Recently, the numbers of Higher Education institutions that are using Web 2.0 technologies and social networking sites are increasing dramatically. These sites offer unique and diverse learning opportunities. There is evidence that a sense of community can be created online and that this community is connected with perceived learning. Garrison, Anderson and Archer (2000) introduced and developed the Community of Inquiry framework as a dynamic process model and a comprehensive framework to guide the research and practice of online learning communities, and to describe and measure elements supporting the development of these communities. This framework consists of three elements - social, teaching and cognitive presence - as well as categories and indicators to define each presence and guide the coding of transcripts. The categories of social presence are affective responses, open communication and group cohesion. The categories of teaching presence are instructional design and organisation, facilitating discourse and direct instruction. Previous studies suggest that a positive social climate on an online learning community is important as it can improve learning experience and cognitive presence. This study aims to explore and understand the nature of Community of Inquiry presences, in particular teaching presence and social presence. The aim of the study is to understand the influence of a different teaching presence on students’ development of social presence. This study provides a more comprehensive picture of developing students’ social presence over changing teaching presence in a social network environment in a Kuwaiti higher education context. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the following research questions are explored: 1- How does a students’ sense of social presence change with a different teaching presence in the social network environment within a Kuwaiti higher education context? a. Does a students’ sense of social presence (affective responses, open communication and group cohesion) change as a result of a different teaching presence (facilitating discourse - direct instruction) in the social network environment in a Kuwaiti higher education context? b. Why do participants maintain or change their social presence level during the course? 2- How does the use of teaching presence promote the development of students’ social presence in a Kuwaiti higher education context within the social network environment? The study was conducted in the second semester of 2010/2011 at The Education Technology Department - The College of Basic Education - The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), within the State of Kuwait. The study was carried out on the Educational Communication module and involved 46 male participants. This study uses the equivalent of mixed methods design to answer research questions. The sequential explanatory strategy is embedded within an applied quasi-experimental approach. Quantitative data is collected and analysed, which is then followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The researcher used a messages analysis and a content analysis approach to reveal the level of social presence in an online community and then develop stimulated recall interview questions. A combination of individual interviews and focus group interviews were used. Garrison et al.’s (2000) social presence coding schemes were developed to make them more suitable in the study context. Quantitative and qualitative data show that there is no significant difference between the effects of facilitating discourse and direct instruction in terms of students’ social presence level. Stimulated recall interviews reveal that most participants cannot distinguish between facilitating discourse and direct instruction. The participants believe that facilitating discourse and direct instruction are similar. The participants’ responses lead the researcher to search for other motives that could promote the development of students’ social presence in the higher education context in the social network environment. The study concludes that there are two factors that could promote the development of students’ social presence. First, instructional design and organisation, such as web design satisfaction, network effect, instructor responsiveness, the nature of the task and awarding degrees. Second, learner-specific matters, such as previous experience, peer influence, friendship, attitude, self-esteem and self-confidence and something I refer to as the Wave Effect.

Le module de l'apprenant est l'une des composantes les plus importantes d’un Système Tutoriel Intelligent (STI). L'extension du modèle de l'apprenant n'a pas cessé de progresser. Malgré la définition d’un profil cognitif et l’intégration d’un profil émotionnel, le module de l’apprenant demeure non exhaustif. Plusieurs senseurs physiologiques sont utilisés pour raffiner la reconnaissance des états cognitif et émotionnel de l’apprenant mais l’emploi simultané de tous ces senseurs l’encombre. De plus, ils ne sont pas toujours adaptés aux apprenants dont les capacités sont réduites. Par ailleurs, la plupart des stratégies pédagogiques exécutées par le module du tuteur ne sont pas conçues à la base d’une collecte dynamique de données en temps réel, cela diminue donc de leur efficacité. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’explorer l’activité électrique cérébrale et de l’utiliser comme un nouveau canal de communication entre le STI et l’apprenant. Pour ce faire nous proposons de concevoir, d’implémenter et d’évaluer le système multi agents NORA. Grâce aux agents de NORA, il est possible d’interpréter et d’influencer l’activité électrique cérébrale de l’apprenant pour un meilleur apprentissage. Ainsi, NORA enrichit le module apprenant d’un profile cérébral et le module tuteur de quelques nouvelles stratégies neuropédagogiques efficaces. L’intégration de NORA à un STI donne naissance à une nouvelle génération de systèmes tutoriels : les STI Cérébro-sensibles (ou STICS) destinés à aider un plus grand nombre d’apprenants à interagir avec l’ordinateur pour apprendre à gérer leurs émotions, maintenir la concentration et maximiser les conditions favorable à l’apprentissage. / The learner module is the most important component within an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). The extension of the learner module is still in progress, despite the integration of the cognitive profile and the emotional profile, it is not yet exhaustive. To improve the prediction of the learner’s emotional and cognitive states, many physiological sensors have been used, but all of these sensors are cumbersome. In addition, they are not always adapted to the learners with reduced capacities. Beside, most of the pedagogical strategies that are executed by the tutor module are based on no-live collections of data. This fact reduces their efficiency. The objective of our research is to explore the electrical brain activity and use it as a communication channel between a learner and an ITS. To reach this aim, we suggest to conceive, to implement and to evaluate the multi-agent system NORA. Integrated to an ITS, this one became a Brain Sensitive Intelligent Tutoring System (BS-ITS). Agents of NORA interpret the learner’s brain electrical signal and react to it. The new BS-ITS is the extension of an ITS and enrich the learner module with the brain profile and the tutor module with a new Neuropedagogical Strategies. We aim to reach more categories of learners and help them to manage their stress, anxiety and maintain the concentration, the attention and the interest.

Cette étude porte sur les usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires du Cameroun. Elle se situe dans un contexte de l’enseignement supérieur camerounais en pleine mutation par les TIC. Elle vise donc à mieux comprendre les utilisations des TIC qui influencent l’apprentissage et la motivation académique chez les étudiants universitaires du Cameroun. Pour atteindre cet objectif, quatre principaux axes d’étude sont envisagés : -Les usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais; -Les perceptions des étudiants sur l’usage des TIC dans leur formation; -L’impact des TIC sur l’apprentissage des étudiants universitaires du Cameroun ; -L’impact des TIC sur la motivation académique des étudiants universitaires en apprentissage. La typologie de De Vries (2001) adoptée, qui est bâtie sur plusieurs variables d’apprentissage en lien avec les TIC (lire, faire des exercices, dialogue, jouer, explorer, manipuler, observer, construire et discuter), a facilité l’élaboration d’un portrait des usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais. Pour vérifier si les TIC ont un lien avec l’acquisition du savoir visée par un cours chez les étudiants camerounais, nous avons eu recours à la taxonomie de Bloom (1956) révisée par Lorin (2001). Cette taxonomie est constituée des verbes d’action qui décrivent des opérations cognitives d’apprentissage et spécifient des activités d’apprentissage liée aux TIC en terme de « capacité à ». Aussi, les résultats de Barrette (2005) sur les effets des TIC sur l’apprentissage (amélioration des résultats académiques, développement des opérations cognitives, amélioration de la motivation et intérêt des étudiants) nous ont servi de balises pour mieux comprendre les influences des TIC sur l’apprentissage des étudiants universitaires. La littérature sur l’impact des TIC sur la motivation académique a révélé que les sentiments d'autodétermination, de compétence et d'affiliation influencent la motivation des étudiants. Ainsi la théorie retenue de l'autodétermination de Deci et Ryan (1985, 1991, 2000) nous permet de mieux cerner le concept de la motivation dans cette étude. Cette recherche se fonde sur une méthodologie de type mixte, comportant plusieurs sources de données collectées (Savoie-Zajc et Karsenti (2000)): entrevues individuelles semi dirigées avec des étudiants (n = 9), observations participantes d’étudiants (n=2), observations participantes de groupes d’étudiants (n = 3), questionnaire (n=120). La thèse suit un mode de présentation par articles, chacun des articles étant en lien avec l’un des objectifs de la recherche. Les résultats obtenus confortent l’hypothèse d’une utilisation des TIC à des fins académiques par des étudiants dans le campus ainsi que dans les cybercafés. Autrement dit, la recherche dresse un portrait des usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais en mettant en évidence les types d’utilisation multivariés rencontrés. Les résultats font aussi ressortir que les TIC sont des outils didactiques efficaces pour faciliter la compréhension des situations complexes des cours suivis par les étudiants. Cette recherche a donné lieu à l’adaptation de l’échelle de mesure EMITICE, un instrument de mesure de la motivation lors de l'intégration des TIC dans l'enseignement, qui a permis de déterminer les variations de la motivation des étudiants et de mettre en évidence une comparaison de l'évolution du type de leur motivation. / This study focuses on the uses of ICT by Cameroonian university students, in a context where the higher education is changing due to ICT. It therefore aims to better understand the uses of ICT that affect learning and academic motivation significantly among Cameroonian university students. To achieve this objective, four main areas of study are considered: -The uses of ICT by Cameroonian university students; -The perceptions of students on the use of ICT in their training -The impact of ICT on the learning of Cameroonian university students; -The impact of ICT on the academic motivation of university students in learning. The adopted typology of De Vries (2001), which is built on several variables related to learning with ICT (reading, doing exercises, dialoguing, playing, exploring, manipulating, observing, building and discussing), has facilitated the development of a description of the uses of ICTs by Cameroonian university students. To check whether ICT has a connection with the acquisition of knowledge aimed at by a course given to Cameroonian students, we used the taxonomy of Bloom (1956) revised by Lorin (2001). This taxonomy consists of active verbs that describe the operations of cognitive learning and specify learning activities related to ICT in terms of "ability to". Also, the results of Barrette (2005) on the effects of ICT on learning (improving academic achievement, cognitive development operations, improving the motivation and interest of students) have been very instrumental to better understand the influences of ICT on the learning of university students. The literature about the impact of ICT on academic motivation showed that the feelings of self-determination, competence and affiliation, influence students’ motivation. Thus, the theory of self-restraint of Deci and Ryan (1985, 1991, 2000) allows us to better understand the concept of motivation in this study. This research is based on a mixed methodology, with multiple sources of data collected (Savoie-Zajc and Karsenti (2000)): semi-directed interviews with individual students (n = 9), participating observations of students (n = 2), participating observation of groups of students (n = 3), questionnaire (n = 120). The thesis follows a format for articles, each article being closely linked with one of the objectives of the research. The results support the hypothesis that students use ICT on campus and in the cyber cafes for academic purposes. In other words, the research makes a description of Cameroonian university students’ uses of ICT, highlighting the types of the diverse uses encountered. The results also show that ICT are effective teaching tools to facilitate the understanding of complex situations of courses taken by students. This research led to the adaptation of the measurement scale EMITICE, a tool for measuring motivation during the integration of ICT in education, which made it possible to determine the motivation variation of students and to highlight a comparison of the changes in the type of students’ motivation.

Les nouveaux dispositifs de formation à distance représentent de nouvelles modalités de formation dans l’enseignement supérieur. Ces dispositifs impliquent l’utilisation d’environnements pédagogiques adaptés qui favorisent les situations de travail collaboratif. La collaboration au sein de ces outils résulte non seulement des interactions entre les étudiants, mais aussi des modalités de travail et d’accompagnement mises en place au préalable par les enseignants, notamment pour que les interactions fassent sens pour les étudiants. Ainsi, la question qui guide cette étude de cas est la suivante. Comment se caractérise le travail collaboratif des étudiants dans les blogs dans le cadre du cours ETA 6538? Plus précisément, nous cherchons à comprendre comment les étudiants collaborent à l'intérieur des blogs et quels sont les indicateurs propices à cette collaboration. À l’issue de notre étude, nous proposons une liste de recommandations pour favoriser la mise en place et le déroulement du travail collaboratif au sein des blogs, ainsi que des indicateurs pouvant servir à l’évaluation de la collaboration. Les concepts exploités dans ce mémoire sont relatifs au processus d'acquisition de savoir à partir de la collaboration émanant des interactions au sein des TIC, des dispositifs d’apprentissage en ligne et plus particulièrement des blogues. Nous avons utilisé une méthode de type à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Les blogs de huit étudiants ont été analysés. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent que les étudiants ont collaboré au sein des blogs et qu’ensemble, ils ont fait émergé de nouveaux savoirs et connaissances. / New operations of distance learning represent new education’s modalities in higher education. These operations imply use of adapted learning environment, which promote collaborative work situations. Collaboration within these tools result from interaction between students and also from modalities work and support put in place by teachers in order to make sure that these interactions are clear for students. Thus, the question that leads this study case is as follows. What characterizes the collaborative work of students in blogs under ETA 6538 course? Specifically, we want to understand how students collaborate within blogs and what indicators are conducive to such collaboration. Following our study, we propose a list of recommendations to promote the establishment and conduct of collaborative work in blogs, as well as indicators that can be used for evaluation of the collaboration. The concepts used in this thesis are related to the process of acquiring knowledge from the collaboration from the interactions among ICT, online learning systems, especially blogs. We used a type of both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Blogs of eight students were tested. The results of these studies show that students have collaborated in blogs and together they have emerged from new knowledge and skill.

Dans les pays africains en général et au Niger en particulier, l’ordinateur commence à trouver sa place au sein de l’école. Ce processus d’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et de la communication est fortement dépendant des paramètres technologiques, pédagogiques et humains. Réussir ce processus, c’est connaitre les jugements et les attitudes des acteurs de cette école vis-à-vis de ces technologies. À partir des représentations sociales, nous pouvons connaître la manière de penser, de s'approprier, d'interpréter la réalité quotidienne d’un groupe d’individus vis-à-vis d’un objet, en l’occurrence ici, les TIC. Le premier objectif de notre recherche est de connaitre les représentations sociales que les enseignants du secondaire ont de l’ordinateur. Pour cela, nous avons mené une investigation auprès de vingt enseignants. À l’issue des entrevues, nous avons identifié des représentations sociales sur les attitudes des enseignants à l’égard de l’ordinateur, sur les risques de l’ordinateur à l’école et enfin sur les avantages de l’ordinateur à l’école. L’ensemble de ces représentations sociales met en évidence une attitude positive des enseignants vis-à-vis de l’ordinateur à l’école même si pour certains enseignants, l’ordinateur est un outil qui favorise la démotivation des élèves et qui est vu comme un concurrent potentiel. Notre second objectif est de connaître les représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Cinquante élèves provenant de deux écoles ont constitué la population de notre étude. Après avoir soumis les entretiens recueillis à une analyse de contenu, nous sommes parvenu à des résultats qui mettent en évidence des représentations sociales sur les connaissances des TIC et sur son utilisation dans le cadre de l’apprentissage. Notre recherche devait aussi déterminer si les représentations sociales étaient fonction de la formation aux TIC. Les résultats du test d’hypothèse du Khi-carré montrent que la formation aux TIC n’influence pas l’émergence des représentations sociales. Le troisième objectif de notre recherche porte sur la construction d’une échelle de mesure des représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Après avoir été élaborée l’échelle de mesure a été administrée à 265 élèves de deux lycées. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire montrent que l’échelle a une assez bonne cohérence interne. L’ensemble des résultats garantit la validité et la fidélité de l’échelle. L’ensemble des résultats montre que, bien que son utilisation soit très récente dans les écoles nigériennes, des représentations sociales ont été engendrées à l’endroit des TIC. Les contenus de ces représentations montrent des attitudes favorables aux TIC dans l’apprentissage. / In African countries in general, particulary in Niger, the computer begins to find out its way at school. This pedagogical and integration process of the communication and the information technologies is highly dependent on human, pedagogical and technological parameters. To result this process is to know the decisions and the attitudes of the actors of this school in presence of these technologies. From the social representations we can know how to think, to adopt and elucidate the daily fact of a group of individuals facing an object, in the present case, the ICT. Our investigation concerns the identification of the social representation that some teachers and students have engendered on the technologies of the information and the communication. Based on a mixed methodology, our results allowed us to write three contributions. In the first one we have investigated twenty teachers about some social parades on the attitude of the teachers towards the computer, on the risks of the computer at school and at last on its advantages. The whole of these social parades place in a prominent position the positive attitude of teachers facing the computer at school even if for some teachers, the computer is a tool that promotes the unwarranted attitude of students and is seen as a potential rival. The second objective is to know the social representation of ICT in students – Fifty (50) students coming from two schools has composed the population of our study. After submiting the conversation set down to an analyis, we come to some results that make obvious the social parades on the understanding of the ICT and on its usage in the outline of apprenticeship. Our research also had to determine if the social parades were linked to the ICT training and to its regulard usage. The results of the hypothesis test of the khi-2 show that the training of the ICT do not influence the emergence of the social representation. The third objective, relies on the previous results, and deals with the construction of a measurement scale of the ICT’s social parades in some students. After working out the scale of measurement, it has been directed to two hundred and sixty-five (265) students of two high schools. The factorial analysis results show that the scale has a quite good internal coherence. The whole results prove that even though its using is very new in nigerien school, some social parades have been rised up the ICT. The content of these representations show the propositions attitudes to the ICT in positive the training.

L’innovation pédagogique pour elle-même s’avère parfois discutable, mais elle se justifie quand les enseignants se heurtent aux difficultés d’apprentissage de leurs étudiants. En particulier, certaines notions de physique sont réputées difficiles à appréhender par les étudiants, comme c’est le cas pour l’effet photoélectrique qui n’est pas souvent compris par les étudiants au niveau collégial. Cette recherche tente de déterminer si, dans le cadre d’un cours de physique, la simulation de l’effet photoélectrique et l’utilisation des dispositifs mobiles et en situation de collaboration favorisent une évolution des conceptions des étudiants au sujet de la lumière. Nous avons ainsi procédé à l’élaboration d’un scénario d’apprentissage collaboratif intégrant une simulation de l’effet photoélectrique sur un ordinateur de poche. La conception du scénario a d’abord été influencée par notre vision socioconstructiviste de l’apprentissage. Nous avons effectué deux études préliminaires afin de compléter notre scénario d’apprentissage et valider la plateforme MobileSim et l’interface du simulateur, que nous avons utilisées dans notre expérimentation : la première avec des ordinateurs de bureau et la seconde avec des ordinateurs de poche. Nous avons fait suivre à deux groupes d’étudiants deux cours différents, l’un portant sur une approche traditionnelle d’enseignement, l’autre basé sur le scénario d’apprentissage collaboratif élaboré. Nous leur avons fait passer un test évaluant l’évolution conceptuelle sur la nature de la lumière et sur le phénomène de l’effet photoélectrique et concepts connexes, à deux reprises : la première avant que les étudiants ne s’investissent dans le cours et la seconde après la réalisation des expérimentations. Nos résultats aux prétest et post-test sont complétés par des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées avec tous les étudiants, par des enregistrements vidéo et par des traces récupérées des fichiers logs ou sur papier. Les étudiants du groupe expérimental ont obtenu de très bons résultats au post-test par rapport à ceux du groupe contrôle. Nous avons enregistré un gain moyen d’apprentissage qualifié de niveau modéré selon Hake (1998). Les résultats des entrevues ont permis de repérer quelques difficultés conceptuelles d’apprentissage chez les étudiants. L’analyse des données recueillies des enregistrements des séquences vidéo, des questionnaires et des traces récupérées nous a permis de mieux comprendre le processus d’apprentissage collaboratif et nous a dévoilé que le nombre et la durée des interactions entre les étudiants sont fortement corrélés avec le gain d’apprentissage. Ce projet de recherche est d’abord une réussite sur le plan de la conception d’un scénario d’apprentissage relatif à un phénomène aussi complexe que l’effet photoélectrique, tout en respectant de nombreux critères (collaboration, simulation, dispositifs mobiles) qui nous paraissaient extrêmement utopiques de réunir dans une situation d’apprentissage en classe. Ce scénario pourra être adapté pour l’apprentissage d’autres notions de la physique et pourra être considéré pour la conception des environnements collaboratifs d’apprentissage mobile innovants, centrés sur les besoins des apprenants et intégrant les technologies au bon moment et pour la bonne activité. / The educational innovation itself is sometimes debatable but it is justified when the teachers confront the learning difficulties of their students. In particular, some notions of physics are notoriously hard for students to understand, as is the case for the photoelectric effect which is not often comprehended by the students at the college level. This research tries to determine if, as part of a physics course, the simulation of the photoelectric effect and the use of mobile devices in collaborative situations facilitate an evolution of the student’s conceptions about the concept of light. We have proceeded to develop a scenario of collaborative learning by integrating a simulation of the photoelectric effect on handheld devices (Pocket PC). The design of scenario was first influenced by our socioconstructivist vision of learning. We conducted two preliminary studies to complete our scenario of learning and to validate the platform « MobileSim » and the interface of the simulator used in our experiment. The first studies were completed with a simulation on computers and the second with a simulation on Pocket PC. After that, we carried out the experimentation with two groups of students. The control group was assigned to the traditional approach of teaching and the experimental group was assigned to the approach based on the developed scenario of collaborative learning. We have conducted a test twice to assess a conceptual change about the nature of light and about the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect and related concepts. The first test (pre-test) before the students are involved in the course and the second (post-test) after completion of experiments. Our results in the pre-test and post-test were completed by conducting semi-structured individual interviews with all students, by video recordings and recovered traces (on log files or on paper). Students in the experimental group obtained good results in the test compared to those of the control group. We noted an average gain of learning qualified at a moderate level according to Hake (1998). Interview results were used to identify some conceptual difficulties of student learning. Analysis of collected data from video sequences, questionnaires and recovered tracks allowed us to better understand the process of collaborative learning and has revealed that the number and the time of interactions between students are strongly correlated with the gain of learning. At first, this research project is a success in the designing of a learning scenario of a phenomenon as complex as the photoelectric effect and respects many criteria (collaboration, simulation, mobile devices, etc.) that it seemed for us extremely utopian to combine them in an effective learning situation in the classroom. For instance, this scenario could be adapted to the learning of other concepts in physics. It could also be considered for the design of collaborative environments for innovative mobile learning focused on the needs of learners that integrate the technologies at the right time and for the right activity.

L’intégration des TIC a connu un essor considérable dans les dernières années et des chercheurs à travers le monde y accordent une importance sans cesse croissante ; le sujet des TIC en éducation est ainsi répandu au sein des écrits depuis maintenant plusieurs années (Istance & Kools, 2013; Storz & Hoffman, 2013). Dans un monde où les technologies sont omniprésentes dans la plupart des sphères d’activités, il ne s’agit plus de savoir si les technologies doivent être intégrées dans les activités d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, mais bien de quelle façon elles doivent l’être. Comme les TIC présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment en ce qui concerne la motivation scolaire et la réduction du fossé numérique, les différents intervenants du monde de l’éducation sont généralement conscients de l’importance de bien utiliser les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) en éducation, mais ne savent pas toujours par où commencer. La présente recherche s’intéresse à une forme particulière d’intégration des TIC en éducation, soit les projets portables. Les projets portables se différencient par le fait que l’enseignant et chaque élève disposent de leur propre ordinateur portable dans le but d’une utilisation pédagogique. Cette thèse de doctorat tente de détailler, à travers un langage clair et accessible, les défis qu’il est possible de rencontrer à l’intérieur de tels projets, de même que ce qui peut être fait pour en limiter les impacts. En vue de déterminer les conditions pouvant favoriser le succès global des projets portables au Québec, voire ailleurs, une recension des écrits exhaustive a permis de relever quatre catégories de facteurs principales dans lesquelles l’ensemble des défis identifiés semblent pouvoir être classés : les facteurs relatifs à la gestion du projet, les facteurs internes à l’enseignant, les facteurs relatifs au cadre de travail de même que les facteurs relatifs à l’infrastructure et au matériel. Ces diverses catégories de facteurs sont abordées en détails à l’intérieur du cadre théorique de cette thèse de doctorat. En vue d’atteindre les objectifs, un questionnaire a été mis au point et plus de 300 enseignants d’une commission scolaire où a lieu un projet portable à grand déploiement y ont répondu. Les données de nature mixte (données quantitatives et qualitatives) ont été analysées à l’aide de logiciels spécialisés et ceci a permis de vérifier la pertinence des éléments rencontrés dans la recension des écrits, de même que d’en découvrir de nouveaux. Il a été trouvé que de nombreux défis sont susceptibles d’être rencontrés. Les plus importants ont trait à la qualité du matériel utilisé, à l’importance de la formation des enseignants relativement aux TIC, et à l’importance de mettre au point une vision claire assurant la pleine adhésion des enseignants. Il a aussi été déterminé que l’enseignant doit pouvoir accéder à un soutien pédagogique ainsi qu’à un soutien technique facilement. Enfin, il a été découvert que la nature des projets à grand déploiement fait en sorte qu’il importe de porter une attention particulière aux besoins locaux des enseignants, qui peuvent varier selon le contexte de travail de ceux-ci. / ICT integration in education has grown considerably in the recent years, and researchers around the world have devoted it an increasing interest; the subject of ICT in education has now been prevalent within the literature for many years (Istance & Kools, 2013; Storz & Hoffman, 2013). In a world where technologies are ubiquitous in most spheres of activity, it is no longer whether technology should be integrated in education, but rather how it should be. As ICT have proven to offer many advantages, especially regarding student motivation and engagement, and also in reducing the digital divide, the various stakeholders in education are generally aware of the importance of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in education, but do not always know where to start. This thesis focuses on a particular form of integration of ICT in education, mainly referred to as “one-to-one computing projects” or “1:1 projects”. Those projects differ in that the teacher and each student have their own laptop for use in an educational context. This thesis attempts to show, through a clear and accessible language, the challenges that may be encountered in such projects, as well as what can be done to limit their negative impacts. In order to determine the conditions that promote the overall success of one-to-one computing projects in Quebec, or even elsewhere, a comprehensive literature review has identified four main categories of factors in which the identified challenges may be classified: factors related to the project management, factors that are internal to the teacher, factors related to their work environment as well as factors related to the infrastructure and equipment. Those diverse categories of factors are discussed in detail within the theoretical framework of this thesis. In order to achieve the objectives, a questionnaire was developed and more than 300 teachers of a school board currently involved in a large-scale one-to-one computing project have responded. The mixed data (quantitative as well as qualitative) that came out of the questionnaire was analyzed using specialized software and this has allowed to verify the relevance of the challenges found in the literature review, and it allowed the finding of new additional elements. It has been found that many challenges are likely to be encountered. The most significant ones are the quality of the equipment used, the importance of teacher training in relation to ICT and the importance of developing a clear vision to ensure the full support of teachers. It was also determined that the teachers should have access to pedagogical support as well as technical support easily. Finally, it was found that the nature of large-scale one-to-one computing projects is such that it is important to take into account the local needs of teachers, which may vary depending on the context in which they work.

This diploma thesis of a didactic character presents use of specific methods of personal and social education in leisure time centers through methodical cards linked with educational technologies. These methodical cards were made and practically proven by the implementer of this thesis together with leisure-time activities teachers and subsequently critically evaluated. Research methods were used for a comparison of my personal experience with methodical cards and the experience of each participant, where at least 3 teachers commented on 1 methodological card, as well as the qualitative semi-structured interview, which found out the possibilities and limits of the use of these methodical cards and the quantitative research study in the form of a questionnaire, which is used to get an overview of the needs of leisure-time activities teachers. Based on that, it creates detailed methodological cards. The result was that all 10 developed and practically proven methodological cards are under specific conditions have practical use.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Curriculum and Instruction / Rosemary Talab / The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher practices of enabling factors in the implementation of technology-assisted PBL, in Tatweer schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This study also explored how the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) National Education Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS.T) were used in Tatweer classrooms and for what purposes technology was used to support PBL in the Tatweer schools. Using a constructivist framework, a convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used. The survey included closed and open-ended items, which was sent to 1073 male and female Tatweer teachers in 30 schools. Of the 710 responses received, 640 were valid, resulting in a 60% return rate. Factorial MANOVA results indicated that gender and school level were statistically significant at p < .05, while other teacher characteristics (degree types, educational degree, years of teaching experience, and content area), including their interaction, were not. ANOVA results indicated that gender effects on PBL practices were statistically significant on both teacher roles (F (1,403) = 17.77, partial ƞ2 = .042, p < .05) and learning environment (F (1, 403) = 10.83, partial ƞ2 = 026, p < .001). A means comparison indicated that males had better technology-assisted PBL practices on both variables. ANOVA and post hoc test results found that high schools used technology-assisted PBL better than elementary schools, and intermediate schools performed better than elementary schools. No significant difference was found between technology-assisted PBL practices in high schools and intermediate schools within the school system. Descriptive analysis results for research question two indicated that Tatweer school teacher technology uses were aligned with ISTE NETS.T, though there was very little use of technology in PBL. Though 177 units of information were found for the seven open-ended questions, little was related to the research questions, so Grounded Theory was used to find 19 overall themes. Findings indicated several casual conditions for the lack of technology-assisted PBL, including technology access, classroom design, space, and facilities, ministry/district support, and teacher preparation. Action strategies included providing needed technology, offering technology training, providing training in new instructional methods, creating a more flexible curriculum, and adopting advanced teaching methods and authentic assessment. Recommendations for Tatweer schools included a better learning environment, greater professional technology access, and school system support. Recommendations for future studies included conducting a similar study on other schools and a further examination of Grounded Theory findings.

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction / Rosemary Talab / The purpose of this study was to investigate concerns regarding the adoption of online teaching as expressed by faculty and instructors in six departments in the College of Arts and Humanities at King Abdulaziz University. Additionally, it investigated faculty professional development needs in adopting online teaching. The data in this study were obtained from 147 faculty members (response rate 63.9%). A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design was used, incorporating the Stages of Concern Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using quantitative measures (descriptive data analysis and inferential analysis). This study utilized the Concerns Based Adoption Model as its theoretical framework. King Abdulaziz University faculty Stages of Concerns findings showed a mean score percentile of 87% of them as Unconcerned. The Informational stage showed a mean score percentile of 72%, and the Personal stage was the third highest with a mean score percentile of 70%. Refocusing, Collaboration, and Management were the fourth, fifth, and sixth highest stages of concern. The Consequence stage was the lowest stage of concern. The Stages of Concern Questionnaire had concerns that were generally aligned to nonusers or users who sometimes implement parts of online teaching. The data analysis regarding the participants’ personal characteristics indicated that their concerns in adopting online teaching were not influenced by their age, country of graduation, or years of teaching experience. A statistically significant difference was found in the participant concerns in adopting online teaching by gender, p<.05. The significance differences were found in stage one (Informational) (p<.05), stage two (Personal) (p<.01), and stage six (Refocusing) (p<.001). Likewise, the data analysis regarding the participants’ contextual characteristics indicated that their concerns in adopting online teaching were not influenced by their department or academic rank. A statistically significant difference was found in the participants’ concerns in adopting online teaching based on administrative support, p<.05. The significances were found in stages zero (Unconcerned) (p<.05) and three (Management) (p<.01). The data analysis regarding the technographic characteristics also indicated a statistically significant influence of participants' prior instructional technology use and technology-related professional development on their use of technology in teaching. The significance values were .000, .006, .009, and .030. The study concludes with recommendations for King Abdulaziz University regarding faculty adoption of online teaching and recommendations for future studies focused on professional development programs and the adoption of online teaching in King Abdulaziz University as well as in other Saudi universities.