Le module de l'apprenant est l'une des composantes les plus importantes d’un Système Tutoriel Intelligent (STI). L'extension du modèle de l'apprenant n'a pas cessé de progresser. Malgré la définition d’un profil cognitif et l’intégration d’un profil émotionnel, le module de l’apprenant demeure non exhaustif. Plusieurs senseurs physiologiques sont utilisés pour raffiner la reconnaissance des états cognitif et émotionnel de l’apprenant mais l’emploi simultané de tous ces senseurs l’encombre. De plus, ils ne sont pas toujours adaptés aux apprenants dont les capacités sont réduites. Par ailleurs, la plupart des stratégies pédagogiques exécutées par le module du tuteur ne sont pas conçues à la base d’une collecte dynamique de données en temps réel, cela diminue donc de leur efficacité. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’explorer l’activité électrique cérébrale et de l’utiliser comme un nouveau canal de communication entre le STI et l’apprenant. Pour ce faire nous proposons de concevoir, d’implémenter et d’évaluer le système multi agents NORA. Grâce aux agents de NORA, il est possible d’interpréter et d’influencer l’activité électrique cérébrale de l’apprenant pour un meilleur apprentissage. Ainsi, NORA enrichit le module apprenant d’un profile cérébral et le module tuteur de quelques nouvelles stratégies neuropédagogiques efficaces. L’intégration de NORA à un STI donne naissance à une nouvelle génération de systèmes tutoriels : les STI Cérébro-sensibles (ou STICS) destinés à aider un plus grand nombre d’apprenants à interagir avec l’ordinateur pour apprendre à gérer leurs émotions, maintenir la concentration et maximiser les conditions favorable à l’apprentissage. / The learner module is the most important component within an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). The extension of the learner module is still in progress, despite the integration of the cognitive profile and the emotional profile, it is not yet exhaustive. To improve the prediction of the learner’s emotional and cognitive states, many physiological sensors have been used, but all of these sensors are cumbersome. In addition, they are not always adapted to the learners with reduced capacities. Beside, most of the pedagogical strategies that are executed by the tutor module are based on no-live collections of data. This fact reduces their efficiency. The objective of our research is to explore the electrical brain activity and use it as a communication channel between a learner and an ITS. To reach this aim, we suggest to conceive, to implement and to evaluate the multi-agent system NORA. Integrated to an ITS, this one became a Brain Sensitive Intelligent Tutoring System (BS-ITS). Agents of NORA interpret the learner’s brain electrical signal and react to it. The new BS-ITS is the extension of an ITS and enrich the learner module with the brain profile and the tutor module with a new Neuropedagogical Strategies. We aim to reach more categories of learners and help them to manage their stress, anxiety and maintain the concentration, the attention and the interest.

Cette étude porte sur les usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires du Cameroun. Elle se situe dans un contexte de l’enseignement supérieur camerounais en pleine mutation par les TIC. Elle vise donc à mieux comprendre les utilisations des TIC qui influencent l’apprentissage et la motivation académique chez les étudiants universitaires du Cameroun. Pour atteindre cet objectif, quatre principaux axes d’étude sont envisagés : -Les usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais; -Les perceptions des étudiants sur l’usage des TIC dans leur formation; -L’impact des TIC sur l’apprentissage des étudiants universitaires du Cameroun ; -L’impact des TIC sur la motivation académique des étudiants universitaires en apprentissage. La typologie de De Vries (2001) adoptée, qui est bâtie sur plusieurs variables d’apprentissage en lien avec les TIC (lire, faire des exercices, dialogue, jouer, explorer, manipuler, observer, construire et discuter), a facilité l’élaboration d’un portrait des usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais. Pour vérifier si les TIC ont un lien avec l’acquisition du savoir visée par un cours chez les étudiants camerounais, nous avons eu recours à la taxonomie de Bloom (1956) révisée par Lorin (2001). Cette taxonomie est constituée des verbes d’action qui décrivent des opérations cognitives d’apprentissage et spécifient des activités d’apprentissage liée aux TIC en terme de « capacité à ». Aussi, les résultats de Barrette (2005) sur les effets des TIC sur l’apprentissage (amélioration des résultats académiques, développement des opérations cognitives, amélioration de la motivation et intérêt des étudiants) nous ont servi de balises pour mieux comprendre les influences des TIC sur l’apprentissage des étudiants universitaires. La littérature sur l’impact des TIC sur la motivation académique a révélé que les sentiments d'autodétermination, de compétence et d'affiliation influencent la motivation des étudiants. Ainsi la théorie retenue de l'autodétermination de Deci et Ryan (1985, 1991, 2000) nous permet de mieux cerner le concept de la motivation dans cette étude. Cette recherche se fonde sur une méthodologie de type mixte, comportant plusieurs sources de données collectées (Savoie-Zajc et Karsenti (2000)): entrevues individuelles semi dirigées avec des étudiants (n = 9), observations participantes d’étudiants (n=2), observations participantes de groupes d’étudiants (n = 3), questionnaire (n=120). La thèse suit un mode de présentation par articles, chacun des articles étant en lien avec l’un des objectifs de la recherche. Les résultats obtenus confortent l’hypothèse d’une utilisation des TIC à des fins académiques par des étudiants dans le campus ainsi que dans les cybercafés. Autrement dit, la recherche dresse un portrait des usages des TIC des étudiants universitaires camerounais en mettant en évidence les types d’utilisation multivariés rencontrés. Les résultats font aussi ressortir que les TIC sont des outils didactiques efficaces pour faciliter la compréhension des situations complexes des cours suivis par les étudiants. Cette recherche a donné lieu à l’adaptation de l’échelle de mesure EMITICE, un instrument de mesure de la motivation lors de l'intégration des TIC dans l'enseignement, qui a permis de déterminer les variations de la motivation des étudiants et de mettre en évidence une comparaison de l'évolution du type de leur motivation. / This study focuses on the uses of ICT by Cameroonian university students, in a context where the higher education is changing due to ICT. It therefore aims to better understand the uses of ICT that affect learning and academic motivation significantly among Cameroonian university students. To achieve this objective, four main areas of study are considered: -The uses of ICT by Cameroonian university students; -The perceptions of students on the use of ICT in their training -The impact of ICT on the learning of Cameroonian university students; -The impact of ICT on the academic motivation of university students in learning. The adopted typology of De Vries (2001), which is built on several variables related to learning with ICT (reading, doing exercises, dialoguing, playing, exploring, manipulating, observing, building and discussing), has facilitated the development of a description of the uses of ICTs by Cameroonian university students. To check whether ICT has a connection with the acquisition of knowledge aimed at by a course given to Cameroonian students, we used the taxonomy of Bloom (1956) revised by Lorin (2001). This taxonomy consists of active verbs that describe the operations of cognitive learning and specify learning activities related to ICT in terms of "ability to". Also, the results of Barrette (2005) on the effects of ICT on learning (improving academic achievement, cognitive development operations, improving the motivation and interest of students) have been very instrumental to better understand the influences of ICT on the learning of university students. The literature about the impact of ICT on academic motivation showed that the feelings of self-determination, competence and affiliation, influence students’ motivation. Thus, the theory of self-restraint of Deci and Ryan (1985, 1991, 2000) allows us to better understand the concept of motivation in this study. This research is based on a mixed methodology, with multiple sources of data collected (Savoie-Zajc and Karsenti (2000)): semi-directed interviews with individual students (n = 9), participating observations of students (n = 2), participating observation of groups of students (n = 3), questionnaire (n = 120). The thesis follows a format for articles, each article being closely linked with one of the objectives of the research. The results support the hypothesis that students use ICT on campus and in the cyber cafes for academic purposes. In other words, the research makes a description of Cameroonian university students’ uses of ICT, highlighting the types of the diverse uses encountered. The results also show that ICT are effective teaching tools to facilitate the understanding of complex situations of courses taken by students. This research led to the adaptation of the measurement scale EMITICE, a tool for measuring motivation during the integration of ICT in education, which made it possible to determine the motivation variation of students and to highlight a comparison of the changes in the type of students’ motivation.

Les nouveaux dispositifs de formation à distance représentent de nouvelles modalités de formation dans l’enseignement supérieur. Ces dispositifs impliquent l’utilisation d’environnements pédagogiques adaptés qui favorisent les situations de travail collaboratif. La collaboration au sein de ces outils résulte non seulement des interactions entre les étudiants, mais aussi des modalités de travail et d’accompagnement mises en place au préalable par les enseignants, notamment pour que les interactions fassent sens pour les étudiants. Ainsi, la question qui guide cette étude de cas est la suivante. Comment se caractérise le travail collaboratif des étudiants dans les blogs dans le cadre du cours ETA 6538? Plus précisément, nous cherchons à comprendre comment les étudiants collaborent à l'intérieur des blogs et quels sont les indicateurs propices à cette collaboration. À l’issue de notre étude, nous proposons une liste de recommandations pour favoriser la mise en place et le déroulement du travail collaboratif au sein des blogs, ainsi que des indicateurs pouvant servir à l’évaluation de la collaboration. Les concepts exploités dans ce mémoire sont relatifs au processus d'acquisition de savoir à partir de la collaboration émanant des interactions au sein des TIC, des dispositifs d’apprentissage en ligne et plus particulièrement des blogues. Nous avons utilisé une méthode de type à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Les blogs de huit étudiants ont été analysés. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent que les étudiants ont collaboré au sein des blogs et qu’ensemble, ils ont fait émergé de nouveaux savoirs et connaissances. / New operations of distance learning represent new education’s modalities in higher education. These operations imply use of adapted learning environment, which promote collaborative work situations. Collaboration within these tools result from interaction between students and also from modalities work and support put in place by teachers in order to make sure that these interactions are clear for students. Thus, the question that leads this study case is as follows. What characterizes the collaborative work of students in blogs under ETA 6538 course? Specifically, we want to understand how students collaborate within blogs and what indicators are conducive to such collaboration. Following our study, we propose a list of recommendations to promote the establishment and conduct of collaborative work in blogs, as well as indicators that can be used for evaluation of the collaboration. The concepts used in this thesis are related to the process of acquiring knowledge from the collaboration from the interactions among ICT, online learning systems, especially blogs. We used a type of both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Blogs of eight students were tested. The results of these studies show that students have collaborated in blogs and together they have emerged from new knowledge and skill.

Dans les pays africains en général et au Niger en particulier, l’ordinateur commence à trouver sa place au sein de l’école. Ce processus d’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et de la communication est fortement dépendant des paramètres technologiques, pédagogiques et humains. Réussir ce processus, c’est connaitre les jugements et les attitudes des acteurs de cette école vis-à-vis de ces technologies. À partir des représentations sociales, nous pouvons connaître la manière de penser, de s'approprier, d'interpréter la réalité quotidienne d’un groupe d’individus vis-à-vis d’un objet, en l’occurrence ici, les TIC. Le premier objectif de notre recherche est de connaitre les représentations sociales que les enseignants du secondaire ont de l’ordinateur. Pour cela, nous avons mené une investigation auprès de vingt enseignants. À l’issue des entrevues, nous avons identifié des représentations sociales sur les attitudes des enseignants à l’égard de l’ordinateur, sur les risques de l’ordinateur à l’école et enfin sur les avantages de l’ordinateur à l’école. L’ensemble de ces représentations sociales met en évidence une attitude positive des enseignants vis-à-vis de l’ordinateur à l’école même si pour certains enseignants, l’ordinateur est un outil qui favorise la démotivation des élèves et qui est vu comme un concurrent potentiel. Notre second objectif est de connaître les représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Cinquante élèves provenant de deux écoles ont constitué la population de notre étude. Après avoir soumis les entretiens recueillis à une analyse de contenu, nous sommes parvenu à des résultats qui mettent en évidence des représentations sociales sur les connaissances des TIC et sur son utilisation dans le cadre de l’apprentissage. Notre recherche devait aussi déterminer si les représentations sociales étaient fonction de la formation aux TIC. Les résultats du test d’hypothèse du Khi-carré montrent que la formation aux TIC n’influence pas l’émergence des représentations sociales. Le troisième objectif de notre recherche porte sur la construction d’une échelle de mesure des représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Après avoir été élaborée l’échelle de mesure a été administrée à 265 élèves de deux lycées. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire montrent que l’échelle a une assez bonne cohérence interne. L’ensemble des résultats garantit la validité et la fidélité de l’échelle. L’ensemble des résultats montre que, bien que son utilisation soit très récente dans les écoles nigériennes, des représentations sociales ont été engendrées à l’endroit des TIC. Les contenus de ces représentations montrent des attitudes favorables aux TIC dans l’apprentissage. / In African countries in general, particulary in Niger, the computer begins to find out its way at school. This pedagogical and integration process of the communication and the information technologies is highly dependent on human, pedagogical and technological parameters. To result this process is to know the decisions and the attitudes of the actors of this school in presence of these technologies. From the social representations we can know how to think, to adopt and elucidate the daily fact of a group of individuals facing an object, in the present case, the ICT. Our investigation concerns the identification of the social representation that some teachers and students have engendered on the technologies of the information and the communication. Based on a mixed methodology, our results allowed us to write three contributions. In the first one we have investigated twenty teachers about some social parades on the attitude of the teachers towards the computer, on the risks of the computer at school and at last on its advantages. The whole of these social parades place in a prominent position the positive attitude of teachers facing the computer at school even if for some teachers, the computer is a tool that promotes the unwarranted attitude of students and is seen as a potential rival. The second objective is to know the social representation of ICT in students – Fifty (50) students coming from two schools has composed the population of our study. After submiting the conversation set down to an analyis, we come to some results that make obvious the social parades on the understanding of the ICT and on its usage in the outline of apprenticeship. Our research also had to determine if the social parades were linked to the ICT training and to its regulard usage. The results of the hypothesis test of the khi-2 show that the training of the ICT do not influence the emergence of the social representation. The third objective, relies on the previous results, and deals with the construction of a measurement scale of the ICT’s social parades in some students. After working out the scale of measurement, it has been directed to two hundred and sixty-five (265) students of two high schools. The factorial analysis results show that the scale has a quite good internal coherence. The whole results prove that even though its using is very new in nigerien school, some social parades have been rised up the ICT. The content of these representations show the propositions attitudes to the ICT in positive the training.

Le but du présent projet de thèse est d’étudier le lien entre les habitudes à l’endroit des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et la motivation à apprendre. Bien que l’utilisation de l’ordinateur en contexte scolaire ait été étudiée en profondeur au cours des dernières années, la majorité des études présentent la même perspective : elles examinent l’effet de l’utilisation des technologies à l’école sur le rendement et la motivation scolaire des élèves. Cependant, on connaît mal l’effet de l’utilisation des technologies à des fins personnelles sur le vécu scolaire. Il apparait que les élèves n’ont pas tous les mêmes opportunités en ce qui a trait à l’utilisation des TIC et n’acquièrent donc pas tous les mêmes compétences dans ce domaine. Quelques recherches se sont intéressées aux effets de l’ordinateur (sa présence et son utilisation à la maison) sur le rendement à l’école. Bien qu’en majorité, les auteurs s’entendent sur les bénéfices que pourrait générer l’ordinateur, ils restent prudents sur les rapports de cause à effet (Beltran, Das et Fairlie, 2008; OCDE, 2006). Nous avons voulu aborder la question différemment : déterminer les possibles liens entre les habitudes d’utilisation de l’ordinateur à des fins personnelles et la motivation à apprendre à l’école. À cet égard, la motivation pour les sciences a été retenue puisque cette matière scolaire fait souvent appel à des compétences associées à l’utilisation des TIC. Pour répondre à nos objectifs, 331 élèves du cours ordinaire de sciences et technologie au premier cycle du secondaire ont remplis un questionnaire autorapporté, composé de sept échelles motivationnelles et d’un questionnaire lié à l’utilisation des TIC. Nous avons d’abord dégagé des profils d’utilisateurs à partir des différentes utilisations de l’ordinateur. Ensuite, nous avons examiné ces profils en lien avec leurs caractéristiques motivationnelles (le sentiment de compétence, l’anxiété, l’intérêt et les buts d’accomplissement) et l’engagement pour le cours de sciences. Finalement, nous avons déterminé la valeur prédictive de l’utilisation de l’ordinateur sur les variables motivationnelles retenues. Nos résultats montrent que l’utilisation personnelle des TIC ne se fait pas nécessairement au détriment de l’école. Nous avons trouvé que les élèves qui utilisent davantage les TIC dans leurs temps libres, et ce, avec des utilisations diversifiées, ont des caractéristiques motivationnelles plus positives. Toutefois, nous constatons que le type d’usage est lié à un effet médiateur positif ou négatif sur la motivation à apprendre. Les élèves qui limitent leurs utilisations de l’ordinateur à la communication et aux jeux ont des caractéristiques motivationnelles plus négatives que ceux avec des utilisations variées. Les usages centrés sur la communication semblent être ceux qui sont le plus susceptibles d’être liés négativement à la motivation à apprendre alors que ceux orientés vers les usages à caractère intellectuel s’avèrent plus positifs. Les résultats suggèrent que la clé ne réside pas dans le temps d'utilisation mais plutôt dans l'utilisation judicieuse de ce temps. En favorisant des usages à caractère intellectuel, tout en laissant des temps libres aux jeunes, nous augmentons leurs chances de développer de bonnes habitudes technologiques qui seront essentielles dans la société de demain. / This thesis’ subject was to study the relationship between the personal uses of computers and motivational attitudes in science. Even though computer uses in educational context have been extensively studied in recent years, the bulk of the research was focused on describing the impact of computer activities and utilizations at school on achievement and motivation in different subject matter. However, little is known about the impact of personal uses of computer on school experience. Moreover, despite an increase of households with computers, not every child has the same opportunity to use them. These children do not develop their computer literacy outside school, and this phenomenon could have an effect on academic related tasks. Some studies have focused on the effect of computers (their presence and use) on academic performance. Although they are unanimous about the positive impact of computers, researchers remain cautious in their conclusions (Beltran et al., 2008; OCDE, 2006). They stress that a direct cause to effect relation is not easy to establish. Moreover, those studies mainly examined school achievement. We wanted to address the issue differently: to determine the relation between personal computer uses and motivation at school. For this purpose, motivation in sciences was chosen. This subject matter often requires skills associated with ICT and computers. To do so, 331 students from public high schools in the Montreal area, in the regular sciences classes in 7th and 8th grade were selected. They completed a questionnaire composed of 7 motivational scales and several ICT usages questions. To meet our objectives, we established ICT profiles, based on personal uses of computer. With those profiles, we examined differences within motivational characteristics (competence beliefs, anxiety, interest and achievement goals) and commitment for the sciences courses. Our results show that time spent on personal computer use does not necessarily have a negative impact on school. We found that students who frequently use computers in their spare time, with a variety of usage, have more positive motivational characteristics. However, by delving deeper in our results, we found that the type of uses could be linked to positive or negative inducing effects on the motivation to learn. Indeed, students who use computers mostly for communication and playing games have less motivation that student with more various usages. Moreover, communication uses seem to be the most problematic type of usage while uses with intellectual nature have a more positive effect. Our study found that having a computer at home is not a synonym of frequent usage by young people. Our results suggest that the key to motivational success is the use made of the time spent in front of the computer not only the time spent. By encouraging uses of intellectual nature, we increase chances of developing positive technological habits that will be essential in tomorrow’s society.

L’intégration des TIC a connu un essor considérable dans les dernières années et des chercheurs à travers le monde y accordent une importance sans cesse croissante ; le sujet des TIC en éducation est ainsi répandu au sein des écrits depuis maintenant plusieurs années (Istance & Kools, 2013; Storz & Hoffman, 2013). Dans un monde où les technologies sont omniprésentes dans la plupart des sphères d’activités, il ne s’agit plus de savoir si les technologies doivent être intégrées dans les activités d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, mais bien de quelle façon elles doivent l’être. Comme les TIC présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment en ce qui concerne la motivation scolaire et la réduction du fossé numérique, les différents intervenants du monde de l’éducation sont généralement conscients de l’importance de bien utiliser les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) en éducation, mais ne savent pas toujours par où commencer. La présente recherche s’intéresse à une forme particulière d’intégration des TIC en éducation, soit les projets portables. Les projets portables se différencient par le fait que l’enseignant et chaque élève disposent de leur propre ordinateur portable dans le but d’une utilisation pédagogique. Cette thèse de doctorat tente de détailler, à travers un langage clair et accessible, les défis qu’il est possible de rencontrer à l’intérieur de tels projets, de même que ce qui peut être fait pour en limiter les impacts. En vue de déterminer les conditions pouvant favoriser le succès global des projets portables au Québec, voire ailleurs, une recension des écrits exhaustive a permis de relever quatre catégories de facteurs principales dans lesquelles l’ensemble des défis identifiés semblent pouvoir être classés : les facteurs relatifs à la gestion du projet, les facteurs internes à l’enseignant, les facteurs relatifs au cadre de travail de même que les facteurs relatifs à l’infrastructure et au matériel. Ces diverses catégories de facteurs sont abordées en détails à l’intérieur du cadre théorique de cette thèse de doctorat. En vue d’atteindre les objectifs, un questionnaire a été mis au point et plus de 300 enseignants d’une commission scolaire où a lieu un projet portable à grand déploiement y ont répondu. Les données de nature mixte (données quantitatives et qualitatives) ont été analysées à l’aide de logiciels spécialisés et ceci a permis de vérifier la pertinence des éléments rencontrés dans la recension des écrits, de même que d’en découvrir de nouveaux. Il a été trouvé que de nombreux défis sont susceptibles d’être rencontrés. Les plus importants ont trait à la qualité du matériel utilisé, à l’importance de la formation des enseignants relativement aux TIC, et à l’importance de mettre au point une vision claire assurant la pleine adhésion des enseignants. Il a aussi été déterminé que l’enseignant doit pouvoir accéder à un soutien pédagogique ainsi qu’à un soutien technique facilement. Enfin, il a été découvert que la nature des projets à grand déploiement fait en sorte qu’il importe de porter une attention particulière aux besoins locaux des enseignants, qui peuvent varier selon le contexte de travail de ceux-ci. / ICT integration in education has grown considerably in the recent years, and researchers around the world have devoted it an increasing interest; the subject of ICT in education has now been prevalent within the literature for many years (Istance & Kools, 2013; Storz & Hoffman, 2013). In a world where technologies are ubiquitous in most spheres of activity, it is no longer whether technology should be integrated in education, but rather how it should be. As ICT have proven to offer many advantages, especially regarding student motivation and engagement, and also in reducing the digital divide, the various stakeholders in education are generally aware of the importance of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in education, but do not always know where to start. This thesis focuses on a particular form of integration of ICT in education, mainly referred to as “one-to-one computing projects” or “1:1 projects”. Those projects differ in that the teacher and each student have their own laptop for use in an educational context. This thesis attempts to show, through a clear and accessible language, the challenges that may be encountered in such projects, as well as what can be done to limit their negative impacts. In order to determine the conditions that promote the overall success of one-to-one computing projects in Quebec, or even elsewhere, a comprehensive literature review has identified four main categories of factors in which the identified challenges may be classified: factors related to the project management, factors that are internal to the teacher, factors related to their work environment as well as factors related to the infrastructure and equipment. Those diverse categories of factors are discussed in detail within the theoretical framework of this thesis. In order to achieve the objectives, a questionnaire was developed and more than 300 teachers of a school board currently involved in a large-scale one-to-one computing project have responded. The mixed data (quantitative as well as qualitative) that came out of the questionnaire was analyzed using specialized software and this has allowed to verify the relevance of the challenges found in the literature review, and it allowed the finding of new additional elements. It has been found that many challenges are likely to be encountered. The most significant ones are the quality of the equipment used, the importance of teacher training in relation to ICT and the importance of developing a clear vision to ensure the full support of teachers. It was also determined that the teachers should have access to pedagogical support as well as technical support easily. Finally, it was found that the nature of large-scale one-to-one computing projects is such that it is important to take into account the local needs of teachers, which may vary depending on the context in which they work.

L’innovation pédagogique pour elle-même s’avère parfois discutable, mais elle se justifie quand les enseignants se heurtent aux difficultés d’apprentissage de leurs étudiants. En particulier, certaines notions de physique sont réputées difficiles à appréhender par les étudiants, comme c’est le cas pour l’effet photoélectrique qui n’est pas souvent compris par les étudiants au niveau collégial. Cette recherche tente de déterminer si, dans le cadre d’un cours de physique, la simulation de l’effet photoélectrique et l’utilisation des dispositifs mobiles et en situation de collaboration favorisent une évolution des conceptions des étudiants au sujet de la lumière. Nous avons ainsi procédé à l’élaboration d’un scénario d’apprentissage collaboratif intégrant une simulation de l’effet photoélectrique sur un ordinateur de poche. La conception du scénario a d’abord été influencée par notre vision socioconstructiviste de l’apprentissage. Nous avons effectué deux études préliminaires afin de compléter notre scénario d’apprentissage et valider la plateforme MobileSim et l’interface du simulateur, que nous avons utilisées dans notre expérimentation : la première avec des ordinateurs de bureau et la seconde avec des ordinateurs de poche. Nous avons fait suivre à deux groupes d’étudiants deux cours différents, l’un portant sur une approche traditionnelle d’enseignement, l’autre basé sur le scénario d’apprentissage collaboratif élaboré. Nous leur avons fait passer un test évaluant l’évolution conceptuelle sur la nature de la lumière et sur le phénomène de l’effet photoélectrique et concepts connexes, à deux reprises : la première avant que les étudiants ne s’investissent dans le cours et la seconde après la réalisation des expérimentations. Nos résultats aux prétest et post-test sont complétés par des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées avec tous les étudiants, par des enregistrements vidéo et par des traces récupérées des fichiers logs ou sur papier. Les étudiants du groupe expérimental ont obtenu de très bons résultats au post-test par rapport à ceux du groupe contrôle. Nous avons enregistré un gain moyen d’apprentissage qualifié de niveau modéré selon Hake (1998). Les résultats des entrevues ont permis de repérer quelques difficultés conceptuelles d’apprentissage chez les étudiants. L’analyse des données recueillies des enregistrements des séquences vidéo, des questionnaires et des traces récupérées nous a permis de mieux comprendre le processus d’apprentissage collaboratif et nous a dévoilé que le nombre et la durée des interactions entre les étudiants sont fortement corrélés avec le gain d’apprentissage. Ce projet de recherche est d’abord une réussite sur le plan de la conception d’un scénario d’apprentissage relatif à un phénomène aussi complexe que l’effet photoélectrique, tout en respectant de nombreux critères (collaboration, simulation, dispositifs mobiles) qui nous paraissaient extrêmement utopiques de réunir dans une situation d’apprentissage en classe. Ce scénario pourra être adapté pour l’apprentissage d’autres notions de la physique et pourra être considéré pour la conception des environnements collaboratifs d’apprentissage mobile innovants, centrés sur les besoins des apprenants et intégrant les technologies au bon moment et pour la bonne activité. / The educational innovation itself is sometimes debatable but it is justified when the teachers confront the learning difficulties of their students. In particular, some notions of physics are notoriously hard for students to understand, as is the case for the photoelectric effect which is not often comprehended by the students at the college level. This research tries to determine if, as part of a physics course, the simulation of the photoelectric effect and the use of mobile devices in collaborative situations facilitate an evolution of the student’s conceptions about the concept of light. We have proceeded to develop a scenario of collaborative learning by integrating a simulation of the photoelectric effect on handheld devices (Pocket PC). The design of scenario was first influenced by our socioconstructivist vision of learning. We conducted two preliminary studies to complete our scenario of learning and to validate the platform « MobileSim » and the interface of the simulator used in our experiment. The first studies were completed with a simulation on computers and the second with a simulation on Pocket PC. After that, we carried out the experimentation with two groups of students. The control group was assigned to the traditional approach of teaching and the experimental group was assigned to the approach based on the developed scenario of collaborative learning. We have conducted a test twice to assess a conceptual change about the nature of light and about the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect and related concepts. The first test (pre-test) before the students are involved in the course and the second (post-test) after completion of experiments. Our results in the pre-test and post-test were completed by conducting semi-structured individual interviews with all students, by video recordings and recovered traces (on log files or on paper). Students in the experimental group obtained good results in the test compared to those of the control group. We noted an average gain of learning qualified at a moderate level according to Hake (1998). Interview results were used to identify some conceptual difficulties of student learning. Analysis of collected data from video sequences, questionnaires and recovered tracks allowed us to better understand the process of collaborative learning and has revealed that the number and the time of interactions between students are strongly correlated with the gain of learning. At first, this research project is a success in the designing of a learning scenario of a phenomenon as complex as the photoelectric effect and respects many criteria (collaboration, simulation, mobile devices, etc.) that it seemed for us extremely utopian to combine them in an effective learning situation in the classroom. For instance, this scenario could be adapted to the learning of other concepts in physics. It could also be considered for the design of collaborative environments for innovative mobile learning focused on the needs of learners that integrate the technologies at the right time and for the right activity.

No description available.

Um sujeito vive numa rede social em virtude dos elementos que tem em comum com os outros, complementando-se em função da cultura, crença e experiência. Nos estágios mais avançados da vida, a procura do prazer, a realização de projetos adiados e a satisfação pessoal oferecem elementos para a busca de uma nova identidade. A interação por meio das tecnologias pode auxiliar o indivíduo vivenciar o agora sem desprezar as experiências e os sentimentos já vivenciados. Para desencadear processos de interação é preciso desenvolver mecanismos que modifiquem os sujeitos envolvidos de maneira durável. Uma ação comunicativa manifesta-se quando cada sujeito regula sua ação por meio de normas de convivência, isto é, desenvolve-se quando há consensualidade reconhecida pelos sujeitos em relação à inteligibilidade do conteúdo que está sendo discutido e à veracidade dos interlocutores que estão interagindo. A constituição do sujeito acontece numa dinâmica dialógica que pode ser virtual, desde que transitem, pelas vias de tais mecanismos, produções de significados evocados e construídos subjetivamente. Nesse contexto, o ciberespaço é um lugar legítimo de socialização, pois as mediações viabilizam a apreensão de idéias e conhecimentos. Para tornar exeqüível a inclusão social e digital no ciberespaço, há a necessidade de contemplar, no projeto desses ambientes, modelos que possibilitem ao sujeito perceber que estratégia de comunicação e interação deve ser empregada. Um ambiente computacional somente mudará a natureza da atividade interacionista se contemplar as mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos métodos de comunicação, pois deve favorecer o trabalho cooperativo. Para desenvolver ferramentas que viabilizem a construção do conhecimento por meio da interação é preciso conhecer os aspectos biopsicossociais e entender o potencial libertador dos processos comunicativos que se estabelecem quando os sujeitos interagem mediados pela tecnologia. Partindo de uma concepção sóciohistórica de interação social, procuramos preencher um espaço de pesquisa em relação à ação comunicativa e à significação das representações sociais sobre as tecnologias de comunicação e informação. Analisamos a tríade comunicação, tecnologia e envelhecimento, objetos de natureza distinta que advêm quando ponderam-se questões que envolvem pessoas idosas num contexto biopsicossocial. Buscamos conhecer as representações simbólicas em relação às tecnologias e analisar os sentimentos desencadeados e o significado das experiências vividas com o uso desses dispositivos. Analisamos o significado da interação com três grupos de idosos. O primeiro composto por indivíduos considerados independentes vinculados em grupos da terceira idade e os outros constituídos por sujeitos classificados como dependentes atendidos por programas de saúde e com suspeição de depressão ou residentes numa instituição de longa permanência. Avaliamos como os processos comunicativos colaboram para o resgate do bem-estar social e para a construção de relações interpessoais. Elaboramos instrumentos para coletar dados sobre os processos de interação, uso de tecnologias, qualidade de vida e saúde. Definimos três eixos norteadores para analisar os relados dos idosos em relação aos processos comunicativos: significação, experiência e relacionamento. Assim, contribuímos para a área da gerontologia ao avaliar o universo dos caminhos do resgate do bem-estar social das pessoas idosas. Além disso, ao analisar o significado dos processos de comunicação, fornecemos para a ciência da computação modelos para a construção de ferramentas de interação. / A person lives within a social network because of the elements that he has in common with others, becoming complete due to culture, belief and experience. In the most advanced stages of life, the search for pleasure, the accomplishment of postponed projects and the personal satisfaction offer elements for the search of a new identity. The interaction through technologies can help the individual experience the moment without forgetting the experiences and feelings already experienced. In order to trigger interaction processes is necessary to develop mechanisms that change the involved subjects in a durable way. A communicative action manifests itself when each subject regulates his action through sociability rules, that is, it is developed when there is consension recognized by the subjects in relation to the intelligibility of the discussed matter and to the truthfulness of the interlocutors that are interacting. The subject constitution takes place within a dynamic dialogic which can be virtual, as long as the productions of subjectively built evoked meanings go through the path of such mechanisms. In this context, the cyberspace is a legitimate socialization place, for the negotiation enables the understanding of ideas and knowledge. To make the social and digital inclusion feasible in the cyberspace there is a need to consider within these environments projects, models that enable the subject to recognize which communication and interaction strategy must be employed. A computer environment will only change the nature of the interacting activity if it observes the changes that are taking place in the communication methods, for it must favor the cooperative work. In order to develop tools that enable the knowledge construction through interaction is necessary to know the biopsychosocial aspects and understand the releasing potential of the communicative processes that are established when the subjects interact mediated by technology. From a socio-historical conception of social interaction, we seek to fill a research space in relation to the communicative action and to the meaning of the social representations about the communication and information technologies. We analyzed the triad communication, technology and aging, objects of different nature that occur when issues that involve elderly people in a biopsychosocial context are pondered. We seek to know the symbolic representations in relation to the technologies and analyze the triggered feelings and the meaning of the experiences obtained through the use of these mechanisms. We analyzed the interaction meaning within three groups of elderly people. The first group consisting of individuals considered independent engaged in elderly groups and the others consisting of individuals considered dependent assisted by health care programs and suspected of depression or living in a long-term stay institution. We assessed how the communicative processes collaborate with the recovery of social welfare and with the building of interpersonal relationships. We developed tools to collect data about the interaction processes, use of technologies, life and health quality. Three guiding axes were defined to analyze the elders’ reports regarding the communicative processes: meaning, experience and relationship. Thus, we contribute with the gerontology area when we evaluate the universe of the social welfare paths of the elderly people. Furthermore, by analyzing the meaning of the communication processes we provide the computer science with models for the building of interaction tools.

Um sujeito vive numa rede social em virtude dos elementos que tem em comum com os outros, complementando-se em função da cultura, crença e experiência. Nos estágios mais avançados da vida, a procura do prazer, a realização de projetos adiados e a satisfação pessoal oferecem elementos para a busca de uma nova identidade. A interação por meio das tecnologias pode auxiliar o indivíduo vivenciar o agora sem desprezar as experiências e os sentimentos já vivenciados. Para desencadear processos de interação é preciso desenvolver mecanismos que modifiquem os sujeitos envolvidos de maneira durável. Uma ação comunicativa manifesta-se quando cada sujeito regula sua ação por meio de normas de convivência, isto é, desenvolve-se quando há consensualidade reconhecida pelos sujeitos em relação à inteligibilidade do conteúdo que está sendo discutido e à veracidade dos interlocutores que estão interagindo. A constituição do sujeito acontece numa dinâmica dialógica que pode ser virtual, desde que transitem, pelas vias de tais mecanismos, produções de significados evocados e construídos subjetivamente. Nesse contexto, o ciberespaço é um lugar legítimo de socialização, pois as mediações viabilizam a apreensão de idéias e conhecimentos. Para tornar exeqüível a inclusão social e digital no ciberespaço, há a necessidade de contemplar, no projeto desses ambientes, modelos que possibilitem ao sujeito perceber que estratégia de comunicação e interação deve ser empregada. Um ambiente computacional somente mudará a natureza da atividade interacionista se contemplar as mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos métodos de comunicação, pois deve favorecer o trabalho cooperativo. Para desenvolver ferramentas que viabilizem a construção do conhecimento por meio da interação é preciso conhecer os aspectos biopsicossociais e entender o potencial libertador dos processos comunicativos que se estabelecem quando os sujeitos interagem mediados pela tecnologia. Partindo de uma concepção sóciohistórica de interação social, procuramos preencher um espaço de pesquisa em relação à ação comunicativa e à significação das representações sociais sobre as tecnologias de comunicação e informação. Analisamos a tríade comunicação, tecnologia e envelhecimento, objetos de natureza distinta que advêm quando ponderam-se questões que envolvem pessoas idosas num contexto biopsicossocial. Buscamos conhecer as representações simbólicas em relação às tecnologias e analisar os sentimentos desencadeados e o significado das experiências vividas com o uso desses dispositivos. Analisamos o significado da interação com três grupos de idosos. O primeiro composto por indivíduos considerados independentes vinculados em grupos da terceira idade e os outros constituídos por sujeitos classificados como dependentes atendidos por programas de saúde e com suspeição de depressão ou residentes numa instituição de longa permanência. Avaliamos como os processos comunicativos colaboram para o resgate do bem-estar social e para a construção de relações interpessoais. Elaboramos instrumentos para coletar dados sobre os processos de interação, uso de tecnologias, qualidade de vida e saúde. Definimos três eixos norteadores para analisar os relados dos idosos em relação aos processos comunicativos: significação, experiência e relacionamento. Assim, contribuímos para a área da gerontologia ao avaliar o universo dos caminhos do resgate do bem-estar social das pessoas idosas. Além disso, ao analisar o significado dos processos de comunicação, fornecemos para a ciência da computação modelos para a construção de ferramentas de interação. / A person lives within a social network because of the elements that he has in common with others, becoming complete due to culture, belief and experience. In the most advanced stages of life, the search for pleasure, the accomplishment of postponed projects and the personal satisfaction offer elements for the search of a new identity. The interaction through technologies can help the individual experience the moment without forgetting the experiences and feelings already experienced. In order to trigger interaction processes is necessary to develop mechanisms that change the involved subjects in a durable way. A communicative action manifests itself when each subject regulates his action through sociability rules, that is, it is developed when there is consension recognized by the subjects in relation to the intelligibility of the discussed matter and to the truthfulness of the interlocutors that are interacting. The subject constitution takes place within a dynamic dialogic which can be virtual, as long as the productions of subjectively built evoked meanings go through the path of such mechanisms. In this context, the cyberspace is a legitimate socialization place, for the negotiation enables the understanding of ideas and knowledge. To make the social and digital inclusion feasible in the cyberspace there is a need to consider within these environments projects, models that enable the subject to recognize which communication and interaction strategy must be employed. A computer environment will only change the nature of the interacting activity if it observes the changes that are taking place in the communication methods, for it must favor the cooperative work. In order to develop tools that enable the knowledge construction through interaction is necessary to know the biopsychosocial aspects and understand the releasing potential of the communicative processes that are established when the subjects interact mediated by technology. From a socio-historical conception of social interaction, we seek to fill a research space in relation to the communicative action and to the meaning of the social representations about the communication and information technologies. We analyzed the triad communication, technology and aging, objects of different nature that occur when issues that involve elderly people in a biopsychosocial context are pondered. We seek to know the symbolic representations in relation to the technologies and analyze the triggered feelings and the meaning of the experiences obtained through the use of these mechanisms. We analyzed the interaction meaning within three groups of elderly people. The first group consisting of individuals considered independent engaged in elderly groups and the others consisting of individuals considered dependent assisted by health care programs and suspected of depression or living in a long-term stay institution. We assessed how the communicative processes collaborate with the recovery of social welfare and with the building of interpersonal relationships. We developed tools to collect data about the interaction processes, use of technologies, life and health quality. Three guiding axes were defined to analyze the elders’ reports regarding the communicative processes: meaning, experience and relationship. Thus, we contribute with the gerontology area when we evaluate the universe of the social welfare paths of the elderly people. Furthermore, by analyzing the meaning of the communication processes we provide the computer science with models for the building of interaction tools.