Les résultats basés sur les mesures d’ondes électromagnétiques effectuées par le satellite DEMETER sont présentés. Nous nous concentrons sur deux phénomènes différents : 1) les effets liés à l’activité sismique 2) les émissions avec des structures fréquentielles linéaires. 1) Nous présentons une étude statistique de l’intensité des ondes électromagnétiques observées à proximité des tremblements de terre. Nous montrons que pendant la nuit il y a une diminution statistiquement significative de l’intensité des ondes peu avant le choc principal. 2) Nous présentons une étude systématique des événements ayant des structures fréquentielles linéaires. Un ensemble d’événements statistiquement significatif a été obtenu en utilisant une procédure automatique ainsi qu’une inspection visuelle des données. Tous les événements sont entièrement analysés et classifiés. Dans la gamme EBF (ou toutes les six composantes électromagnétiques sont mesurées pendant le mode Burst), une analyse détaillée des ondes a été faite. / Results based on wave measurements performed by the DEMETER spacecraft are presented. We focus on two different phenomena : 1) effects possibly connected with seismic activity 2) emissions with a line structure. 1) We present a statistical study of intensity of electromagnetic waves observed in the vicinity of earthquakes. It is shown that during the night there is a statistically significant decrease of wave intensity shortly before the time of the main shock. 2)We present a survey of the events with a line structure. A statistically significant set of events has been obtained both by using an automatic identification procedure and visual inspection of the data. All the events are thoroughly analyzed and classified. Moreover, in the ELF range (where all the six electromagnetic field components are measured during the Burst mode), a detailed wave analysis has been performed.

A recent study by Leonard, Lebecque, Dingemanse, and Leal [1] tested the effect of Miglustat, an alpha inhibitor on the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator gene using total chloride secretion in the nasal epithelium as the key variable estimated from basal nasal potential differences. The conclusion was drawn that “There was no evidence of a treatment effect on any nasal potential difference variable.” This conclusion may not be correct because of a slight misinterpretation of their statistical results. There also is a question of whether longer exposure periods than 8 days would have produced a more pronounced effect.

Although grassland bird populations have steadily declined, little research has examined the effect of oil infrastructure on abundances of grassland songbirds. Even less research has identified mechanisms that explain observed effects. To evaluate this, I sampled abundance of 5 songbird species at oil well sites with different pump mechanisms, power sources, and activity levels; I also evaluated the effects of perch and road density and exotic vegetation, all of which are associated with oil development. Both Baird’s sparrows (Ammodramus bairdii) and Sprague’s pipits (Anthus spragueii) had lower abundances at all sites that contained oil infrastructure. The other 3 species, chestnut-collared longspurs (Calcarius ornatus), western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta), and Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), were relatively unaffected by oil wells, linear features, or exotic vegetation. Given that oil well sites negatively affected two species of concern, more research is needed to determine mitigation strategies. / October 2016

A adubação verde no Brasil, apesar de ser comumente conhecida pelos seus benefícios, ainda é pouco utilizada no sistema de rotação de cultura na cana-de-açúcar. Dentre os fatores que ainda implicam na decisão de utilizar a tecnologia da adubação verde, esta o desconhecimento dos efeitos dos herbicidas residuais utilizados na cultura da cana, sobre as plantas utilizadas como adubação verde e a cultura da soja. Assim, esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar: resíduos de herbicidas em solos arenoso e argiloso; efeitos dos resíduos sobre a biomassa fresca de Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca e Mucuna pruriens; efeitos dos resíduos dos herbicidas na fototoxicidade e produção de grãos da cultura de soja cv. NA 5909 RG. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas pertencentes a Usina São Martinho S/A, nos municípios de Iracemápolis/SP e Itirapina/SP, com os herbicidas amicarbazone, hexazinona, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron, onde foram aplicadas cinco doses de cada herbicida em pré-emergência, aos 82 dias anteriores a semeadura das espécies. As doses utilizadas foram: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D e testemunha sem aplicação; sendo D a dose recomendada de amicarbazone (1.050 g ha-1), ou de hexazinona (225 g ha-1), ou de tebuthiuron (1.200 g ha-1), ou de sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). Todas as amostras foram enviadas e analisadas em laboratório, onde foi determinado os resíduos de cada herbicida em (μg Kg-1 solo). Os resíduos do herbicida amicarbazone detectados foram inferiores proporcionalmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo arenoso. A maioria das espécies de adubos verdes estudadas, não apresentaram redução de biomassa onde foram aplicadas as doses comerciais de amicarbazone, hexazinona e sulfentrazone. O resíduo do herbicida tebuthiuron detectado no solo, foi superior proporcialmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo argiloso. O herbicida tebuthiuron ocasionou a redução de biomassa para maioria das espécies a partir dos tratamento com a dose comercial. As espécies C. cajan e C. ensoformis foram as plantas mais tolerantes a maioria dos herbicidas testados. Para a maioria dos herbicidas testados, as espécies C. spectabilis e C. ocholeruca foram as espécies com maiores índices de redução, sendo a C. ochroleuca a espécie mais sensível. Na cultura da soja, o herbicida sulfentrazone não ocasionou redução, os herbicidas amicarbazone e hexazinona causaram redução de produtividade apenas nos tratamentos com maiores concentrações. O tebuthiuron foi o herbicida mais agressivo, causando reduções de produtividade principalmente com as maiores concentrações analisadas. / Green manure in Brazil, despite being commonly known for its benefits, is still little used in the crop rotation system in sugarcane. Among the factors even care in the decision to use the technology of green manure, is the lack of knowledge on the residual effects herbicides used during the crop, on the plants used as green manure and the soybean crop. Thus, this research was conducted with the propose of evaluating: herbicide residues in sandy and clayey soils; effects of residues on the fresh biomass weight of Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca and Mucuna pruriens; residual effects on phototoxicity and grain yield of soybean crop cv. NA 5909 RG. The experiments were developed in areas of Sao Martinho S / A Plant, around Iracemapolis/SP and Itirapina/SP, using the herbicides amicarbazone, hexazinone, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron, and applied five doses of each herbicide were applied in pre-emergence, at 82 days before planting of the species. The doses used were: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D and a witness without application; with D being the recommended dose of amicarbazone (1,050 g ha-1), or hexazinone (225 g ha-1), or tebuthiuron (1,200 g ha-1), or sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). All samples were sent and analyzed in laboratory, evaluating the residues of each herbicide were determined in (μg kg-1 soil). The residues of the amicarbazone herbicide detected, were proportionally lower than the other herbicides tested, mainly in sandy soil. Most of the green manure species, did not show any biomass reduction when applied commercial doses of amicarbazone, hexazinone and sulfentrazone were applied. The residual effects of tebuthiuron detected in the soil was higher proportionally, to the other herbicides tested, mainly in clayey soil. The herbicide tebuthiuron caused the reduction of biomass for most species from the commercial dose treatment. The species C. cajan and C. ensoformis were tolerant plants for most herbicides tested. For most of the tested herbicides, C. spectabilis and C. ocholeruca were the species with the highest reduction rates, C. ochroleuca being the most sensitive species. In the soybean crop, the herbicide sulfentrazone did not cause reduction, the herbicides amicarbazone and hexazinone caused a reduction of productivity only in the treatments with higher concentrations. Tebuthiuron was the most aggressive herbicide, causing productivity reductions mainly with the highest concentrations analyzed.

A adubação verde no Brasil, apesar de ser comumente conhecida pelos seus benefícios, ainda é pouco utilizada no sistema de rotação de cultura na cana-de-açúcar. Dentre os fatores que ainda implicam na decisão de utilizar a tecnologia da adubação verde, esta o desconhecimento dos efeitos dos herbicidas residuais utilizados na cultura da cana, sobre as plantas utilizadas como adubação verde e a cultura da soja. Assim, esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar: resíduos de herbicidas em solos arenoso e argiloso; efeitos dos resíduos sobre a biomassa fresca de Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca e Mucuna pruriens; efeitos dos resíduos dos herbicidas na fototoxicidade e produção de grãos da cultura de soja cv. NA 5909 RG. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas pertencentes a Usina São Martinho S/A, nos municípios de Iracemápolis/SP e Itirapina/SP, com os herbicidas amicarbazone, hexazinona, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron, onde foram aplicadas cinco doses de cada herbicida em pré-emergência, aos 82 dias anteriores a semeadura das espécies. As doses utilizadas foram: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D e testemunha sem aplicação; sendo D a dose recomendada de amicarbazone (1.050 g ha-1), ou de hexazinona (225 g ha-1), ou de tebuthiuron (1.200 g ha-1), ou de sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). Todas as amostras foram enviadas e analisadas em laboratório, onde foi determinado os resíduos de cada herbicida em (μg Kg-1 solo). Os resíduos do herbicida amicarbazone detectados foram inferiores proporcionalmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo arenoso. A maioria das espécies de adubos verdes estudadas, não apresentaram redução de biomassa onde foram aplicadas as doses comerciais de amicarbazone, hexazinona e sulfentrazone. O resíduo do herbicida tebuthiuron detectado no solo, foi superior proporcialmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo argiloso. O herbicida tebuthiuron ocasionou a redução de biomassa para maioria das espécies a partir dos tratamento com a dose comercial. As espécies C. cajan e C. ensoformis foram as plantas mais tolerantes a maioria dos herbicidas testados. Para a maioria dos herbicidas testados, as espécies C. spectabilis e C. ocholeruca foram as espécies com maiores índices de redução, sendo a C. ochroleuca a espécie mais sensível. Na cultura da soja, o herbicida sulfentrazone não ocasionou redução, os herbicidas amicarbazone e hexazinona causaram redução de produtividade apenas nos tratamentos com maiores concentrações. O tebuthiuron foi o herbicida mais agressivo, causando reduções de produtividade principalmente com as maiores concentrações analisadas. / Green manure in Brazil, despite being commonly known for its benefits, is still little used in the crop rotation system in sugarcane. Among the factors even care in the decision to use the technology of green manure, is the lack of knowledge on the residual effects herbicides used during the crop, on the plants used as green manure and the soybean crop. Thus, this research was conducted with the propose of evaluating: herbicide residues in sandy and clayey soils; effects of residues on the fresh biomass weight of Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca and Mucuna pruriens; residual effects on phototoxicity and grain yield of soybean crop cv. NA 5909 RG. The experiments were developed in areas of Sao Martinho S / A Plant, around Iracemapolis/SP and Itirapina/SP, using the herbicides amicarbazone, hexazinone, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron, and applied five doses of each herbicide were applied in pre-emergence, at 82 days before planting of the species. The doses used were: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D and a witness without application; with D being the recommended dose of amicarbazone (1,050 g ha-1), or hexazinone (225 g ha-1), or tebuthiuron (1,200 g ha-1), or sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). All samples were sent and analyzed in laboratory, evaluating the residues of each herbicide were determined in (μg kg-1 soil). The residues of the amicarbazone herbicide detected, were proportionally lower than the other herbicides tested, mainly in sandy soil. Most of the green manure species, did not show any biomass reduction when applied commercial doses of amicarbazone, hexazinone and sulfentrazone were applied. The residual effects of tebuthiuron detected in the soil was higher proportionally, to the other herbicides tested, mainly in clayey soil. The herbicide tebuthiuron caused the reduction of biomass for most species from the commercial dose treatment. The species C. cajan and C. ensoformis were tolerant plants for most herbicides tested. For most of the tested herbicides, C. spectabilis and C. ocholeruca were the species with the highest reduction rates, C. ochroleuca being the most sensitive species. In the soybean crop, the herbicide sulfentrazone did not cause reduction, the herbicides amicarbazone and hexazinone caused a reduction of productivity only in the treatments with higher concentrations. Tebuthiuron was the most aggressive herbicide, causing productivity reductions mainly with the highest concentrations analyzed.

La fusion peut être définie comme une technique permettant l’absorption, et donc la disparition, d’une ou plusieurs sociétés au profit d’une société existante ou d’une société nouvelle. La fusion peut résulter soit de la fusion-absorption soit de la fusion par création d’une société nouvelle. Dans les deux cas, les sociétés absorbées transmettent leur patrimoine à la société absorbante. En France, le régime juridique qui gouverne la fusion des sociétés a subi plusieurs modifications dont les dernières le décret du 25 mars 2007 et la loi du 3 juillet 2008. Les articles L. 236-1 à L. 236-24 et R. 236-1 à R. 236-12 du Code de commerce définissent le régime juridique applicable aux fusions des sociétés. De même, l'article 1844-4 du Code civil pose la règle générale des fusions des sociétés. En revanche, la Syrie a connu récemment ce type de concentration. La loi n° 29 du 14 février 2011 a mis en œuvre un nouveau Code de sociétés régissant les opérations de fusion. Les articles 218 à 222 du Code des sociétés ont institué un régime spécifique réservé aux opérations de fusion. L’insuffisance de dispositions juridiques applicables à la fusion a donné lieu au recours au droit français pour combler les carences législatives du droit syrien. Cette étude met en évidence une comparaison entre le droit français et le droit syrien d’une manière qui permet de proposer à ce dernier des solutions en prenant en compte l’évolution du premier en matière de fusion. / A merger can be defined as a technique allowing absorption, and thus disappearance, of one or more companies to the profit of an existing company or a new company. A merger can result either from absorption or of consolidation by the creation of a new company. In both cases, the absorbed companies transmit their heritage to the acquiring company. In France, the legal regime, which controls the merger of the companies underwent several modifications of which last the decree of March 25th, 2007 and the law of July 3rd, 2008. Articles L. 236-1 to L. 236-24 and R. 236-1 to R. 236-12 of the Commercial Code define the legal regime applicable to merger of the companies. In the same way, article 1844-4 of the Civil code poses the general rule of mergers of the companies. On the other hand, Syria knew this kind of concentration recently. The law n° 29 of February 14th, 2011 implemented a new Code of companies governing the operations of merger. Articles 218 to 222 of the Code of the companies instituted a specific regime reserved for the operations of merger. The insufficiency of the legal provisions applicable to merger caused the recourse to the French law to fill the legislative deficiencies of the Syrian law. This study highlights a comparison between the French law and the Syrian law in a manner which allow to propose with this last the solutions by taking of account the evolution of the first as regards merger.

Cette thèse se place dans le cadre des méthodes formelles et plus précisément dans celui de la vérification déductive et du système Why3. Ce dernier fournit un ensemble d'outils pour la spécification, l'implémentation et la vérification à l'aide de démonstrateurs externes. Why3 propose en particulier un langage de programmation adapté à la preuve, appelé WhyML. Un aspect important de ce langage est le code fantôme, à savoir des éléments de programme introduits exclusivement pour les besoins de la spécification et de la preuve. Pour obtenir un code exécutable, le code fantôme est éliminé par un processus automatique appelé extraction. L'une des contributions principales de cette thèse est la formalisation et l'implémentation du mécanisme d'extraction deWhy3. La formalisation consiste à montrer que le programme extrait préserve la sémantique du programme de départ, en s'appuyant notamment sur un système de types avec effets. Ce mécanisme d'extraction a été utilisé avec succès pour obtenir plusieurs modules OCaml corrects par construction, dans le cadre d'une bibliothèque vérifiée de structures de données et d'algorithmes. Cet effort de preuve a conduit à deux autres contributions de cette thèse.La première est une technique systématique pour la vérification de structures avec pointeurs, à l'aide de modèles du tas délimités.Une preuve entièrement automatique d'une structure union-find a pu être obtenue grâce à cette technique. La seconde contribution est un moyen de spécifier un algorithme d'itération indépendamment de son implémentation. Plusieurs curseurs et itérateurs d'ordre supérieur ont été spécifiés et vérifiés en utilisant cette approche. / This thesis is set in the field of formal methods, more precisely in the domain of deductive program verification. Our working context is the Why3 framework, a set of tools to implement, formally specify, and prove programs usingoff-the-shelf theorem provers. Why3 features a programming language,called WhyML, designed with verification in mind. An important feature of WhyML is ghost code: portions of the program that are introduced for the sole purpose of specification andverification. When it comes to get an executable implementation, ghost code is removed by an automatic process called extraction. One of the main contributions of this thesis is the formalization and implementation of Why3's extraction. The formalization consists in showing that the extracted program preserves the same operational behavior as the original source code, based on a type and effect system. The new extraction mechanism has been successfully used to get correct-by-construction OCaml modules, which are part of averified OCaml library of data structures and algorithms. This verification effort led to two other contributions of this thesis.The first is a systematic approach to the verification ofpointer-based data structures using ghost models of fragments of the heap. A fully automatic verification of a union-find data structure was achieved using this technique. The second contribution is a modular way to reason about iteration, independently of the underlying implementation. Several cursors and higher-orderiterators have been specified and verified with this approach.

The thesis ``Accident frequency and its social effects{\crqq} focuses on traffic accidents caused by trespassing the law of speed limit and on social effects induced by accident frequency. Every year approximately one thousand people die on the Czech roads, other thousands of traffic accident victims face lifelong injury consequences. Apart from direct loss of lives, health and property, the traffic accidents carry a lot of other hardly denumerable costs starting at financing trip of ambulance, continuing with health care service expenses followed by convalescence, eventually social benefits for disabled and impacts on relatives of traffic accident victims. The aim of this work is to map the situation of serious traffic accidents where participants are seriously injured, or die and to infer the most serious social effects of these traffic accidents. To gather information in order to meet the objective of this hypothesis and to prove it a quantity research has been carried out. Secondary analysis of data from the records of Police of Czech Republic and the Ministry of the Interior has been chosen as a method to help verify the correctness of presumed hypothesis. In order to map the most serious social impacts, dialogs with randomly selected traffic accident participants who suffered lifelong consequences of their injuries were performed. The primary file contains participants of traffic accidents that happened in the Czech Republic and are registered in the registry of Police of Czech Republic in the period 2003-2006 and where the participants died, were seriously or lightly injured. Our hypothesis proven, that the most serious consequences of traffic accidents happen due to exceeding the speed limits . Also the most serious social impacts of traffic accidents were mapped.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-05T18:25:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HUGO MORAIS DE ALCÂNTARA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2007..pdf: 2937576 bytes, checksum: 4120665ff013d35f135ab12cfe7ca9a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T18:25:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HUGO MORAIS DE ALCÂNTARA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2007..pdf: 2937576 bytes, checksum: 4120665ff013d35f135ab12cfe7ca9a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-29 / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a natureza da variação da resistência total em canais aluviais e propor uma função de resistência total. A partir da equação fundamental da resistência da superfície, é definida uma função cuja variação pode ser associada aos efeitos da forma do leito e da distribuição granulométrica de sedimentos. A forma desta função, obtida através de análise dimensional utilizando a técnica de regressão linear múltipla, é apresentada para sedimentos unimodais e bimodais associada a cada tipo de canal e mistura de sedimentos. Foi utilizada uma grande massa de dados experimentais de laboratório e de campo coletados por diversos pesquisadores em vários estudos. Com base nos diversos estudos encontrados na bibliografia e considerando as incertezas envolvidas na separação da resistência total em, a resistência devido aos grãos na superfície e das formas do leito, decidiu-se propor uma função de resistência separadamente para cada forma do leito para o parâmetro de resistência B. A grande vantagem da metodologia proposta é que esta avalia a resistência total do leito sem a necessidade de separação dos efeitos dos grãos e das formas do leito. Os resultados mostram que uma excelente relação funcional pode ser estabelecida para cada forma do leito e mistura de sedimentos utilizando três e dois parâmetros adimensionais. O efeito da distribuição granulométrica dos sedimentos ficou evidenciado no caso do leito plano e com sedimentos bimodais, indicando que nos casos em que a distribuição natural – log-normal – de sedimentos não seja aplicável, o efeito da distribuição granulométrica é significativo na resistência total do canal aluvial. / The present work has the objective of evaluating the variation of the hydraulic resistance in alluvial channels and propose a function of total resistance. Starting from the fundamental concept of the resistance of the surface, a function is defined in which the variation of resistance can be associated with the characteristics of the bed form and the grain size distribution of the mixture of the sediments in the bed. The form of this function, obtained through dimensional analysis using the technique of multiple linear regression, is presented for unimodal and bimodal sediments associated with each channel type and mixture of sediments. Utilizing the data collected by various researchers in laboratory canals and rivers, the functional relationships for the resistance factor, here in identified as a dimensionless factor “B”, has been established utilizing three, or in a simple form, two, dimensionless parameters as independent variables. The great advantage of the resistance function proposed here is that it eliminates the need to separate the total resistance into two components. The results show that an excellent functional relationship can be established for each bed form and mixture of sediments using three parameters. The influence of the grain size distribution of the sediments was evidenced in the case of all the bed forms and especially bimodal sediments. In the cases of natural distribution (log-normal) of sediments in the sand range, the effect on the individual grain size distributions became hardly noticeable.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2049.pdf: 560086 bytes, checksum: 32b955d6a93e81457f49b0418b1e9514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A summary of the state of the art relative to regression models for binary response variable and panel data is presented in this work. Those models may include efects from several sources: specific variables of interest, heterogeneity between individuals and lagged values of the response variable. The original contributions of the author are simulation studies to compare two diferent approaches to maximum likelihood estimation of parameters of dynamic models with all three kinds of efects, and also a study of properties of such estimators in group sequential analysis, using the bootstrap methodology. Original codes were developed in R for implementation of simulation studies. The relevance of the subject and the non availability of appropriate codes in commercial software for fitting dynamic models for binary response justify the choice of the theme. / Neste trabalho é apresentado inicialmente um levantamento da literatura referente a modelos de regressão não lineares quando a variável resposta é binária e as observações são um painel de dados. Tais modelos podem incluir efeitos de várias fontes: variáveis específicas de interesse, heterogeneidade não observável dos indivíduos e valores defasados da variável resposta. A parte original do trabalho consiste nos estudos por simulação usando programação criada para esse fim no software R, visando comparar duas propostas recentes da literatura para ajustar, por máxima verossimilhança condicional, modelos dinâmicos que incluem os três tipos de efeitos mencionados. Também é original o estudo empírico, usando a metodologia de reamostragem \bootstrap", de características da distribuição conjunta dos estimadores dos parâmetros em análises intermediárias dos dados. A justificativa do trabalho é a atualidade do tema e a inexistência de programas de ajuste de modelos dinâmicos de resposta binária na maioria dos softwares comerciais.