2 pp. / Revision of 1997 title by Meer and Misner / From 1988 to 1992, 66% of all food-borne illnesses caused by salmonella enteritidis involved eggs or foods containing eggs. Contamination of eggs may occur on the inside as well as the outside of the shell. This article outlines the proper refrigeration, cooking and handling methods to prevent most egg safety problems.

Bulletin No. 145 Revised; Revised by H. Embleton

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Revised

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Master of Science / Department of Food Science / Fadi Aramouni / Despite the expansion of the gluten-free (GF) food market, some GF food items are still characterized by an overall mediocre quality. The effects of different types of egg ingredients (fresh, whites, dried) and carob germ flour (CGF) as well as par-baking technology on the quality of dough-based gluten-free sorghum dinner rolls were evaluated. Gluten-free rolls containing 30% of fresh shell eggs or equivalent of egg products and 10% of CGF on a flour basis were evaluated against a control (no egg, no CGF). The feasibility of partial baking of rolls was studied on control as well as fresh eggs and carob germ flour formulas during 5 baking times (0, 8, 10, 12 and 18 minutes). Breads were evaluated for crumb and crust color, specific volume, cell profile, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and consumer acceptability. Results showed that rolls containing egg ingredients had higher specific volumes than control (p<0.05) with an increase from 1.45 cm[superscript]3/g to 1.96 cm[superscript]3/g. Carob germ flour did not have a significant effect on specific volume. Eggs also improved cell elongation and produced significantly darker crust (p<0.05). CGF did not appear to have an effect on cell elongation but increased average cell number when combined with egg ingredients, and greatly impacted rolls texture. The combination of fresh eggs or egg whites with CGF reduced significantly (p<0.05) crumb hardness from 2,074 to 1,404g and 1,468g of force respectively. Par-baked dinner rolls displayed similar color, volume, cell profile and texture trends to conventionally baked rolls. Sensory study revealed that acceptability, organoleptic characteristics and willingness to buy of par-baked dinner rolls could be similar to that of conventional wheat products. This research proved that the addition of eggs and CGF to a GF rolls formulation resulted in better overall quality of the product. Moreover, par-baking of the rolls showed great potential to provide safe, convenient and acceptable GF foods to celiac individuals.

Ovos fósseis de Crocodyliformes, Aves e Chelonii são artefatos reprodutivos incomuns, conhecidos a partir de registros em poucos países. Tornam-se ainda mais raros quando considerados apenas os achados oriundos de rochas mesozoicas. No Brasil, os registros são limitados à poucos ovos de Crocodyliformes do Cretáceo do Grupo Bauru, bem como um ovo de Chelonii de mesma idade. Desta forma, o presente estudo propôs-se a realizar a descrição de doze ovos fósseis coletados em Campina Verde-MG, e de outros dois provenientes de Álvares Machado e Pirapozinho, região de Presidente Prudente-SP, oriundos de rochas cretáceas (Grupo Bauru). Para tal, utilizou-se técnicas de análises ultraestruturais como Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Espectrometria por Dispersão de Energia e Microscopia Óptica, além de Tomografia Computadorizada para verificar a ocorrência de embriões. Os resultados das análises sugerem a afinidade dos doze ovos de Campina Verde a Crocodyliformes e, pela topotipia do horizonte estratigráfico, a possível associação destes a Pissarrachampsa sera. Adicionalmente, o recorrente registro de ovos fósseis associados a restos esqueletais de crocodilianos notosúquios sugere um nível de cuidado parental presente no grupo. Já o espécime de Álvares Machado possui feições de Enantiornithes. Por fim, o ovo coletado em Pirapozinho possui características semelhantes às de ovos de quelônios Podocnemidae, o único grupo de Chelonii conhecido no afloramento de onde provém o ovo / Amniotes fossil eggs, such as Crocodyliformes, Aves and Chelonii, are known from few places worldwide, and the Mesozoic records are particularly rare. Similarly, the occurrence of eggs of these groups is also rare in Brazil and limited to few crocodylian eggs and a single Chelonii one from Cretaceous rocks. This work aimed to describe twelve fossil eggs collected in Campina Verde-MG, and two additional eggs from Álvares Machado and Pirapozinho, SP, all from Bauru Group rocks (Upper Cretaceous). The ultrastructural traits of the shells were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Optical Microscopy, in addition, Computadorized Tomography was applied to check the embryos occurrence. The twelve eggs from Campina Verde are associated to Crocodyliformes. In addition, the topotipic principle suggests an association of these eggs to the crocodyliform Pissarrachampsa sera. Additionally, the recurrent association of notosuchians fossil eggs and skeletal remains suggests a level of parental care in this group. The specimen from Álvares Machado is associated to Enantiornithes, and the egg from Pirapozinho shares traits with Podocnemidae eggs, which is the only known Chelonii group found in the outcrop where the egg came from

É reconhecida a importância da avicultura para o agronegócio e para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Mas o País tem enfrentado grande concorrência internacional, que se traduz em barreiras sanitárias e exigências cada vez maiores de controle de seu rebanho por parte dos importadores. Neste sentido, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) publicou uma série de atos legais para viabilizar a organização dos programas de saúde animal, entre eles as Instruções Normativas n° 56/2007, n° 59/2009, n°36/2012 e n°10/2013, para estabelecer os procedimentos para registro e fiscalização de estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais e de reprodução, voltados à biosseguridade do sistema avícola. Como todos os setores produtivos, a avicultura é fortemente influenciada pela sua estrutura de custos, de modo que há um certo sentimento de que a adequação às medidas de biosseguridade, preconizadas pelas normativas, pode impactar a atividade de produção de ovos comerciais de modo a levar, eventualmente, alguns avicultores ao abandono da mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto socioeconômico das políticas sanitárias para estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de postura da regional agropecuária de Limeira, Estado de São Paulo, analisando o perfil socioeconômico da propriedade e do produtor e, estimando o custo de produção e seu impacto em atendimento às medidas de biosseguridade preconizadas pelas normativas. Para a análise do perfil das propriedades foram utilizados os dados dos 28 estabelecimentos avícolas, levantados por meio de documentação para registro. Para a análise do perfil do produtor e para estimar os custos de produção foram considerados dez estabelecimentos, voluntários à pesquisa, visitados entre os meses de junho e julho de 2013. O resultado do estudo sugere que as adequações à biosseguridade podem ser factíveis de serem realizadas economicamente, sendo o custo relativamente pequeno frente aos possíveis riscos de enfermidades, representando entre 1,61% e 2,09% do custo total de produção. No entanto, as sucessivas alterações nas legislações podem fazer com que o programa de sanidade avícola perca a credibilidade diante da sociedade e dos produtores que demonstram resistência às mudanças nos paradigmas zoosanitários / The importance of the poultry industry for agribusiness and development is recognized in Brazil, but the country has faced strong international competition, translated into sanitary barriers and increasing requests for the control of Brazilian flock by importers. In this regard, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) has published a series of legal acts to facilitate the organization of animal health programs, including Regulatory Instructions n°56/2007, n°59/2009, n°36/2012 & n°10/2013, to establish procedures for the registration and inspection of boilers, layer hens and commercial poultry breeding, focused on biosecurity systems. Like all productive sectors, the poultry one is strongly influenced by its cost structure, thus some people believe that the adequacy of biosecurity measures could affect the activity of commercial egg production and, eventually, lead some producers to the abandonment of the activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic impact of health policies on farm eggs of Limeira regional, Sao Paulo State, by analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the property and the producer, estimating the cost of production and its impact on compliance with biosecurity measures recommended by the Regulatory Instructions. For the analysis of the profile of farms we used data of twenty-eight poultry establishments, raised through documentation register. For the analysis of the profile of the producer and to estimate the costs of production, data was raised in ten farm eggs, volunteers of this research, which were visited between June and July 2013. The result of the study suggests that adaptations to biosecurity are economically feasible and costs are relatively small compared to the potential risks of disease, representing between 1.61% and 2.09% of the total production cost, thus not justifying the abandonment of activity. Nevertheless, successive changes in legislation may lead poultry health programs to lose credibility in society and with producers who demonstrate resistance to changes in zoo-sanitary paradigms