Mental workload is commonly defined as the proportion of a person's total mental capacity in use at a given moment. A measure of mental workload would have utility in a number of rehabilitation medicine applications, but no method has been adequately examined for these purposes. A candidate measure is the intersaccadic interval (ISI), which is the duration between two successive saccades. Previous studies indicate that ISI length may be linked to mental workload, but this link is poorly understood for tasks that are not primarily visual. Therefore, the current study was an investigation of ISI and workload intensity in three non-visual tasks: mental arithmetic, verbal fluency, and audio perception. Workload was manipulated through changes in task difficulty as well as study participant motivation level. An analysis of eye movements and other experimental workload measures indicated a significant association between audio perceptual workload and ISI length.

This dissertation studies issues associated with various topics related to a worker’s effort. For example, I explore how different wage incentives affect a worker’s productivity. I explore how exogenous shocks, what we often refer to as “luck,” can affect a worker’s motivation. In addition, I explore how different wage contracts destroy cooperation and can lead to destructive activities such as cheating and sabotage, as well as how these activates, in turn, affect productivity. Finally, in the last chapter, I analyze behavioral issues related to fairness and altruism in tournaments, and how these behaviors affect worker’s effort.

Au Québec, nous comptons plus de 150000 inscriptions au soccer amateur par année. Le manque d'investissement financier ainsi que de structures et d'expertise athlétique cause des problèmes de santé tels que des blessures d'usage et du surentraînement. De plus, cette carence ne permet pas aux joueurs d'atteindre la forme physique souhaitable de manière sécuritaire. La littérature rapporte que l'intensité observée en match à différents niveaux, allant d'amateur à professionnel, varie entre 90 et 95 % de la FCmax et entre 70 et 75 % du VO₂max. Cependant, ces observations proviennent d'enregistrements effectués durant un match. La présente étude a pour but principal l'analyse et la comparaison des coûts cardiaques absolus et relatifs ainsi que de la dépense énergétique en entraînement et en match chez des joueurs amateurs universitaires durant un championnat de dix semaines (de la fin août à la fin octobre). De plus, l'évaluation de ces coûts cardiaques absolus et relatifs ainsi que la dépense énergétique en deux matchs consécutifs sont à l'étude. Un total de 17 joueurs a été recruté pour participer à l'étude sur une période de dix semaines. Les fréquences cardiaques (FC) ont été enregistrées durant les séances d'entraînement (deux par semaine) et de matchs (deux par semaine) à l'aide de ceintures cardiofréquencemètres (Polar® Team System™ Oy, Kempele, Finland). Préalablement aux enregistrements des FC sur le terrain, tous les joueurs ont effectué un test maximal progressif sur tapis roulant afin d'obtenir leurs VO₂max et FCmax individuels. Les joueurs ont été informés de courir à une vitesse constante et confortable, entre 8 km/h et 12 km/h, suivie d'une augmentation de 2 % d'inclinaison à chaque 2 min jusqu'à épuisement. Le VO₂ a été mesuré à l'aide d'un chariot métabolique (Morgan, Roxon, Montréal Canada). Les coûts cardiaques absolus et relatifs ainsi que la dépense énergétique furent quantifiés selon sept méthodes: fréquence cardiaque (FC), % des fréquences cardiaques maximales (% FCmax), % des fréquences cardiaques de réserve (%HRR), % consommation maximale d'oxygène (%VO₂,max), % consommation maximale d'oxygène de réserve (%VO₂R), TRlMPS (HR-zone) et TRlMPS/min. Le % VO₂max et le % VO₂R résultent de l'extrapolation du VO₂ et de la corrélation FC-VO₂max respectives des joueurs (établies durant le test sur tapis roulant). Les TRlMPS ont été calculés selon la méthode proposée par Edwards (1993) et utilisée par Foster (2001). Les résultats ont été traités avec le logiciel de statistiques SPSS (version 16). Une analyse descriptive fut effectuée et les données sont présentées comme valeurs moyennes ± écart type. Les différences entre les semaines furent décelées par une analyse de la variance simple (pour entraînement et match) et les différences entre match et entraînement (semaine par semaine) par un test t de Student non appareillé. La corrélation de Pearson fut utilisée afin de mesurer la puissance des relations entre les variables dépendantes et indépendantes. Le niveau de signification fut établi à p < 0.05 dans tous les cas. L'ensemble des sept méthodes de quantification démontre que, sur les dix semaines de championnat, les joueurs demeuraient beaucoup plus actifs en match qu'en entraînement. Par contre, selon la méthode de quantification, nous avons observé une multitude de différences lors des comparaisons intermatch et interentraînement. Beaucoup de travaux sont encore nécessaires afin de trouver les causes physiologiques de la fatigue au soccer. Une fois que l'intégration de la distance, du temps et de l'intensité jumelée aux différents facteurs physiologiques, causant la fatigue sera étudiée, des normes pourront être établies permettant la conception de planification juste et efficace chez les niveaux amateurs. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Soccer, TRlMPS, Fréquence Cardiaque, Soccer, Astreinte Cardiaque, Coût Cardiaque.

The purpose of this essay is to try to understand the relationship between the structures of modern working life and the development of burnout. By using the method of qualitative interviews we wanted to see if the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model could be applied to the data we had collected. Two questions have been highlighted in our research:               • Is it possible to establish a relationship between the structures of modern working life and the development of burnout among the subjects interviewed?   • Is it possible to explain the development of burnout among our interviewed subjects through the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model?       Our theoretical frames are the general theories of the modern society and the modern working life as developed by Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Zygmunt Bauman. We have also used Johannes Siegrist’s medical-sociological Effort-Reward Imbalance Model (ERI-Model). Our main findings are that the characteristics of modern working life mostly have had a negative affect on the lives of four of the five interviewed subjects. Hence, modern working life is one contributing factor to the development of burnout among our interviewed subjects. Four of five interview subjects fulfilled the three hypotheses postulated by the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. This indicates that these individuals are at an increased risk of developing poor health. It also indicates that an imbalance between efforts and rewards as well as an imbalance between internal and external factors at the workplace might have contributed to their development of burnout.

Taiwan's surrounding waters rich in terrain, and a number of shares of the sea converge along the coastal waters of Taiwan created a rich fishing ground.However, due to excessive fishing efforts to longterm investment , But lack of proper management of fitness , so even though the number of vessels increased, but the overall fishery production continued to decrease. The management of fisheries resources requires the correct results as the scientific basis for resource assessment , before they can properly apply effective management to achieve goals , and resources conservation and use of a balance between fisheries. The correct resource assessment,you need detailed information on the basis of the catch,the most important time, space and other efforts to catch the amount of information is the most common practitioners of business operating statements made . Taiwan's coastal fisheries,as yet mandatory for the industry to report their operating statements provided management measures , so in the past this type of information is achieved through the visits, but the mission is not only the high cost of information , a small number and accuracy is not high also limited to the funding and cooperation from the fishermen often intermittent , resulting in a serious ack of resources and ssessmenta information. Taiwan Caost Guard Administrstion in order to monitor the waters around Taiwan ,the dynamic vessel offshore the coast of Taiwan are build Caost Radar Systems.These systems approach to proactive scanning , within 24 hours for the scan to monitor vessels and left navigation records including the vessel name , time location information of the vessel .These data separated by fishing information , speed of calculation,it is possible to estimate the fishing vessels fishing effort in the future with the sale of the ships coming into port unloading data information on fishing operations as an alternative complementary information on the shortcomings of the report did not work . The purpose of this study , that Caost Radar Systems in the use of bank information obtained , isolated fishing information , conduct analysis and calculation , and the actual data for verification visits to explore the application of Caost Radar Systems on shore along the coastal fisheries management feasibility . The results showed : Caost Radar Systems data from the isolated shore fishing vessels that the correct information to the operating position, and velocity analysis based on fishing operations , can estimate fishing effort,and calculate the frequency of operating out of position, draw fishing boats operating region .But the study also found the sea wave and blind area factor will be off the lock occur ,resulting in boat speed and position information a short time gaps , but this does not affect the overall assessment of fishery resoures, through projections to supplement the information in this section.

Abstract Taiwan is surrounded by the ocean with enriched marine eco-diversity and coastal terrains, making it a land of abundant fishery resources. Yet, after Taiwan was returned to ROC in 1945, the abuse of inshore fishery due to economical development resulted in overfishing. Under the development of industrialization, marine pollution and the use of destructive fishing gear have also caused a great damage to the ecological and biological diversities along the inshore to the drastic decrease in fisheries. Thus, how the government may find a balance between sustainability in fishery resources and economical development in local fishing communities is the major interest of this study. The present research conducts the work through the collection of annual fishing statistics and the questionnaire survey of local fishermen and government administrators. This study analyzes the changing trends of inshore fishery in Taiwan and investigates the effectiveness of current fishery regulations and the policy of fishing transformation along the inshore in Taiwan. The fisheries administration is currently adapting several fishery regulatory measures which include fishery licenses, replacement of boats and fishing vessels, and suspension of fishing activities / fishing moratorium for the management of fishery resources. Yet the fishery resources are still shrinking each year. It is obvious that those measures are ineffective on slowing down the speedy drop of fishery resources. The survey results showed that the effective administrative efforts should involve the regulation policy on fishing gears, fishing methods, fishing zones, and fishing seasons. A top-down fishery management system should be integrated with the bottom-up fishermen¡¦s autonomy, in order to establish a feasible coordination system between fishermen and the administration. In the long term, in addition to the management of some target fishes, it is important to integrate the fishery policy and management with the sustainable management of the living environment and ecosystem. These should include the assigning fishery preservation areas and the protection of the marine habitats to ensure biological diversity and to maintain the sustainable fishery resources. To reduce the fishing impact on fishery resources involving buy out the additional fishing boats, the government should actively help fishermen on their career reform. The government should also encourage the conversion of overcapacity fishing boats to the entertainment fishery. Yet through questionnaires and interviews, this study has found that most fishermen are reluctant to change their career owing to the lack of specialties and the high cost of boat remodeling. This study suggests that marine tourist vessels and whale-watching boats should be categorized as entertainment boats under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Communication. Yet, small fishing-entertainment boats are mainly for marine fishing, or watching traditional fishing / net caging operations, and tourist diving that all operate during the off-seasons. For this, the government should provide various fishing trainings, improve the harbor facilities for entertainment fishery, and cultivate all citizens¡¦ feelings of love for the ocean to promote the marine tour vacationing and the entertainment fishery. In the coastal 200 nautical miles exclusive fisheries zone, involving fishery habitat and reproduction ground, is the sovereign right control area of every coastal country. Thus, the government is entitled to decide the optimum fishery utilization independently as the basis of the fishery development for the food security, environment and resources conservation, and fishing community social stability. The present work concludes that government should plan and establish strategies for an effective management on the inshore fishery to ensure a sustainable fishery development.

Loyalty program, which is to encourage frequent purchasing and to maintain customer long-term relationships, has become a key marketing tool in various industries. The framework of the program is to provide reward incentives based on the cumulative purchases for certain products or services. Researches show that the cost of customer retention is approximately six times lower than that of customer acquisition. Although the importance of such program rises, few researches are made related to the topic. Thus, this study is aimed at exploring the relationships between loyalty effort requirement and reward incentives in order to provide better and more efficient loyalty programs for enterprises. The effects of effort requirement on consumer preferences towards loyalty program rewards are evaluated. In addition, monetary cost acts as moderator is added in to examine the moderating effect. A 2x2 between-subject experimental design with approximately 259 sampling subjects is adopted in the study and the results are analyzed by One-Way ANOVA aided by SPSS software. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Increasing the effort requirement of loyalty programs will increase consumer preference for hedonic rewards rather than utilitarian rewards. The reason for this is that long streams of effort required for loyalty programs may serve as reasons to justify and reduce the guilt for hedonic rewards selections and consumptions. (2) When monetary costs are added to loyalty programs, no matter at low or high effort requirements, consumer preferences for hedonic rewards will decrease and in contract, preferences for utilitarian rewards will increase. (3) When monetary costs are added to loyalty programs, increasing the effort requirement of loyalty programs will not increase consumer preference for hedonic rewards. This may due to the strong monetary costs effect on the sampling subjects that ends up easing the effect of result one. Four marketing implementations for this study could be drawn. First, utilitarian rewards are more appropriate as loyalty program incentives than hedonic rewards. Marketers could provide more utilitarian rewards in loyalty programs as incentives to attract more participants. Second, as loyalty program effort requirement increases, hedonic rewards could be added in the reward mix to attract consumers. Third, loyalty program, which provide rewards by accumulative effort rather than money expenditure, may serve as a justification for hedonic rewards consumption. Thus, hedonic rewards could serve as promotion tool for high effort requirement loyalty programs. Finally, when monetary costs are added to loyalty programs, marketers could weight more utilitarian rewards in reward mix regardless effort requirement levels.

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Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Médecine générale : Nantes : 2007. / Bibliogr.

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives : Rennes 2 : 2007. / Bibliogr. f. 233-258.