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Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Marta dos Santos Baracho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poderoso_FabianaMariaGoncalvesdeLima_M.pdf: 1087757 bytes, checksum: 1db07cd336e1192d99ffb8537b7a5e02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No Brasil, a avicultura é uma atividade relativamente nova, apesar de ter seu início na década de 30, como atividade fornecedora de subproduto, o esterco para os cafezais, se tornando uma atividade econômica produtora de proteína de alto valor biológico, somente a partir da década de 60. Hoje ocupa um lugar privilegiado na economia mundial devido ao trabalho de muitos profissionais ligados à atividade, sendo os principais pontos que ocorreram grandes melhorias: avanço tecnológico nas áreas de produção, nutrição e sanidade, permitindo uma melhora significativa nos índices zootécnicos. O incubatório é o local onde se obtêm o produto final, ou seja, do pintainho de um dia, tem a responsabilidade de disponibilizar aos produtores, pintos de qualidade para maximizar o desempenho das aves a campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar no ambiente do incubatório, sobre as respostas da taxa de eclosão durante o processo de incubação e nascimento. Os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados em uma das salas das incubadoras e em uma das salas de nascedouro do Incubatório São José no município de Amparo - SP e analisados com relação ao índice de eclosão dos ovos incubados que foi analisado no dia do nascimento dos pintos. Foram rastreadas 48 bandejas, tendo capacidade de 96 ovos cada bandeja, até o nascimento desses pintos, sendo estas divididas seis quadrantes na incubadora sendo oito bandejas em cada quadrante classificadas como lotes e após foram monitoradas na sala de nascedouro que foi dividida em quatro quadrantes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva por lote e análise de comparação de médias, através do teste F na ANOVA e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados obtidos foram: a temperatura do ambiente influenciou o descarte total de ovos no 14º dia de incubação (de 35.9ºC à 37.0°C) e no 21º de incubação (de 37,0 °C à 37,3 °C) e, comparados com a idade das matrizes (42 semanas e 56 semanas), identificou-se que a matriz mais velha obteve maior número de descartes nas variáveis analisadas como: ovos inférteis, mortalidade de 0 a 7 dias e ovos quebrados, a serem o volume maior do total de ovos descartados. E, somente houve influência da umidade relativa do ar aos 21 dias de incubação ( de 52,2% à 62%). Conclui-se que houve influência do ambiente térmico e da idade da matriz no descarte total de ovos no processo de incubação / Abstract: Poultry science is responsible for studying the birds. In Brazil poultry production is a relatively new activity, although had its beginning in the 30's decade as an activity that supplied waste which was used in coffee production. It became an economical activity that produces protein of high biological value just after the decade of 60. Today Brazil occupies a privileged place in the world's economy due to the work of several professionals connected to this activity. The areas were the greatest technological improvements occurred are: production, nutrition and health, allowing significant enhancement in animal production indexes. The hatchery is the place where the final product is obtained, the one day old pullet, and that has the responsibility of given the producers high quality chicks in order to maximize their performance in the field. The objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity of the air in the hatchery on the response during the process in both incubator and hatcher. Air temperature and relative humidity data will be registered in a incubator and hatcher at the Incubatório São José, county of Amparo - SP and they will be analyzed with relation to the hatcher index at the first day. Forty eight trays with 96 eggs each were screened trays until the birth of these chicks. The hatchery was divided in six quarters and eight incubator trays in each quadrant were classified as lots and they were monitored after the hatcher room, which was divided into four quadrants. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of batch mean comparison, using the F test in ANOVA and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis. The obtained results were: the temperature of the environment influenced the discarding total egg on day 14 of incubation and 21 of incubation and compared with age of the array, we identified that it took the variables as: infertile eggs, mortality 0-7 days and broken eggs, to be the bulk of total eggs discarded. There was only influence of relative humidity at 21 days of incubation. It is concluded that there was influence of thermal environment and age of female breeder in total egg discarding in the process of incubation / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira Jr / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_PatriciadeSouza_M.pdf: 13197382 bytes, checksum: 92a536e0bd77f864f3c58f5752f12b15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste na modelagem matemática, simulação dinâmica e estudo do comportamento do processo de aquecimento de produtos de ovos (fluidos Não Newtonianos) num trocador de calor a placas no regime transiente. o aquecimento é uma etapa obrigatória no processamento de produtos de ovos pasteurizados, pois tem como objetivo eliminar todos os microrganismos patogênicos. Por outro lado, o ovo e seus derivados são produtos extremamente sensíveis a altas temperaturas - por isso, o aquecimento é considerado uma etapa crítica e pouco flexível às variações de temperaturas, o que exige um eficiente controle de processo. A modelagem matemática do processo foi utilizada no desenvolvimento do simulador dinâmico codificado no software Matlab@. Através da simulação dinâmica do aquecimento, foram obtidas as curvas de reação do processo que predizem o comportamento dinâmico das temperaturas de saída do produto sob diversas condições de operação. Através das curvas de reação foi realizada a avaliação da linearidade e caracterização da dinâmica do processo. Foram obtidos os parâmetros de sintonia de um controlador Proporcional Integral Derivativo Adaptativo, SISO (Single Input Single Output), com estratégia de controle Feedback. Utilizando a metodologia de Planejamento Fatorial Composto Central (PFCC) foi realizada a avaliação do comportamento do processo em estudo sob perturbações simultâneas das variáveis temperaturas de entrada e vazões do produto e fluido de aquecimento / Abstract: The present work consists in the mathematical modeling, dynamic simulation and study of the transient behavior in egg products heating process (non Newtonian tluid) in a plate heat exchanger. The pasteurization is an obligatory stage in egg products pasteurized processing, which objective is the complete elimination ofthe pathogenic microrganisms. On the other hand, egg and its derivatives are very high heat-sensitivy products, therefore, the heating process is considered a critical and little flexible stage for temperature variations, which demands an efficient process control. The mathematical modeling of the process was used in the development of the dynamic simulator in the Matlab@ software. Through the dynamic simulation ofthe heating process, one got the process reaction curves that predicted the dynamic behavior of the outlet temperature product under several disturbances in operation conditions. The linearity and characterization of the dynamics process was evaluated through the process reaction curves. The tunning parameters of Adaptive Proportional Integral Derivative controler, SISO (Single Input Single Output), with feedback control strategy had been gotten. Using the Factorial Central Composite Design (FCCD) methodology, the process behavior in discussion was evaluated under simultaneous disturbances of the independent variables: tluid inlet temperature, product and heating tluid flow rates / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Fetal programming results from stressors during fetal development and may influence the occurrence of disease later in life. Maternal nutritional status and/or environment can affect renal development by inducing limited nephron endowment at birth, which results in diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease in mammals. Birds are likely to be effective models for this process because, like mammals, they have high pressure cardiovascular systems, mammalian-type nephrons and are homeothermic. This project uses the chicken embryo to explore physiological responses of disrupted hydration state thereby providing insights into renal fetal programming. Under normal conditions the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and developing avian kidney work in unison to ensure a proper balance of ions and water within the egg. White leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at 37.5oC±0.5oC and either <35%, 55-60% (normal) or >85% relative humidity. Amniotic fluid serves as the drinking source for the embryo late in development; its composition is important to salt and water homeostasis. High amniotic fluid osmolality increased the blood osmolality for embryos exposed to low humidity incubation thereby indirectly influencing the renal developmental program of the embryos from this group. Indeed estimated filtering capacity was doubled in the low humidity group (6.77 ± 0.43 mm3) compared to normal (4.80 ± 0.33 mm3) and high (3.97 ± 0.30 mm3) humidity groups. The increased filtering capacity seen for those embryos from low humidity may indicate the ability for more efficient recovery of water if similarly stressed as an adult bird. All embryo populations maintained similar oxygen consumption (0.075 ml/min - 0.37 ml/min), hematocrit (15 % - 32 %) and hemoglobin values (4 g/dl - 9 g/dl), thus displaying control over these aspects of the internal environment despite the obvious environmental insult of extreme incubation humidity. These results signify the embryo's immature kidney, along with lower gastrointestinal tract, functions much like the adult form maintaining homeostasis, although the mechanisms may differ. The overall benefits of this research included better understanding of the role the kidney during embryonic development and determining whether environmental factors, such as humidity, leave an imprint on morphological and physiological aspects of the urinary system of the embryo and water compartments of the egg.

How temperature affects physiological development in the chicken embryo is unknown. Embryos incubated at 38°C or 35°C showed no difference in growth or survival. The time to hatching was longer in 35°C than 38°C embryos (23.7 vs. 20.6 days), but unaffected was the relative timing of appearance of developmental landmarks (internal, external pipping). At stage 43-44, 38°C embryos maintained oxygen consumption around 1 mL/g/h despite acute temperature reduction (suggesting thermoregulatory maturation), unlike 35°C embryos. In 35°C embryos the lower oxygen-carrying capacity and temperature insensitive blood O2 affinity (P50 about 30 mmHg) may restrict O2 delivery to tissues, limiting metabolism during decreased ambient temperature. Reduced incubation temperature retards normal hematological and thermoregulatory development.

A variety of faecal examination methods have shown variable sensitivity in identifying larvated Spirocerca lupi (S. lupi) eggs. The purpose of this study was to determine which faecal examination method, including a novel modified centrifugal flotation method, was most sensitive in the diagnosis of spirocercosis. Faeces were collected from 33 dogs diagnosed with spirocercosis by oesophageal endoscopy at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital between 2008 and 2009. If the first evaluation was negative, a second faecal sample was evaluated 24-48 h later. Ten faecal examinations using 1 g aliquots of faeces were performed per sample. Four faecal examination methods were evaluated; direct faecal examination using saline, direct faecal flotation, a modified faecal centrifugal flotation and a laboratory performed faecal sedimentation/flotation. The direct and modified centrifugal flotation methods were each performed using four faecal flotation solutions; NaNO3 (Specific gravity (SG) 1.22), MgSO4 (SG 1.29), ZnSO4 (SG 1.30) and saturated sugar (SG 1.27). The sedimentation/flotation method utilized MgSO4 (SG 1.29). The modified centrifugal flotation method required centrifugation (1400 G) of a prepared faecal suspension (1 g faeces suspended in 5 ml of flotation solution) after which 0.1 ml of the supernatant was aspirated from the surface using an adjustable volume micropipette for microscopic examination. The 10 faecal examination tests were statistically analysed using the Friedman test (nonparametric equivalent of analysis of variance) p=0.000, z value = 0.05. The sensitivity of the tests ranged between 42 % and 67 %, with the NaNO3 solution showing the highest sensitivity in both the direct and modified centrifugal flotation methods. The modified NaNO3 centrifugal method ranked first with the highest mean egg cell count (45.24 ± 83). The modified centrifugal NaNO3 method was found to be superior (i.e. higher egg counts) and significantly different (p<0.001) compared with the routine saturated sugar, ZnSO4 and MgSO4 flotation methods. The direct flotation method/technique using NaNO3 flotation fluid was also superior and significantly different (p<0.001) when compared to the same technique using ZnSO4 or MgSO4 flotation fluids. Neoplastic transformation of oesophageal nodules was confirmed in 15 % (n=5) of dogs and a further 18 % (n=6) had both neoplastic and non-neoplastic oesophageal nodules. S. lupi eggs were demonstrated in 40 % of dogs with neoplastic nodules and in 72.9 % of dogs with non-neoplastic nodules. The mean egg count in the non-neoplastic group (61) was statistically greater (p=0.02) than that of the neoplastic group (1). The results show that faecal examination using the direct and modified centrifugal flotation methods with the NaNO3 flotation fluid are the most sensitive methods in the diagnosis of spirocercosis. The modified centrifugal flotation method using this solution has the highest mean egg count. The study also found that dogs with neoplastic nodules shed significantly fewer eggs than dogs with non-neoplastic nodules. Copyright / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Introduction: Intestinal infections caused by soil transmitted helminth and diarhoegenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) are a major threat to the health and socio-economic wellbeing of children in developing countries. Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH), Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), Trichuris tricuria (T. trichuris ), Hookworms and diarhogenic E coli are transmitted through the faecal-oral route and enter the body through the ingestion of eggs (STH) or E. coli pathogens following contact with contaminated hands, food, soil or the deliberate act of eating contaminated soil. Aim: This study aim to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and diarhoegenic E. coli on the hands of school children in the Vhembe district of South Africa. Methods: The study was conducted among school children aged 5 to15 years, attending grades 0(R) to 8 at the primary and secondary school levels in the Vhembe district region of the Limpopo province. A total of 358 hand washing samples was collected from the hands of school children using hand anionic (7X 1% quadrafos, glycol ether and dioctyl sulfoccinate sodium salt) soap solution. The Microscopic McMaster slide technique was used for the identification of intestinal parasitic eggs and the Colilert Quanti-Tray®/2000 technique was used for the enumeration of E. coli. A standardised Multiplex PCR protocol was utilized to characterize the positive pathogenic E. coli strains obtained from the Colilert Quanti-Tray®/2000. A structural questionnaire was used to associate the positive results with selected socio-demographic variables. The raw data was organized and analysed by the use of SPSS version 24 software. Results: A prevalence of 2.6% intestinal parasite was found among the study population with hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis having detection rate of 0.6% and 2.0% respectively. However there were no Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura detected in the study population. A prevalence of 13.4% of the samples was positive for E. coli and 4.7% were identified as pathogenic E. coli strains: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (TPEC) and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) distributed with prevalence percentage of 2%, 0.3%, 1.1% and 0.3% respectively. The study also revealed a significant association between hand child hygiene with the prevalence of E. coli. Conclusion: Environmental sanitation conditions like type of toilets and lack of safe drinking water is closely associated with the prevalence of E. coli among the school going children. / NRF

During the spring of 1969 and 1970, 28 Golden Eagle eyries in four locales in central Utah were observed to determine the prey utilized during the nesting season. Visits were made every two weeks to the eyries. Prey were removed from the nests upon counting to avoid recounting at the next visit. Sixteen species of vertebrates were found as prey for nesting Golden Eagles. Mammals comprised 96 per cent of the prey, and lagomorphs alone accounted for 92 per cent. The blacktail jackrabbit occurred as 77.8 per cent of all prey items. Avian species constituted 3.9 per cent of prey items brought to the nests. Game animals utilized as prey were exclusively birds, and accounted for 2.7 per cent of all prey. No remains of domestic animals were found in the nests.

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