The aim of this diploma thesis is the analysis and comparison of labour taxation in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. After the introduction, in which the goal and methods of solving are defined, there are two chapters that describe theoretically tax systems in both compared countries with focus on personal income tax and social security systems. The following chapter is devoted to indicators of effective taxation of labour, which are used for international comparisons. Another chapter will describe the comparison of the effective taxation of labour based on the achieved results. There is also an interval and global progressiveness that are used to measure the progressivity of the personal income tax in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. In conclusion, there is a summary of the findings and aims of this thesis.

The thesis analyzes and compares tax burden on employees in the Czech Republic and Belgium. The first part summarizes the tax systems of the two countries, and describes how to proceed in the calculation of their tax burden. The second part deals with the comparison of effective tax rates for different types of taxpayers. The third part discusses the tax progressivity in terms of local progressivity, which is measured by using provided intervals and determines for which income categories is the progressivity most important. Lorenz curve in the last part shows graphically global tax progressivity and redistribution of income in society. The Gini coefficient measures it. Final evaluation highlights the important ties between the two countries, compares with other countries of the European Union and its future development especially in the area of taxation of wages.

The thesis deals with the tax wedge specifically on tax burden on labour in the Member States in the European Union. The issue is described in the theoretical part in the first chapter, the practical part is introduced in the second and the third chapter. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the development the basic micro and macro indicators of tax wedge specifically on tax burden on labour. The analysis including graphs is describe from the beginning of the millennium. The Member States are divided into groups according to measured data in the second part and to the data connection to the European Union in the third part. This classification is done for easier to understand and more meaningful value. All analysis illustrate that the highest tax burden is in Belgium and Denmark, lowest in Bulgaria.

This diploma thesis deals with the tax reliefs, focusing on direct taxes in the Czech Republic. First, I have chosen those tax reliefs that have a social element. The thesis deals with their evolution and their comparison with other countries. Furthermore, the thesis examines the tax reliefs in more detail in terms of their objectives, utilization, and efficiency conditions. This is achieved with using various tax load indicators and effective taxation, comparing costs and additionally also the views of experts. Generally, however, this issue lacks a comprehensive study and analysis, and thus also the particular data. Tax reliefs along with social benefits constitute a redistribution system. Their costs and impacts are different. At the beginning of the writing of this thesis, I thought that the tax system should primarily be transparent, simple, focusing on its primary fiscal function and should therefore be free of social politics. I have, however, changed my opinion, because it has turned out that the social tax elements have their positive specifics that are difficult and expensive to transport to the system of direct benefits.

The diploma thesis deals with the tax system in the Visegrad Four countries, specifically with the determination of the corporate income tax base and their comparative analysis. The thesis provides characteristic of items involving the corporate income tax base in Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Subsequently, these items are compared, and the comparison also includes determination of the corporate income tax base in the Czech Republic. Further, the thesis also analyzes the impact of legislative regulations of the corporate income tax base on the tax base width, the effective tax rates and the tax revenue in these countries.

2009年底促產屆滿後，立法院於當年5月將營所稅由25%調降至20%，隔年5月再由20%調降為17%；接續促產的產創條例大幅取消各項投資抵減，期望能改善產業間租稅負擔公平，並藉由營所稅減免來提升員工就業與薪資。本研究使用2006~2013年TEJ資料庫上市櫃公司資料，發現高科技產業的有效稅率在營所稅改革後明顯上升，傳統產業則明顯下降，其他產業幾乎沒有變動。我們因而以其他產業做為控制組，高科技產業和傳統產業分別為兩組實驗組，採DID模型檢驗稅制變動對兩實驗組員工薪資和就業影響。研究結果發現，在薪資方面，高科技產業沒有顯著變化，傳統產業則呈現顯著的下降；在雇用人數上，高科技和傳產雇用皆為不顯著。整體而言，此次政策施行縮小了產業間租稅負擔的差距，但對於增加員工薪資水準及創造中小企業就業機會上效果並不顯著。 / After the termination of Statute for Upgrading Industries at December 31th, 2009, Taiwanese government has reduced the Enterprise Income tax rate from 25% to 17% and, subsequently, kept only R&D tax credit and provided grants to small and medium enterprises that recruit additional employees in the Statute for Industrial Innovation. Using the financial reports of listed companies from 2006-2013, this study examines the impact of enterprise income tax reform in 2010 on the number of hiring and employed wages. Our study first indicates that ETR of high-tech industry gets higher, traditional industry becomes lower, and the remaining industries almost stays the same after the reform. Therefore, we employ companies in the remaining industry as the control group, those in the high tech and traditional industry as the treatment groups, and conduct the analysis using the difference-in-difference estimation method. Our results show that, for the employee’ wage, there’s negative response on traditional industry and no significant change on high-tech industry. In addition, this reform didn’t increase the employee number of small and medium enterprises. This paper points out that, reform of the tax system can change the tax rate of industries, but can’t achieve the expectation of increase in wage and employment of small and medium enterprises.

Chapter 1: I analyze economies of scale for fire and police services by considering how per-household costs are affected by a municipality’s size. Using 2005-2008 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I employ a partial-linear model to non-parametrically estimate per-household cost curves for each service. The results show that cost per household is a U-shaped function of municipal size for each service. For fire services, these costs are minimized at a population of about 20,000 residents, while for police services they are minimized at about 50,000 residents. Based on these results, implications are drawn for municipal amalgamation policy. Chapter 2: I review how the literature has continued to exclude the business property tax (BPT) from the marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital investment for over 25 years. I recast the METR theory as it relates to the BPT and compute 2013 estimates of the METR for all 10 provinces in Canada with provincial BPTs included. Building on these estimates, I compute the METR inclusive of municipal BPTs for the largest municipality in each province. I find the BPT to be substantially damaging to municipal, provincial and international competitiveness. With the business property tax representing over 60% of the Canadian METR, among the various capital taxes it is by far the largest contributor to Canada’s investment barrier. Chapter 3: I estimate the responsiveness of structure investment and the tax base to commercial property taxes, taking a new step toward resolving the “benefit view” vs. “capital tax view” debate within the literature. Using a first-difference structural model to analyze 2006-2013 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I improve upon past studies and build onto the literature in a number of ways. I find that commercial structure investment and tax base are highly sensitive to the property tax with Ontario’s assessment-weighted average tax elasticity (and tax-base elasticity) ranging from -0.80 to -0.90 at 2011 taxation levels. The results support the capital tax view of the business property tax, building onto the growing consensus that business property taxes substantially impact investment in structures and the value of the tax base.

The purpose of this master thesis is comparing the taxation of income of employees in the Czech Republic and Germany. The theoretical part is focused on describing the taxation of income of employees in both analyzed states. This part also includes an explanation of the social insurance system in both countries. The empirical part of thesis oncentrates on a comparison between the tax burden of Czech and German employees among various income groups and various taxpayer. The tax burden is then compared with the effective tax rate. The final section of this thesis compares values of redistribution indicators, such as indicators of interval and global progressivity (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.

The purpose of this master thesis is comparison of the tax burden of Czech a Swedish employees. The first part describes tax systems of both analyzed states focusing on the taxation of income from employment according to the 2016 legislation in order to successfully perform the calculations in the following sections. The second, practical part is dedicated to the comparison of selected indicators. It consists of two parts. The first is focused on the calculation of average effective tax rate for various income groups and various types of taxpayers. The next part compares values of redistribution indicators, which are interval and global progressivity indicators (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient). The final section is devoted to the comparison of conclusions of this thesis with conclusions of thesis with similar subject, that have been successfully defended.

The goal is to become familiar with deferred tax concept - explain the nature and bring this accounting term near on a few selected areas. The thesis deals with two different accounting frameworks, Czech legislation and transnational concept in form of International Financial Reporting Standards with the motive to try to explain true nature of deferred tax and to conclude which of the accounting system sufficiently regulates this area so, that it could reflect all important differences with tax system and leads to fair distribution of profits among owners. In other words, not to awarded disposable earnings to those who do not belong solely because of differences between taxes and accounting. Thus, in a situation where these differences did not exist, the belonging amount of allocation of the profit would be else. The thesis is complemented with descriptive examples and illustrations created from real financial statements of two chosen companies. Representative of the Czech framework is Skanska a.s., and for a framework of IFRS the company Unipetrol a.s. The thesis concludes that a more elaborate treatment of deferred tax includes International Financial Reporting Standards, and therefore the financial statements prepared under them provide truer view of an analyzed company to user.