As pesquisas que abordam a temática de planejamento tributário, nas últimas décadas, têm identificado que o tamanho das organizações é um fator determinante à adoção de práticas de planejamento tributário. No entanto, existe certa controvérsia, nessa questão, uma vez que as pesquisas têm encontrado relações tanto positivas quanto negativas entre o tamanho das organizações e o nível de planejamento tributário praticado. Os autores justificam essa relação partindo do pressuposto do custo reputacional, em que empresas maiores possuem maior monitoramento por parte da autoridade tributária e dos demais stakeholders. Outros argumentam que as empresas maiores possuem mais recursos e mais influência política para reduzirem suas cargas tributárias. Porém, ambas análises consideram uma relação linear entre o tamanho das empresas e o nível e planejamento tributário, ignorando particularidades econômicas, financeiras e operacionais das empresas. Tal assunção, considerando todas as empresas numa única amostra, pode-se levar a conclusões controversas, ao considerar que todas as empresas possuem as mesmas estruturas e estratégias ao longo do tempo. Desse modo, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar se o estágio de ciclo de vida organizacional impacta o nível de planejamento tributário. Assim, entende-se que a Teoria do Ciclo de Vida Organizacional distingue as empresas pelas suas estruturas e estratégias adotadas, a exemplo do modelo proposto por Dickinson (2011) o qual classifica os estágios de ciclo de vida a partir da necessidade e disponibilidade de recursos, por meio dos sinais dos fluxos de caixa (operacional, de investimento e de financiamento). Assim, espera-se compreender melhor a relação entre o nível de planejamento tributário e as decisões de endividamento, de intensidade de capital, de investimento em capital de giro e a interação dos mecanismos de governança corporativa nos diferentes estágios de ciclo de vida. Para a realização das análises empíricas foram empregados testes de Kruskal Wallis, regressões de dados em painel e regressões quantílicas com dados anuais das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto que compuseram o índice IBrX 100 da BM&FBOVESPA, no período de 2008 a 2015. Os resultados apontam que as empresas em estágios inicias e avançados de ciclo de vida organizacional possuem maiores níveis de planejamento tributário do que as empresas em estágio de maturidade. Considerando as métricas de planejamento tributário ETR Corrente, BTD e DVA, por ciclo de vida, nos testes de Kruskal Wallis, obteve-se que as empresas em estágios iniciais possuem níveis maiores de planejamento tributários do que as empresas da maturidade. Já nos estágios Avançados, constatou-se que as métricas ETR Corrente, Cash ETR e DVA também apresentam níveis maiores de planejamento tributário do que as empresas maduras. As análises por meio de regressões quantílicas reafirmam esses resultados, para as métricas de BTD e de ETR Corrente. Esses achados remetem à conclusão de que empresas em estágios iniciais possuem menores custos reputacionais devido a maior propensão ao risco, em virtude da sua participação de mercado ainda não estar consolidada. Já as empresas em estágios avançados, dadas as baixas oportunidades de investimento, adotam estratégias menos defensivas, uma vez que nesses estágios não dispõem de condições financeiras e econômicas favoráveis para captar recursos, pois os ativos já estão depreciados e não servem como garantia real. Portanto, as adoções de planejamento tributário nas empresas analisadas indicam que há uma relação entre as particularidades econômicas e financeiras das empresas, classificadas pelos estágios de ciclo de vida, com as estratégias tributárias adotadas para a obtenção de economia fiscal. / Research addressing the issue of tax planning in recent decades, have identified that the size of the organizations is a determining factor for the adoption of tax planning practices. However, there is some controversy in this matter, since research has found both positive and negative relationship between the size of organizations and tax planning practiced. The authors explain this relationship assuming the reputational cost, where larger firms have greater monitoring by the tax authority and other stakeholders. Others argue that larger companies have more resources and more political influence to reduce their tax burdens. However, both research suggests a linear relationship between the size of companies and the level and tax planning, ignoring economic, financial and operational peculiarities of the company. Such an assumption, considering all companies in a single sample, can lead to controversial conclusions, considering that all companies have the same structures and strategies over time. Thus, this research aims to identify the organizational life cycle stage impacts the level of tax planning. Thus, it is understood that the Organizational Life Cycle Theory recognizes companies for their structures and strategies adopted, such as the model proposed by Dickinson (2011) which classifies the stages of life cycle from the need and availability of resources through the signs of the cash flows (operating, investing and financing). Therefore, we hope to better understand the relationship between the level of tax planning and borrowing decisions, capital intensity, investment in working capital and the interaction of corporate governance mechanisms in different stages of life cycle. To carry out the empirical analysis were used Kruskal Wallis test, regressions in data panel and quantile regressions using annual data of Brazilian public companies that composed the IBrX 100 from BM&FBOVESPA, in the period 2008 to 2015. The results show that companies in initial and advanced stages of organizational life cycle have higher tax planning levels than companies in the maturity stage. Considering the tax planning metrics ETR, BTD and DVA by life cycle, in the Kruskal Wallis test was found that the companies in early stages have higher levels of tax planning than the mature companies. Already in the Advanced stages, it was found that the metrics ETR Current, Cash ETR and DVA also have higher levels of tax planning than mature companies. Analyses by quantile regressions reaffirm these results to the metrics of BTD and ETR current. These findings refer to the conclusion that companies in early stages have lower costs reputational due to higher propensity for risk, by virtue of its market share has not yet been consolidated. The companies in advanced stages, given the low investment opportunities, adopt less defensive strategies, since these stages do not have the financial and economic conditions favorable to raise funds because the assets are already depreciated and do not serve as collateral. Therefore, the adoption of tax planning in the analyzed companies indicate that there is a relationship between economic and financial characteristics of companies, classified by the stages of life cycle, with tax strategies adopted to achieve tax savings.

As pesquisas que abordam a temática de planejamento tributário, nas últimas décadas, têm identificado que o tamanho das organizações é um fator determinante à adoção de práticas de planejamento tributário. No entanto, existe certa controvérsia, nessa questão, uma vez que as pesquisas têm encontrado relações tanto positivas quanto negativas entre o tamanho das organizações e o nível de planejamento tributário praticado. Os autores justificam essa relação partindo do pressuposto do custo reputacional, em que empresas maiores possuem maior monitoramento por parte da autoridade tributária e dos demais stakeholders. Outros argumentam que as empresas maiores possuem mais recursos e mais influência política para reduzirem suas cargas tributárias. Porém, ambas análises consideram uma relação linear entre o tamanho das empresas e o nível e planejamento tributário, ignorando particularidades econômicas, financeiras e operacionais das empresas. Tal assunção, considerando todas as empresas numa única amostra, pode-se levar a conclusões controversas, ao considerar que todas as empresas possuem as mesmas estruturas e estratégias ao longo do tempo. Desse modo, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar se o estágio de ciclo de vida organizacional impacta o nível de planejamento tributário. Assim, entende-se que a Teoria do Ciclo de Vida Organizacional distingue as empresas pelas suas estruturas e estratégias adotadas, a exemplo do modelo proposto por Dickinson (2011) o qual classifica os estágios de ciclo de vida a partir da necessidade e disponibilidade de recursos, por meio dos sinais dos fluxos de caixa (operacional, de investimento e de financiamento). Assim, espera-se compreender melhor a relação entre o nível de planejamento tributário e as decisões de endividamento, de intensidade de capital, de investimento em capital de giro e a interação dos mecanismos de governança corporativa nos diferentes estágios de ciclo de vida. Para a realização das análises empíricas foram empregados testes de Kruskal Wallis, regressões de dados em painel e regressões quantílicas com dados anuais das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto que compuseram o índice IBrX 100 da BM&FBOVESPA, no período de 2008 a 2015. Os resultados apontam que as empresas em estágios inicias e avançados de ciclo de vida organizacional possuem maiores níveis de planejamento tributário do que as empresas em estágio de maturidade. Considerando as métricas de planejamento tributário ETR Corrente, BTD e DVA, por ciclo de vida, nos testes de Kruskal Wallis, obteve-se que as empresas em estágios iniciais possuem níveis maiores de planejamento tributários do que as empresas da maturidade. Já nos estágios Avançados, constatou-se que as métricas ETR Corrente, Cash ETR e DVA também apresentam níveis maiores de planejamento tributário do que as empresas maduras. As análises por meio de regressões quantílicas reafirmam esses resultados, para as métricas de BTD e de ETR Corrente. Esses achados remetem à conclusão de que empresas em estágios iniciais possuem menores custos reputacionais devido a maior propensão ao risco, em virtude da sua participação de mercado ainda não estar consolidada. Já as empresas em estágios avançados, dadas as baixas oportunidades de investimento, adotam estratégias menos defensivas, uma vez que nesses estágios não dispõem de condições financeiras e econômicas favoráveis para captar recursos, pois os ativos já estão depreciados e não servem como garantia real. Portanto, as adoções de planejamento tributário nas empresas analisadas indicam que há uma relação entre as particularidades econômicas e financeiras das empresas, classificadas pelos estágios de ciclo de vida, com as estratégias tributárias adotadas para a obtenção de economia fiscal. / Research addressing the issue of tax planning in recent decades, have identified that the size of the organizations is a determining factor for the adoption of tax planning practices. However, there is some controversy in this matter, since research has found both positive and negative relationship between the size of organizations and tax planning practiced. The authors explain this relationship assuming the reputational cost, where larger firms have greater monitoring by the tax authority and other stakeholders. Others argue that larger companies have more resources and more political influence to reduce their tax burdens. However, both research suggests a linear relationship between the size of companies and the level and tax planning, ignoring economic, financial and operational peculiarities of the company. Such an assumption, considering all companies in a single sample, can lead to controversial conclusions, considering that all companies have the same structures and strategies over time. Thus, this research aims to identify the organizational life cycle stage impacts the level of tax planning. Thus, it is understood that the Organizational Life Cycle Theory recognizes companies for their structures and strategies adopted, such as the model proposed by Dickinson (2011) which classifies the stages of life cycle from the need and availability of resources through the signs of the cash flows (operating, investing and financing). Therefore, we hope to better understand the relationship between the level of tax planning and borrowing decisions, capital intensity, investment in working capital and the interaction of corporate governance mechanisms in different stages of life cycle. To carry out the empirical analysis were used Kruskal Wallis test, regressions in data panel and quantile regressions using annual data of Brazilian public companies that composed the IBrX 100 from BM&FBOVESPA, in the period 2008 to 2015. The results show that companies in initial and advanced stages of organizational life cycle have higher tax planning levels than companies in the maturity stage. Considering the tax planning metrics ETR, BTD and DVA by life cycle, in the Kruskal Wallis test was found that the companies in early stages have higher levels of tax planning than the mature companies. Already in the Advanced stages, it was found that the metrics ETR Current, Cash ETR and DVA also have higher levels of tax planning than mature companies. Analyses by quantile regressions reaffirm these results to the metrics of BTD and ETR current. These findings refer to the conclusion that companies in early stages have lower costs reputational due to higher propensity for risk, by virtue of its market share has not yet been consolidated. The companies in advanced stages, given the low investment opportunities, adopt less defensive strategies, since these stages do not have the financial and economic conditions favorable to raise funds because the assets are already depreciated and do not serve as collateral. Therefore, the adoption of tax planning in the analyzed companies indicate that there is a relationship between economic and financial characteristics of companies, classified by the stages of life cycle, with tax strategies adopted to achieve tax savings.

政府為促進產業發展，採行各項租稅減免措施，導致租稅減免範圍擴增、稅基流失，且減免利益集中少數納稅義務人之租稅負擔不公平情形。自2006年1月1日起施行「所得基本稅額條例」，通稱「最低稅負制」，對於過度享有租稅減免優惠者，課徵一定比率最低稅負，以制衡現行課稅制度所存在的缺失。 本研究利用財政部臺灣省北區國稅局所轄之營利事業2004年至2007年所得稅結算申報資料進行相關分析：最低稅負制之稅收主要係來自享有較多租稅減免優惠之電子資訊業、半導體光電業，及具有較多證期交易所得之金融保險業，且多為大型企業及採會計師簽證申報案件者；實際受最低稅負制影響之營利事業僅約占總申報件數0.18％以下，產業間租稅負擔不公平情形稍獲得改善。最低稅負制實施之第一年，繳納最低稅負稅額主要係加回證期交易所得，且其適用投資抵減稅額之比例亦相當高；在第二年度，營利事業可能較具學習效果，而減少其出售證期交易之所得，並調整免稅所得及投資抵減稅額之適用。另透過實證模型，可知研發費用、出售土地所得及屬會計師簽證申報案件者與有效稅率為負向影響；總資產報酬率與有效稅率為正向影響，最低稅負制會隨著實施時間之久遠，有漸進提高有效稅率之顯著效果。此外，若最低稅負制之稅基納入出售土地所得後，估計2006年及2007年分別可增加稅收約0.41億元及1.08億元，有助提高財稅收入及符合租稅公平原則。 / For improving industrial development, R.O.C. government took various tax concession measures, which resulted in an increasing taxation relief category, a fading taxation basis, as well as the unfair tax burden which results in the tax concession was concentrated on a few specific taxpayers. The Income Basic Tax Act, effective on January 1st of 2006, is generally known as “the Alternative Minimum Tax ” (the AMT), which imposing a fixed-rated minimum tax on those who excessively apply preferential tax concessions, in order to rectify the current inadequacy of taxation system within. This study utilized the corporation income tax return forms data processed by the National Tax Administration of Northern Taiwan Province, Ministry of Finance, R.O.C., from year 2004 to 2007, in order to engage in relevant analysis content as following: The revenue from the AMT is mainly from those who applied more preferential tax concessions firms in, such as, electronics information industry, semiconductor and optoelectronics industry, as well as those firms of finance and insurance industry that high proportion of whose earning is composed from securities and futures capital gains, and most of these are large corporations and verified by CPAs. The percentage of firms actually impacted by the AMT is around 0.18% weak of all income tax return forms, so that the tax burden unfairness is slightly being improved. In the first effective year of the AMT, the minimum obligation tax amount mainly was by adding back the capital gains of securities and futures transactions, in which a high percentage to apply for investment tax credit category. In the second effective year, corporations might have higher learning efficiency, and they reduced their securities and futures capital gains as well as adjusted amounts on income tax concession and investment tax credit categories. Furthermore, by the demonstrated model, we knew that there is a negative correlation between Effective Tax Rate and—R&D expenses, gains on land transactions, and the income tax return forms verified by CPAs; there is a positive correlation between Effective Tax Rate and Totaled Assets Rate of Return. We also learned that the AMT would gradually increase the conspicuous impact on Effective Tax Rate as time goes by. In addition, it is assumed that the AMT subsumed gains on land transactions under the income tax basis, the tax revenue estimated may increase approximately 0.41 hundred million and 1.08 hundred million dollars in year 2006 and 2007 respectively, and this tax assumption may be beneficial for increasing tax revenue and on the fair taxation principle.

Taxation of income from employment This diploma thesis deals with the system of taxation of income tax. First part of this work describes important terms necessary for understanding the tax system. Systematically at first I describe the term of tax, than I describe the structural elements of tax, income tax in general and after that I can describe the taxation of income from employment. This thesis tries to comprehensively deal with all institutes, whose knowledge is important for the right calculation of the tax and the right tax payment. Considerable space in this work dedicates to the tax base and the effective tax rate. After describing what I have mentioned above, this thesis aims to assess the tax system and think about some other solutions. This thesis comes with a specific proposal in the area of defining the tax base. The conclusion of this thesis is that the tax system is very complicated. If we would like to make it easier, it is necessary to ask ourselves what should be the goal of the changes. Whether the result should be the same tax revenue, covered by the system complexity, simplifying the system and lower tax revenue, or maintaining the current tax revenue and sincere effort to simplify the system. Furthermore the thesis points out the fact, that schools should include some basic tax...

The thesis analyses a redistributive impacts of a personal income tax. Its aim is to find the main tax changes that influence the most an effective tax rate and a tax progressivity from 1993 to 2011. Since 1993 until present day has gone the personal income tax trough many changes, what has affected an income redistribution. The most important changes happened in 2005 and 2006 and also changes in 2008 when came into charge a super-gross wage and linear tax rate. The first part of the thesis describes particular structural element of the tax and tax changes in years 1993-2011. The second part treats the income redistribution, tax equity and describes the tools that measures the tax progressivity. The last part contains an analysis of four model situations with effective tax rate and tax progressivity index.

Company-taxation policies in the Central and East European New Member States (CEE-NMS) have been frequently characterised as tax-cutting strategies in order to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). On the basis of a survey of six empirical studies a median value of the tax-rate elasticities of FDI of -0.22 in CEE-NMS and mediterranean periphery countries is derived. Yet, these tax-rate elasticities probably suffer from a sort of measurement error bias since these studies entirely rely on the host country Statutory tax rate as measure of tax burden. Building on a thorough criticism of FDI as a measure reflecting multinational activity and the Statutory tax rate as a reliable measure of the effective tax burden, 315 effective average bilateral tax rates (BEATR) are calculated for seven home countries and five CEE-NMS for the period 1996-2004, following the approach of Devereux and Griffith (1998). Since our empirical results show substantial differences in the variability of the host country Statutory tax rates and the BEATRs, it is contended that the latter should be used as explanatory variables in empirical studies. / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

Diploma thesis is focused on average effective tax rates of personal income tax. The thesis defines average effective tax rate in its first chapter, and indicates different methods of computation of average effective tax rate. In second chapter, the thesis is focused on average effective tax rates in selected EU countries. These countries are member EU countries, which apply flat personal income tax rate - Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Slovak Republic. The thesis describes basic characteristics of personal income tax and social insurance in these countries. Further effective tax rates are calculated for employees and sole traders in specific income categories. The thesis compares amounts of tax allowances in its last chapter, and compares the impacts of these allowances on tax liability of taxpayers. In the end, obserevd effective tax rates in selected countries are compared.

This diploma thesis deals with the effective taxation on labour in the Czech republic and compares these trends with the countries of the European Union on the basis of statistical data to Eurostat and the OECD. An effective tax rate is an indicator that measures actual tax burden on taxpayers. In the contrast with nominal rate, this indicator can take into account aspects of the tax system that affect the final tax. First, I deal closely with the indicators used to measure the tax distortion on labour. Emphasis is placed on the implicit tax rate created by Eurostat and which enables the comparison of the tax burden in the CR with the other member states of the Union. The next section gives an overview of the income tax reforms that took place in the CR since 1993. It follows the part of the analysis which compares the implicit tax rates on labour between EU member states. The last chapter describes the tax wedge which complements the analysis of implicit tax rates. I also investigate the impact of labour costs on the tax burden on taxpayers in the EU countries. The aim of this work is to analyze the development of effective tax rates on the labour in the Czech Republic from 1993 to present and identify causes of changes in comparison with EU countries.

This thesis analyzes an impact of a company size to its effective tax rate. Back looking microeconomics principle is used for the analysis. A dependence of the effective tax rate and company size measured by the employee headcount is verified for the segment NACE 23 in the Czech Republic for the period 2003 -- 2012 in the thesis. The dependency is proved by a negative correlation between the effective tax rate and the company size. The thesis contains also the analysis of historical development of relevant sections of the Czech Income Taxes Act. An impact of particular items adjusting accounting profit or loss to the tax base is analyzed through an alternation coefficient. The alternation coefficient is calculated on the accounting/tax items of the particular company operating in segment NACE 23.

In my diploma thesis I deal with an effective tax rate on corporate income. The effective tax rate is an indicator that measures real tax burden, which is due to tax legislation different from tax burden corresponding with statutory tax rate. The aim of my thesis is to analyze the effective tax rate of corporations in Czech Republic and Germany in years 2005 and 2013. In first and second chapter I deal with tax systems in both countries. Following chapter is dedicated to determination methods of effective tax rates. In forth chapter are, based on data from Amadeus database, calculated the effective tax rates of corporations in Czech Republic and Germany. In fifth chapter I focus on causes of differences between effective and statutory tax rate and with reference to the lax I analyze the difference between effective tax rates in years 2005 and 2013.