Dans l’Europe du 18ème siècle, plusieurs médecins, pédagogues et moralistes conçoivent la maternité comme un enjeu politique. À l’intérieur de leurs discours, l’allaitement maternel devient le ciment reliant bonheur individuel, harmonie sociale et intérêts de l’État. L’examen de traités médicaux et moraux nous permet d’expliciter les significations que les médecins, pédagogues et moralistes rattachent à l’allaitement, et nous pouvons retracer la popularisation de leurs idées dans certains médias de l’époque tels que les périodiques. Toutefois, ces sources ne nous en disent pas long sur les significations que les femmes concernées elles-mêmes accordaient à l’allaitement. C’est précisément ce point que nous tentons d’élucider, à l’aide d’études de cas. Nous nous basons sur la correspondance d’une mère, sa fille et son beau-fils habitant Nuremberg et Munich au tournant du 18ème au 19ème siècle, afin de reconstituer les discours, enjeux, et pratiques autour de l’allaitement. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux différentes émotions suscitées par plusieurs expériences d’allaitement, heureuses et moins heureuses. Ensuite, nous explicitons les arguments, relations et autorités mises en scène lors de discussions conflictuelles sur l’allaitement et le sevrage. Nous montrons aussi quelles personnes étaient déterminantes dans la pratique de l’allaitement, pour finalement tenter d’atteindre les expériences et représentations du corps allaitant. / The eighteenth century sees the rise of influential discourses treating motherhood as a political matter. Breastfeeding is at the heart of these discourses. Represented as a way to increase the health and vigor of citizens necessary to the state’s power, breastfeeding is therefore linking individual happiness, social peace, and state’s interests. We can reconstruct the web of meanings physicians and moralists gave to breastfeeding from moral and medical treatises where their ideas are first exposed; new media like periodicals show us how these discourses were popularised. The meanings breastfeeding women gave to this practice is a lesser studied object: it will build the core of this master study. With the help of a case study located in Nuremberg and Munich around 1800, I highlight the meanings breastfeeding bourgeois women and their relatives linked to breastfeeding. The sources used, mainly letters between a woman, her daughter and her son-in-law, allow me first to differentiate some of the emotions generated by happy and unhappy breastfeeding situations. Then I investigate a conflict about the issues of breastfeeding and weaning; this leads me to show that relations between the protagonists, as well as health concerns, are used as arguments in this matter. I also portray the concrete context in which breastfeeding is taking place and the people assisting to this practice. Finally, I try to assess the underlying perceptions and representations of the breastfeeding body. / Während des 18. Jahrhunderts kamen mehrere Ärzte, Pädagogen und Moralisten dazu, sich für Mutterschaft als eine politische Frage zu interessieren. Die von diesen Männern entworfenen Diskurse stellten das mütterliche Stillen in den Mittelpunkt: als Mittel, das Glück des Einzelnen, die gesellschaftliche Harmonie und die Interessen des Staates zu verbinden. Das von den Ärzten, Pädagogen und Moralisten entworfene Beziehungsnetz ist in verschiedenen Traktaten sichtbar, und es wird durch neue Medien wie Zeitschriften popularisiert. Die Bedeutungen, die die Frauen und ihre Umgebung mit dem Stillen verbanden, können allerdings nicht anhand der Untersuchung dieser Medien erschlossen werden. Genau dieser Frage gilt das Interesse dieser Masterarbeit. Am Beispiel einer Fallstudie werde ich die Bedeutungen des Stillens für die Frauen und ihre Umgebung erläutern. Untersucht wird die Korrespondenz zwischen einer bürgerlichen Mutter, ihrer Tochter und ihrem Schwiegersohn, die in Nürnberg und München um 1800 lebten. Zuerst werde ich mich den durch verschiedene Stillerfahrungen ausgelösten Emotionen zuwenden; danach werden die Kenntnisse und Beziehungen, die in den Debatten über das Stillen und Entwöhnen als Argumente benutzt werden, untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, welche Leute konkret den Verlauf des Stillen beeinflussten. Zum Schluß wird eine Annäherung an die Erfahrungen des stillenden Körpers gewagt.

Dans l’Europe du 18ème siècle, plusieurs médecins, pédagogues et moralistes conçoivent la maternité comme un enjeu politique. À l’intérieur de leurs discours, l’allaitement maternel devient le ciment reliant bonheur individuel, harmonie sociale et intérêts de l’État. L’examen de traités médicaux et moraux nous permet d’expliciter les significations que les médecins, pédagogues et moralistes rattachent à l’allaitement, et nous pouvons retracer la popularisation de leurs idées dans certains médias de l’époque tels que les périodiques. Toutefois, ces sources ne nous en disent pas long sur les significations que les femmes concernées elles-mêmes accordaient à l’allaitement. C’est précisément ce point que nous tentons d’élucider, à l’aide d’études de cas. Nous nous basons sur la correspondance d’une mère, sa fille et son beau-fils habitant Nuremberg et Munich au tournant du 18ème au 19ème siècle, afin de reconstituer les discours, enjeux, et pratiques autour de l’allaitement. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux différentes émotions suscitées par plusieurs expériences d’allaitement, heureuses et moins heureuses. Ensuite, nous explicitons les arguments, relations et autorités mises en scène lors de discussions conflictuelles sur l’allaitement et le sevrage. Nous montrons aussi quelles personnes étaient déterminantes dans la pratique de l’allaitement, pour finalement tenter d’atteindre les expériences et représentations du corps allaitant. / The eighteenth century sees the rise of influential discourses treating motherhood as a political matter. Breastfeeding is at the heart of these discourses. Represented as a way to increase the health and vigor of citizens necessary to the state’s power, breastfeeding is therefore linking individual happiness, social peace, and state’s interests. We can reconstruct the web of meanings physicians and moralists gave to breastfeeding from moral and medical treatises where their ideas are first exposed; new media like periodicals show us how these discourses were popularised. The meanings breastfeeding women gave to this practice is a lesser studied object: it will build the core of this master study. With the help of a case study located in Nuremberg and Munich around 1800, I highlight the meanings breastfeeding bourgeois women and their relatives linked to breastfeeding. The sources used, mainly letters between a woman, her daughter and her son-in-law, allow me first to differentiate some of the emotions generated by happy and unhappy breastfeeding situations. Then I investigate a conflict about the issues of breastfeeding and weaning; this leads me to show that relations between the protagonists, as well as health concerns, are used as arguments in this matter. I also portray the concrete context in which breastfeeding is taking place and the people assisting to this practice. Finally, I try to assess the underlying perceptions and representations of the breastfeeding body. / Während des 18. Jahrhunderts kamen mehrere Ärzte, Pädagogen und Moralisten dazu, sich für Mutterschaft als eine politische Frage zu interessieren. Die von diesen Männern entworfenen Diskurse stellten das mütterliche Stillen in den Mittelpunkt: als Mittel, das Glück des Einzelnen, die gesellschaftliche Harmonie und die Interessen des Staates zu verbinden. Das von den Ärzten, Pädagogen und Moralisten entworfene Beziehungsnetz ist in verschiedenen Traktaten sichtbar, und es wird durch neue Medien wie Zeitschriften popularisiert. Die Bedeutungen, die die Frauen und ihre Umgebung mit dem Stillen verbanden, können allerdings nicht anhand der Untersuchung dieser Medien erschlossen werden. Genau dieser Frage gilt das Interesse dieser Masterarbeit. Am Beispiel einer Fallstudie werde ich die Bedeutungen des Stillens für die Frauen und ihre Umgebung erläutern. Untersucht wird die Korrespondenz zwischen einer bürgerlichen Mutter, ihrer Tochter und ihrem Schwiegersohn, die in Nürnberg und München um 1800 lebten. Zuerst werde ich mich den durch verschiedene Stillerfahrungen ausgelösten Emotionen zuwenden; danach werden die Kenntnisse und Beziehungen, die in den Debatten über das Stillen und Entwöhnen als Argumente benutzt werden, untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, welche Leute konkret den Verlauf des Stillen beeinflussten. Zum Schluß wird eine Annäherung an die Erfahrungen des stillenden Körpers gewagt.

The diploma thesis aims on introducing the "Chronicle of the Kopp family", a personal writing found in the inheritance of Pilsen teacher Vaclav Kopp (1876-1951). The thesis also intends to integrate this work into contexts of the ego-documents research; introductory article therefore touches the matters of personal sources as a subject of a research interest. The main text of the thesis is further divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents the story of Vaclav Kopp's life and also focuses on the history of his family. The following chapter deals with the analysis of the source and it particularly wants to emphasize the overall change of its character. The third chapter is a pivotal part of the thesis. It discusses topics contained in the "Chronicle" with intent to look into the everyday life of the author and into his intellectual world. In the last chapter, the work of Vaclav Kopp is compared with the memoirs of another Pilsen citizen - Luisa Pernerová-Zykmundová and with other personal sources from Pilsen of the same time period. Conclusion then summarizes the findings and it points out the importance of the investigated work and offers the possibility of its further use. A list of sources and bibliography is appended, as well as a large number of pictorial attachments.

The thesis deals with the social position of the Jewish minority in Germany during the first decades of the Second Reich; it is intended as a contribution to the social history with an emphasis on the history of everyday life. It attemps to answer a question, why despite (what seemed to be) a highly successful assimilation, or more precisely acculturation, the Jews became a target of hateful attacks again in the late 1870's and 1880's. Various methods have been applied to determine, firstly, how the German-Jewish family life looked, whether and how its education approach and job structure differed from those of the majority; secondly, in which way the social-economic situation affected the minority position, its participation in public life and its attitude to the recently estabilished state; and last but not least, the way the German-Jews understood and perceived themselves, as well as the East European immigrants (so called Ostjuden) and the public's anti-Semitism. The result of the study shows that the German-Jewish values and customs were mainly identical to those of the bourgeoisie, probably with an endogamy being the only specific feature. At the time of rising Conservatism and in spite of experiencing bitter disappointment at the again appearing anti-Semitism, their optimism and trust in...

The thesis is entitled "The Image of the Burgher from Prague Johanna Barbora Englová, Born Zimmerová through the Family correspondence in the 19 th century" and it presents J. B. Englova´s destiny (18101874) on the basis of both correspondence and some ego-documents analysis. She was Emanuel Engl´s mother (18441907) who was an early Czech politician. Thanks to her, even the Prague civic society can be observed. The thesis is divided into five main chapters. At first, the life within the House of Habsburg monarchy in the 19 th century is described. Afterwards, the thesis is being focused on the situation in Prague, the civic society and its possibilities as for the social life. The second chapter pursues Johanna Englova´s family life. The third chapter is the crucial one it presents social connections which Johanna Barbora Englová made throughout her life and which can be observed within the well-preserved correspondence. The last chapter presents the salon, balls and the society as a part of Johanna Englova´s life. The thesis is trying to present contacts, relationships and social situation on the given example of both former and new family of Johanna Barbora Englová. The part of the thesis consists of an all round analysis of chosen sources. Moreover, the thesis reflects a social upswing of Johanna Barbora Englová and the process of becoming a part of the civic smart set in Prague. The thesis is followed by the list of sources, bibliography and online sources. The diagram, table, genealogy and the part with visual materials are listed in the annexe.

The master's thesis called Sofie Podlipská. Public Activities in the Light of Historical Documents makes a contribution to the history of Czech women's emancipation. It deals with Sofie Podlipská and her social, literary, and cultural activities. She is presented as an independent and creative woman who gained the respect of society as a writer and philanthropist and, at the same time, managed to combine motherhood with her career. Anthropological reflection of the life story of Sofie Podlipská in the context of her social activities is the substantial part of the thesis as well as the reflection of the key factors that helped shape her opinions, attitudes and viewpoints. The major part of the thesis is the description of these activities as reflected in historical resources that have survived in the Literary Archive of the Museum of Czech Literature and the Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures. Research perspectives that open possibilities for future studies and the interpretation of existing archival documents of the Literary Archive of the Museum of Czech Literature and the Podještědské Museum in Český Dub are also significant parts of the thesis. KEY WORDS Sofie Podlipská, 19th century, self-reflection, ego-documents, marriage, family, emancipation, society, fellowship,...

Ondřej Podavka Zdeněk Brtnický of Waldstein and his diary from the years 1597−1603 (Abstract) The subject of the doctoral thesis is an in many aspects noteworthy personality of Moravian aristocrat Zdeněk Brtnický of Waldstein, one of the 30 directors in the era of rebellion of the estates. The dissertation focuses chiefly on the period of his and pre-university and university studies, for which the largest amount of the sources has been preserved, primarily his voluminous personal diary. Zdeněk Brtnický of Waldstein was born on 12 May 1582. In his very childhood he became an orphan - his father Henry Brtnický of Waldstein and on Sádek died already in 1589, followed by his wife and Zdeněk's mother Susanne Helt of Kement three years later. First place where Waldstein is known to have studied, is Lutheran noblemen's school in Velké Meziříčí, which was founded by Waldstein's grandmother Alena Helt of Kement, born Meziříčská of Lomnice. From 1592 to 1594 he studied in Jihlava, then he studied in Brzeg in Silesia for other two years and in the summer 1596, equipped with good Latin education, he moved on to Strasbourg, where he stayed for three years and attended academy. In the years 1599 he set out on the grand tour through the western and southern Europe. Having first stayed for a few weeks in Paris, he...

Cette recherche porte sur la migration antifasciste de la Ligurie à la France dans l’entre-deux-guerres et montre comment elle s’adressa en particulier vers le Sud-Est et Paris. Il ne s’agit pas d’une étude générale mais centrée sur l’expérience des gens ordinaires et des familles migrantes. Il faut contextualiser l’expression «gens ordinaires» soit du point de vue historique, soit sociale et culturelle: en examinant les caractéristiques des sujets ligures impliqués dans l’exil antifasciste, dans leur territoire d’origine, cette catégorie devient un instrument précieux au fin de sonder de l’intérieur les dynamiques de network de la société. L’étude régionale adoptée permette de suivre des réseaux transnationaux liés à une très remarquable identité de village et/ou de parti politique, ce qui représente une typique modalité migratoire transalpine qui ne s’organisait pas selon des «Little Italies», mais plutôt selon des «petits villages italiens». / This research focus on antifascist migration from Liguria to France, explaining how it has been mostly toward the South-East and Paris. It doesn't target general studies: its focal point, indeed, is on common people and migrant families’ experience. The “Common people” expression must be historically, socially and culturally contextualized. By examining the topics of Ligurian subjects involved in the Interwar period exile, identified in their own original territory, the common people category becomes a precious instrument to evaluate society network dynamics from inside.The regional study allows to follow transnational networks with a strong native town or party identity, a typical Italian migration modality in France, which organized itself in “petits villages italiens” rather than the American model of “Little Italies”.

Resource basis for this work will be thee editorially still unprocessed diary parts of librarian, historian and teacher Josef Volf (1878 - 1937) - from the years 1925, 1933 and 1935. Thematically, the work will build on previous bachelor thesis Library of the National Museum in the first half of the 20th century through the eyes of Josef Volf. Now, however, will dela with personalities Josef Volf from the perspective of his teaching at Charles University, and especially at the State Library School. In this connection, will focus on the establishment and functioning of the educational institutions and the general process for creating a library legislation at the beginning of the first Czechoslovak Republic. Volfův diary should help reveal the specific difficulties of implementation of the Law on public libraries, discussions among experts in an informal level and the impact on the field of librarianship and library development and organization after its introduction. In addition, work will reflect the daily work issues, events, insights and finally Joseph Volf relationships with coworkers and acquaintances that are reflected in the records. Also tries comparison of parts to trace changes in all these aspects that come with a long time lag brings. It will also take account of the rich material...

PhDr. Jaroslav Mrňa Církevní a obecné dějiny 19. a 20. století Název disertační práce v anglickém jazyce: Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici. Anotace v anglickém jazyce: The parish chronicles in themself conceal an indelible link of parish administrators and they are often the only surviving trace of their thoughts and actions. Individual records in themself preserve not only the mentality of their writers, but also the valuable data from the life story of parishes. The dissertation thesis Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici brings the first complete view of the issue of the existence of parish chronicles and their use of the modern historical work in the field of religious and social history. It tries to highlight the important role of ego-documents to reconstruct the history of the life in the parish. In addition to the evaluation of the positive effects of the chronicle as a work of art, commemorative or official books, the thesis includes closer look at different types of documents and the structure of their scripts. For the analysis and the comparison there was made a...