The effects of 6/85-strain M. gallisepticum (6/85MG) inoculation alone or in conjunction with a F-strain M. gallisepticum (FMG) over-lay and its timing on the performance, egg, blood, and visceral characteristics of commercial egg laying hens were investigated. The applied treatments did not affect layer performance, but did affect yolk moisture and fatty acids, liver moisture, and plasma protein. The plasma protein and liver moisture changes may be indicative of the effects of the treatments on the hydration statuses of the birds during lay, whereas alterations in yolk palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid levels with treatment may have been manifested by disturbances in the desaturation and elongation processes of fatty acid synthesis. Pre-lay 6/85MG inoculations may be a suitable substitute for pre-lay FMG inoculations and FMG overlays during lay on pre-lay 6/85MG inoculations may provide continual protection without eliciting any subsequent suppressive affects on performance.

Commercial egg production in Utah has developed largely since 1920. Prior to that time most farms had some chickens but the eggs were either used at home or consumed on the local markets. What few commercial poultry farms there were also supplied local markets. It has been estimated that the total egg production in the stat was just about equal to the consumption within the state. Soon after1920 however, egg production on a commercial basis began and thereafter expanded rapidly for a time.

Orientador: Nelson Luis Cappelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaradoMora_Leonardo_M.pdf: 7314728 bytes, checksum: da3e081b1a33326f3ba964a8ccdd55ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O aumento na demanda da produção de avicultura de corte no Brasil faz que seja necessário o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que melhorem a operacionalidade das máquinas incubadoras. Na atualidade existem problemas no controle de variáveis físicas no espaço confinado das incubadoras que impedem maximizar a eclosão dos ovos e afetam o desempenho do pintainho pós-eclosão. Dois destas variáveis que são tema de estudo neste trabalho são a temperatura do embrião e a perda de massa do ovo, as quais são determinantes em todo o processo pois afetam as taxas de bicagem interna e de nascimentos com sucesso. Não existem dispositivos que quantifiquem estes fatores, causando o seu desconhecimento dentro das incubadoras. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema de medição de temperatura por sensores com contato, comparando o seu funcionamento com um sensor sem contato (Infravermelho), utilizado em medições preliminares dentro das máquinas. Foi também desenvolvido um sistema de medição de peso para quantificar a perda de massa do ovo. Para a medição da temperatura com contato foi desenvolvido um dispositivo com cinco sensores tipo circuito integrado previamente calibrados, dos quais, três foram dispostos em contato com a casca do ovo, e dois foram posicionados a 10mm da casca para medir a temperatura ambiente. Como temperatura de referência foi assumida a registrada dentro de um ovo instrumentado com três sensores tipo circuito integrado. Com o fim de simular o ambiente interno da incubadora, o ovo instrumentado, o sensor com contato e o sensor sem contato foram posicionados em um duto de ar construído em madeira de média densidade (MDF). Neste local, foram simuladas duas condições do processo de incubação: no inicio quando é preciso fornecer calor por parte da máquina para aquecer o ovo e no final quando devido à máxima produção de calor do embrião, a máquina resfria o ovo; verificando-se nas duas situações a exatidão e a influência da velocidade do ar nas leituras de temperatura dos sensores. Para a medição da massa foram usados quatro sensores de força extensométricos fixados a uma subestrutura de uma prateleira que faz parte de uma máquina de incubação de estágio único. Realizou-se a calibração estática na capacidade nominal e na faixa de utilização do sistema, com cargas de ovos colocados em duas bandejas de incubação com a finalidade de obter as principais características estáticas e a equação de calibração. Verificou-se também a influência da viragem dos ovos nas leituras da massa. O dispositivo de medição de temperatura com contato registrou maior exatidão nas leituras das duas condições simuladas. A menor exatidão deste dispositivo apresentou-se no resfriamento do ovo, chegando próximo de 96% do valor de referência; sendo esta diminuição conseqüência direta da alteração da temperatura ambiente. A velocidade do ar não influenciou nas leituras de nenhum dos sistemas de medição de temperatura. O sensor sem contato devido ao menor tempo de resposta, registrou leituras menos exatas. Em condições de regime permanente o sensor sem contato registra 3ºC de erro respeito ao valor de referência. Na calibração do sistema de pesagem na capacidade nominal e na faixa útil, registraram-se baixos valores de histerese, não linearidade e repetitividade. O erro da diferença entre a massa de referência e a massa calculada diminuiu na faixa de utilização. A influência da viragem dos ovos foi desprezível e não interferiu na precisão das leituras do valor da massa. / Abstract: The increasing demand of the poultry farming production in Brazil requires the development of new technologies that improve the results of the incubator machines. At the present time, there are some problems in the control of physical variables of the confined space of the incubators that don't allow to maximize the hatching eggs and that affect the chick performance in farm. Two of these variables; subject of study in this work, are the temperature of the embryo and the loss of mass of the egg, which are determinant through all the process because they affect the pipping measures and the number of successful births. Unfortunately till now it does not exist an adequate device that quantifies these factors, causing ignorance about it. In this work, a temperature measurement system by sensors with contact was developed, comparing its performance with a sensor without contact (Infrared), which was used in preliminary measurements inside the incubators. It was also developed a weight measurement system to quantify the loss of mass of the egg. In order to apply the measurement of temperature with contact, it was developed a device with five integrated circuit type sensors previously calibrated, three of them were in contact with the eggshell, and two of them were placed to 10mm from the eggshell to measure the air temperature around the egg. As temperature of reference it was assumed the registered one inside an instrumented egg was manufactured with three integrated circuit type sensors. In order to simulate the internal atmosphere of the incubator, the instrumented egg, the sensor with contact and the sensor without contact were placed in a tunnel of air built in wood of medium density. In this place, two conditions of the incubation process were simulated: at the beginning when it is necessary that the machine supplies heat to heat up the egg and finally when the machine cool the egg due to the maximum production of heat of the embryo; being verified in the two situations the accuracy and the influence of the air speed in the sensors temperature recordings. For the measurement of the mass, four load cells were used; they were fit and set to a shelf substructure which belong to a part of a single-stage incubation machine. The static calibration of the system was made in the nominal capacity and the rank of use, with egg placed in two incubation trays with the purpose of obtaining the main static characteristics and the calibration equation. The influence of the eggs turning in the recordings of the mass was also verified. The device of temperature measurement with contact registered a highest accuracy in the recordings of the two simulated conditions. The smallest accuracy of this device appeared or was presented during the cooling of the egg, almost achieving a 96% from the reference value, being this decrease a direct consequence of the air temperature alteration. The air speed did not influence in the recordings of any of the temperature measurement systems. The sensor without contact registered less accuracy recordings, due to its smallest delay time. In conditions of equilibrium the sensor without contact registers 3°C of error in relation to the reference value. In the calibration of the weight system in the nominal capacity and the interval of use, low values of hysteresis were registered, there were nonlinearity and repeatability. The error of the dissimilarity between the mass of reference and the calculated mass diminished in the interval of use. The influence of the eggs turning was trivial and it did not interfere in the precision of the readings of the value of the mass. / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

In the study the preference of two Littorina species, i.e. Littorina obtusata and Littorina fabalis was investigated experimentally and in the field on which of the two fucoid species, Fucus vesiculosus or Ascophyllum nodosum they preferred to place their egg aggregations. The hypothesis tested was that L. obtusata and L. fabalis both prefer F. vesiculosus as substrate for spawning over A. nodosum and that L. obtusata move from their main grazing habitat, i.e. A. nodosum to F. vesiculosus before laying their egg sacs. The experiment was supported by a field study where the numbers of the two Littorina species, both adults and juveniles, were counted on F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum thalli collected in the field.  The results showed that both L. obtusata and L. fabalis preferred F. vesiculosus over A. nodosum as substrate for placing their egg sacs and that juveniles transfer to their preferred food source after hatching. This is the first report on the ability of adult L. obtusata to actively select favorable substrate for juvenile snails, by avoiding placing their egg sacs on unfavorable surfaces as A. nodosum. Both L. fabalis and L. obtusata placed their egg sacs on older parts of the thalli, mostly below the vesicles. The number of eggs sac was higher for L. obtusata when both A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus where available, but higher for L. fabalis when there were only F. vesiculosus in the jar. This indicates that more of the preferred nutrition would provide for more eggs in each sac, since the adults have more energy to produce more eggs. The number of snails counted in the field shows the dynamics of population during the summer. There was an obvious shift with more juveniles of both Littorina species on F. vesiculosus in the beginning of July, changing to most of the juveniles occurring on A. nodosum at the end of the month.  The importance of conducting the study during the hatching season to monitor the movements of the snails between preferred habitat for adult grazing, spawning and juvenile feeding is evident.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A series of artificial eggs has been developed for the New York Zoological Society to measure conditions in the nest of the white-naped crane (Grus Vipio). Investigations undertaken at the Bronx Zoo have endeavored to improve artificial incubation of the eggs of endangered species of birds. Artificial eggs were constructed and camouflaged so that a pair of birds would accept and incubate them. Inside each counterfeit egg, a radio telemetry transmitter was hidden to report on the temperature and humidity in the nest and the orientation of the egg itself with respect to gravity.

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