitized nymphs. The rate of parasitism ranged from 6.2% to 46.5% in 2013/14 and from 3.6 to 50% in the next season. Whitefly parasitism is strongly correlated with host density and air temperature, being the first responsible for 98.6% of the explanation for the variability of whitefly parasitism in soybean. The population of the parasitoid increases with increasing host density, indicating a positive dense-dependent response. It was also observed that the population dynamics of the whitefly is affected by edge, period, the season and the field. Higher density of adult and whitefly nymphs was observed at the edge adjacent to natural vegetation, when compared to the interior of soybean crops. On average, 133.3 adults/traps and 6.6 whitefly nymphs/leaflets were observed at the edge adjacent to the native vegetation within the fields. However, it was not observed higher density of the parasitism at the edge adjacent to the native vegetation than inside the soybean field, pointing out that the current conditions of native vegetation remnants do not contribute as reservoir of parasitoids. Thus, the border adjacent to the native vegetation has not contributed to the establishment of the natural control of the pest. The differential effects of the border on the population density of the pest and its parasitoids indicate that the edges should be prioritized in the monitoring of the whitefly and that to increase the rates of parasitism of the pest, fragments of natural vegetation need to be conserved and restored. / Os padrões de parasitismo e a influência da borda adjacente à vegetação nativa sobre a dinâmica populacional de mosca-branca na soja foram avaliados em vinte áreas de cultivo no centro-oeste do Brasil. Os monitoramentos foram realizados em duas safras agrícolas, 2013/2014 e 2014/2015 com avaliações quinzenais na borda, distante 20 metros da vegetação nativa, e no interior das áreas, no mínimo a 400 metros da borda. Nesses locais foram monitoradas as populações de adultos e ninfas de mosca-branca. O monitoramento dos adultos foi realizado com armadilhas adesivas amarelas. Para ninfas foi feita a coleta de 30 folíolos de soja do terço inferior da planta para avaliação das ninfas. Foram identificadas quatro espécies de parasitoides de mosca-branca em soja, Encarsia lutea, E. porteri, E. nigricephala e Eretmocerus mundus. A espécie de maior abundância foi E.lutea, correspondendo a aproximadamente 60 % do parasitismo. A taxa de parasitismo variou entre 6,2% e 46,5% em 2013/14 e de 3,6 a 50% na safra 2014/2015. O parasitismo de mosca-branca é fortemente relacionado com a densidade do hospedeiro e com a temperatura média do ar, sendo o primeiro responsável por 98,6 % da variabilidade do parasitismo de mosca-branca em soja. A população do parasitoide aumenta com o crescimento da densidade do hospedeiro, indicando uma resposta denso-dependente positiva. Foi observado também que a dinâmica populacional da mosca branca é afetada pela borda, pelo período de coleta, pela safra e pela área. Maiores populações de adultos e ninfas de mosca-branca foram observadas na borda adjacente à vegetação nativa, comparada ao interior dos cultivos de soja. Em média foram observados 133 adultos/armadilhas e 6,6 ninfas de mosca-branca/folíolo a mais na borda adjacente a vegetação nativa do que no interior das áreas. Entretanto, não foi observado maior densidade do parasitismo na borda adjacente à vegetação nativa, apontando que as condições atuais dos remanescentes de vegetação nativa não contribuem como reservatório de parasitoides e portanto, não tem contribuído para o estabelecimento do controle natural da praga. Os efeitos diferenciados da borda na densidade populacional da praga e de seus parasitoides indicam que as bordas devem ser priorizadas nos monitoramentos da moscabranca e que para aumento das taxas de parasitismo da praga, os fragmentos de vegetação natural precisam ser conservados e restaurados.

The Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS) program has been developed as an engineering tool for the prediction of subsidence deformation indices through the implementation of an influence function. SDPS provides reliable predictions of mining induced surface displacements, strains, and tilt for varying surface topography. One of the key aspects in obtaining reliable ground deformation prediction is the determination of the edge effect offset. The value assigned to the edge effect corresponds to a virtual offsetting of boundary lines delineating the extracted panel to allow for roof cantilevering over the mined out area. The objective of this thesis is to describe the methods implemented in updating the edge effect offset algorithm within SDPS. Using known geometric equations, the newly developed algorithm provides a more robust calculation of the offset boundary line of the extracted panel for simplistic and complex mining geometries. Assuming that an extracted panel is represented by a closed polyline, the new edge offset algorithm calculates a polyline offset into the extracted panel by the user defined edge effect offset distance. Surface deformations are then calculated using this adjusted panel geometry. The MATLAB® program was utilized for development and testing of the new edge effect offset feature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tree cavities are an important natural resource found in many habitats, providing breeding sites and shelter for arthropods, birds and mammals. However, nest boxes have been more frequently used in Brazil as a tool aiming the conservation of endangered psittacids. In view of this fact, the general objective of the present dissertation was to verify how the use of the artificial tree cavities by vertebrates and invertebrates occurs. In this study we tested the following hypotheses: 1) due to a possible lack of natural cavities at the forest edge, there will be a greater use of the artificial cavities at the edge than inside; 2) there will be an increased use of the artificial cavities by the exotic species at the edge than inside; 3) because there are natural predators, native species should prefer little depth nests and nests with small openings; 4) due to the edge effect, there will be a decline in the availability of natural cavities of the interior in the edge direction and 5) in transects with lower availability of natural cavities, there will be a greater use of the nest boxes. To carry out this work, we selected a subtropical Atlantic forest fragment, with an area of 80 ha, located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ten transects were established (five in edge and five inside the fragment), in which 120 artificial nests were hung (60 nests on the edge and 60 inside). The nests were installed in August 2013 and monitored every six days, between September and December 2013 and between September and December 2014. In order to allow the use of the nests by various groups of animals, these nests were made with medium and large-sizes (20 x 30 cm base and 30 cm high x 45 cm), with little or great depth (opening at the top or in the middle of the nest) and small openings (5 cm diameter), medium (10 cm) and large (15 cm). Inside the fragment, there were 29 uses and in the edge 31 uses. Hymenoptera was the most frequent group, corresponding to 61.40% of the occupations (35 of the 60 occupied boxes). Araneomorphae was the second most frequent group with 13 occupied nests; nine nests were occupied by birds (generating 17 chicks, 16 of Pyrrhura frontalis and a chick of Dendrocolaptes platyrostris). Mammals were the least frequent group with only three used boxes (two nests occupied by Didelphis albiventris and one by Guerlinguetus sp.). It was also observed a greater availability of natural cavities inside (50) than at the edge (14), which was considered significant through the statistical test of Mann-Whitney, since the p value was 0.047. Generally the native species sought more cavities with small and little depth openings, while the exotic species (A. mellifera) proved generalist. It was verified, therefore, that it was more difficult for birds and mammals to accept artificial cavities in a short time while the exotic species has demonstrated a rapid acceptance of these structures. / Cavidades arbóreas constituem um importante recurso natural presente em diversos hábitats, fornecendo sítios de reprodução e abrigo para artrópodes, aves e mamíferos. Entretanto, cavidades artificiais têm sido mais frequentemente utilizadas, no Brasil, como uma ferramenta que visa a conservação de psitacídeos ameaçados de extinção. Tendo em vista este fato, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral verificar como ocorre a utilização de ninhos artificiais por vertebrados e invertebrados. Neste trabalho foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: 1) devido a uma possível carência de cavidades arbóreas na borda, haverá maior utilização de ninhos artificiais na borda do que no interior; 2) haverá maior utilização de cavidades artificias por abelha-doméstica na borda do que no interior; 3) por possuírem predadores naturais, as espécies nativas devem preferir ninhos grandes e ninhos com aberturas pequenas; 4) devido ao efeito de borda, haverá uma menor disponibilidade de cavidades arbóreas no interior do que na borda e 5) nas transecções com menor disponibilidade de cavidades arbóreas, haverá maior utilização de caixas-ninho. Para a realização deste trabalho foi selecionado um fragmento de Mata Atlântica subtropical, com área de 80 ha, localizado no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram delimitadas 10 transecções (cinco na borda e cinco no interior do fragmento) onde foram instalados 120 ninhos artificiais (60 ninhos na borda e 60 no interior). Os ninhos foram instalados no mês de agosto de 2013 e monitorados a cada seis dias, entre setembro e dezembro de 2013 e entre setembro e dezembro de 2014. A fim de permitir a utilização dos ninhos por diversos grupos de animais, estes foram confeccionados com tamanhos médio e grande (20 cm de base x 30 de altura e 30 cm x 45 cm), com pouca ou grande profundidade (abertura no alto ou no meio do ninho) e aberturas pequenas (5 cm de diâmetro), médias (10 cm) e grandes (15 cm). No interior do fragmento, ocorreram 29 utilizações e na borda 31 utilizações. Hymenoptera foi o grupo mais frequente, correspondendo a 61,40% das ocupações (35 das 60 caixas ocupadas). Araneomorphae foi o segundo grupo mais frequente com 13 ninhos ocupados; nove ninhos foram ocupados por aves (gerando 17 filhotes, 16 de Pyrrhura frontalis e um filhote de Dendrocolaptes platyrostris). Os mamíferos foram o grupo menos frequente com apenas três caixas utilizadas (dois ninhos ocupados por Didelphis albiventris e um Guerlinguetus sp.). Foi constatada ainda uma maior disponibilidade de cavidades naturais no interior (50) do que na borda (14), o que através do teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney foi significativo (p = 0,04). De modo geral as espécies nativas procuraram mais cavidades com aberturas pequenas e pouco profundas, enquanto a espécie exótica (A. mellifera) mostrou-se generalista. Portanto a conservação de áreas florestadas é de extrema importância para manutenção de sítios reprodutivos, como as cavidades arbóreas, utilizados por diversas espécies da fauna silvestre.

The accurate evaluation of interlaminar stresses is of great significance in the analysis and design of laminated and piezoelectric laminated structures because complex behaviours of these stresses near free edges initiate edge delamination that raises concerns about the structural integrity and reliability. This thesis presented 3D hybrid analyses on the interlaminar stresses to investigate the electromechanical coupling and free edge effects of piezoelectric laminated plates with an emphasis on the realistic distributions of the 3D stress and electric fields near free edges. In this research, the state space equations for simply-supported and free-edge piezoelectric laminates under transverse loads and infinite long free-edge piezoelectric laminates under uniaxial extension were obtained in the framework of 3D piezoelasticity by considering all the independent elastic and piezoelectric constants. The equations satisfy the traction-free and open-circuit boundary conditions at free edges and the continuity conditions across all interfaces. On the basis of the transfer matrix and recursive solution approaches, 3D exact solutions were sought by a novel non-uniform layer refinement technique to evaluate the accuracy of the finite element method (FEM), and realistic gradients of interlaminar stresses and electric fields were captured. The FEM results were in good agreement with those from the present solutions except for the regions near free edges. For simply-supported and free-edge laminates, stress variations with material properties, geometries and stacking sequences were obtained. The interlaminar stress τxz was dominant at corners and τyz also tended to contribute to delamination. In the infinite long free-edge laminates, σz, τyz, Ey and Ez exhibited significant gradients near free edges. Furthermore, the considerable influence of the electromechanical coupling effect on interlaminar stresses revealed that piezoelectric laminates were more susceptible to edge delamination and the application of closed-circuited surface conditions might prevent such edge delamination. The present analytical solution demonstrated an improvement in precision over other 2D analytical and numerical solutions and could serve as a benchmark for the determination of interlaminar stresses and electric fields near the free edges of the piezoelectric laminates.

Summary  In the 1990s a new way of thinking about forestry started. One of the effects of the changing silvicultural practices was that the size of clearcuts became smaller. As the felling areas were reduced in size, the areas where young and older forest meet grew, with this also the occurrence of edge zones increased. An edge can be defined as an interface between different ecosystems, and a forest edge as an interface between forested and non-forested ecosystems, or between two forests of contrasting composition or structure. This edge results in a transition zone in which the adjacent contrasting ecosystems interact - the edge zone. In the edge zone - both abiotic and biotic - processes result in a detectable difference in composition, structure or function of the vegetation near the edge, as compared with the ecosystem on either side of the edge.  This study aimed to increase understanding of occurrence and types of edge zones and their composition on a property, their effect on tree growth, the species diversity of tree and field vegetation. The study was performed on a property of approximately 60 hectares located in southeastern Blekinge. The sampling procedure was based on four transects ranging from 527 to 860 meters in length, which were laid out in south-north direction over the property. Wherever the transect crossed a forest edge, a corridor perpendicular to the edge was laid out. In each corridor a measuring grid dividing the corridor in 10 distance classes of one meter, measured from the forest edge, was laid out. In each distance class tree species were determined, stems counted, and the following variables were measured per tree: height, distance from edge and the diameter at breast height. Data gathering on forest field vegetation was conducted in 1x1 meter plots laid out in the middle of the corridor. Within each sample area, the occurrence of species was noted according to field vegetation type index. For comparing the edge zones to the rest of the estate, reference plots were laid out along the transects between the forest edges. On the property of 60 hectares an estimated 4,2 hectares were influenced by edge effects. All edges were created by anthropogenic processes, there were forest edges with roads and edges created by forestry. Where thinning stands were bordering roads, growth was found to decrease closer to the road. In pre-commercial thinning stands bordering a road the opposite effect was visible. Where old and young productive forest stands bordered, on the young side there was an increase of both tree height as well as diameter further away from the edge. On the old side no edge effect on tree growth was seen. Herbaceous plants, mosses and lichens were more abundant close to the edge in both old and young stands. Borders with roads had the highest diversity of tree and plant species. The field vegetation was found to be more diverse and abundant closer to the edge. The edge zone showed to be of great importance for natural regeneration. In about half the corridors positive, negative or neutral edge effects were found on one or more of the variables: tree height, diameter, basal area, stems per hectare, plants per hectare. These effects were found up to eight meters into the stand. The inventory of tree species and field vegetation showed that different kinds of edge zones give rise to different species compositions. A higher diversity of tree species was found in the edge zone compared to the reference plots. One could use the edge zone for nature conservation purposes as these areas favor biological diversity and constitute interesting environments for species that would otherwise be at risk of being outcompeted in neighboring, more closed spruce forest stands. Keywords: tree growth, diversity, field vegetation, edge zones, edge effect

This paper presents a semianalytical method for the prediction of interlaminar stresses and displacements near the free edges and ply cracks in general angle-ply laminates subjected to biaxial extensions and/or in plane shear deformation. The method is based on a state space representation of the three-dimensional equations of elasticity. Numerical solutions are obtained by using layer refinement in the through thickness direction and Fourier series expansion in the other directions. By this approach, an angle-ply laminate may be composed of an arbitrary number of monoclinic layers and each layer may have different material property and thickness. This method guarantees continuous fields of all interlaminar stresses across interfaces between material layers. Numerical results are compared with those obtained from other methods. It is found that the theory provides a satisfactory approximation to the stress singularities near the free edges and ply cracks. Numerical solutions for antisymmetric laminates under extension and general laminates under shearing are new in the literature and can be used as benchmarks for validating new models.

Citriculture is an important agroindustrial activity for Brazil and citrus production is concentrated in São Paulo State. However, the activity is facing a Huanglongbing (HLB) epidemic which is considered to be the main threat to global citrus production. In spite of many management efforts, the incidence of HLB continues to increase since its detection in São Paulo State, in 2004. The difficulty of handling HLB is associated with the migration of the vector, Diaphorina citri, which acquires the bacteria in external inoculum sources and the limited effect of the strict HLB management performed by farms (eradication of symptomatic trees and frequent vector control) on the primary dissemination of the disease. Thus, epidemiological studies can facilitate the understanding of the complex pathosystem and help in the decision of more efficient control measures. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the spatial pattern of HLB in 24 citrus blocks under strict management of the disease and 2) to study the temporal progress of the disease and the spatial distribution of HLB and the vector in a large scale property that carried out the strict management of the disease and its association with external inoculum sources. To verify the spatial pattern of HLB, modified Ripley\'s K-function and kernel density estimation maps were used. The results showed that the regular distribution pattern of HLB symptomatic trees prevailed in the blocks studied and a weak aggregation of approximately 58 m was observed at the edges of the blocks. The largest aggregation distances and averages of D. citri/trap occurred in blocks located at the periphery of the properties. The regular spatial pattern and the concentration of disease and vector in the periphery of the properties evidenced the importance of primary dissemination. For the study of the disease temporal progress, the Gompertz and logistic models were adjusted to the annual progress of HLB for 177 blocks. The distribution of HLB progress rates and incidence (for 177 blocks) and average D. citri/trap (for 296 blocks) were visualized on gradient maps. The disease progress rate values obtained with the Gompertz model (0.04 to 0.28 per year), average HLB incidence (0.11) and average D. citri/trap (0.016) were low compared with literature data. The variables presented the highest values for blocks located at the periphery of the property, rather than for blocks surrounded by citrus. Many noncommercial plants, potentially serving as source of inoculum, were found near blocks with the highest rates of disease progress, HLB incidence and average D. citri/trap. The results demonstrated the importance of primary dissemination in areas that carry out a strict HLB management. Therefore, in order to reduce new infections, HLB management must effectively reduce external sources of inoculum and regional management should include, in addition to commercial orchards, noncommercial plants. / A citricultura é uma importante atividade agroindustrial para o Brasil e grande parte da produção se concentra no estado de São Paulo. Entretanto, a produção de laranja enfrenta, atualmente, uma epidemia de Huanglongbing (HLB), doença considerada a principal ameaça à citricultura mundial. Apesar de muitos esforços no manejo, a incidência de HLB continua aumentando desde a sua detecção no estado de São Paulo, em 2004. A dificuldade de manejo de HLB está associada à migração do inseto vetor, Diaphorina citri, que adquire a bactéria em fontes de inóculo externas e ao efeito limitado do manejo rigoroso da doença realizado pelas fazendas (erradicação de plantas sintomáticas e controle frequente do vetor) sobre a disseminação primária da doença. Assim, estudos epidemiológicos podem facilitar o entendimento do complexo patossistema e auxiliar na decisão de medidas de controle mais eficientes. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: 1) determinar o padrão espacial de HLB em 24 blocos cítricos sob o manejo rigoroso da doença e 2) estudar o progresso temporal da doença e a distribuição espacial de HLB e do vetor em uma propriedade de larga escala que realizou o manejo rigoroso da doença e sua associação com fontes externas de inóculo. Para verificar o padrão espacial de HLB, utilizou-se a analise função-K de Ripley modificada e mapas de densidade de kernel. Os resultados demonstraram que o padrão de distribuição regular de plantas sintomáticas de HLB prevaleceu nos blocos estudados e uma agregação fraca de aproximadamente 58 m foi observada nas bordas dos blocos. As maiores distâncias de agregação e médias de D. citri/armadilha ocorreram em blocos localizados na periferia das propriedades. O padrão espacial regular e a concentração da doença e do vetor na periferia da propriedade evidenciaram a importância da disseminação primária na área. Para o estudo do progresso temporal, os modelos Gompertz e logístico foram ajustados ao progresso anual da doença de 177 blocos. A distribuição das taxas de progresso e incidência de HLB (para 177 blocos) e a média de D. citri/armadilha (para 296 blocos) foram visualizadas em mapas de gradiente. Os valores encontrados de taxa de progresso da doença, obtida com o modelo de Gompertz (de 0,04 a 0,28 por ano), incidência média de HLB (0,11) e média de D. citri/armadilha (0,016) foram baixos em comparação com dados da literatura. As variáveis apresentaram os maiores valores para blocos localizados na periferia da propriedade do que para blocos rodeados por citros. Uma grande quantidade de plantas não comerciais, e potencialmente servindo como fonte de inóculo, foi encontrada perto de blocos que apresentam as maiores taxas de progresso e incidências de HLB e médias de D. citri/armadilha. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram a importância da disseminação primária em áreas que realizam o manejo rigoroso de HLB. Portanto, para reduzir novas infecções, o manejo do HLB precisa reduzir efetivamente as fontes externas de inóculo e o manejo regional deve incluir, além de pomares comerciais, plantas não comerciais.