資本所得所負擔的稅額之高低，以及稅負輕重對投資誘因的影響，向來為經濟學者所 關切。然而，由於有數種不同的租稅同時對資本所得課徵，而且，由於通貨膨脹、公 司融資政策、個人所得稅與公司所得稅併存、投資扣抵……等因素，使得吾人不易完 整地表達出資本所得的租稅負擔情形。 在經濟學上，往往用有效稅率（Effective tax rate）來表達資本所得的租稅負擔， 然而何謂有效稅率？在文獻上所討論的有效稅率，可大略地區分為兩大類：平均有效 稅率（Average effective tax rate）與邊際有效稅率（marginal effective tax - rate）。前者是指過去的年度裡，平均每一元的資本所得，負擔多少的稅額；後者是 指未來新增加一單位投資，其賺取的資本所得須負擔多少稅額。平均有效稅率適合用 來表達資本所得過去的稅負情形，但不適於用來衡量租稅對投資誘因的影響；而邊際 有效稅率表達出投資計劃之稅前報酬率，與資金提供者的稅後報酬率之差距，故適合 用來衡量租稅對投資誘因的影響。 本文鑒於一般文獻在討論有效稅率時，往往不加以定義所討論的究竟是平均還是邊際 有效稅率，以致常導致誤解，甚至有部份文獻誤用平均有效稅率，來探討租稅對投資 誘因的影響，因此，本文先對有效稅率一詞的意義，予以釐清；繼而討論各種有效稅 率的正確用途，並且說明邊際有效稅率，與投資誘因之間的關係；最後，本文也嚐試 估計我國資本所得的邊際有效稅率。

由相關文獻發現，地主國市場規模、經濟成長率、勞動成本、借貸及租稅成本、地主國幣值、開放程度等為影響外人投資的因素。本研究除了對這些因素進行實證研究外，尤其針對租稅因素作深入探討，以邊際有效稅率做為衡量投資決策時的租稅負擔，分析台灣的租稅獎勵政策對外人來台直接投資的影響；主要利用經濟部投資審議委員會核准通過之外國人投資資料，觀察期間為1971~2006年，以迴歸方程式分析外人來台直接投資之整體、三大來源國以及四大產業的決定因素。 由研究發現：不論就整體投資、不同來源國及產業別的FDI流入而言，我國市場規模確實為吸引外人直接投資流入的重要因素。就租稅因素的分析結果而言，台灣的邊際有效稅率對於美國、電子電器製造業、批發及零售業以及金融產業的FDI流入有顯著的負向關係，表示若台灣租稅獎勵政策越豐富、外資適用稅率越低，皆可吸引FDI流入。新台幣兌美元匯率則為批發及零售業投資台灣的重要決定因素，若新台幣貶值，則其投資金額將增加，表示在台批發及零售業者的外銷型態多以台灣出貨為主。最後，本研究亦發現政黨輪替對於整體來台外人直接投資與歐洲地區國家FDI流入有顯著的正向關係。 關鍵詞：租稅獎勵、外人直接投資(FDI)、邊際有效稅率。

Chapter 1: I analyze economies of scale for fire and police services by considering how per-household costs are affected by a municipality’s size. Using 2005-2008 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I employ a partial-linear model to non-parametrically estimate per-household cost curves for each service. The results show that cost per household is a U-shaped function of municipal size for each service. For fire services, these costs are minimized at a population of about 20,000 residents, while for police services they are minimized at about 50,000 residents. Based on these results, implications are drawn for municipal amalgamation policy. Chapter 2: I review how the literature has continued to exclude the business property tax (BPT) from the marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital investment for over 25 years. I recast the METR theory as it relates to the BPT and compute 2013 estimates of the METR for all 10 provinces in Canada with provincial BPTs included. Building on these estimates, I compute the METR inclusive of municipal BPTs for the largest municipality in each province. I find the BPT to be substantially damaging to municipal, provincial and international competitiveness. With the business property tax representing over 60% of the Canadian METR, among the various capital taxes it is by far the largest contributor to Canada’s investment barrier. Chapter 3: I estimate the responsiveness of structure investment and the tax base to commercial property taxes, taking a new step toward resolving the “benefit view” vs. “capital tax view” debate within the literature. Using a first-difference structural model to analyze 2006-2013 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I improve upon past studies and build onto the literature in a number of ways. I find that commercial structure investment and tax base are highly sensitive to the property tax with Ontario’s assessment-weighted average tax elasticity (and tax-base elasticity) ranging from -0.80 to -0.90 at 2011 taxation levels. The results support the capital tax view of the business property tax, building onto the growing consensus that business property taxes substantially impact investment in structures and the value of the tax base.

The aim of this thesis is to compare effective income tax rate in Czech and Slovak republic. After introduction follows chapter which describes the tax systems in both countries with focus on personal income tax and social insurance. The third chapter defines indicators of effective labour taxation which are used for international comparison. Chapter four is comparing effective labour taxation in Czech and Slovak republic based on indicators defined in previous chapter. The fifth chapter is analysing inequality of income distribution and influence of income tax on redistribution. The progressivity of personal income tax in Czech and Slovak republic is measured by interval and global progressivity method. The conclusion is summarizing the outcomes of the thesis and suggests improvements for Czech tax system.