A presente pesquisa visa compreender o pensamento ético-político de Alexis de Tocqueville, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da liberdade do cidadão no Estado democrático para, então, discutir a estreita relação estabelecida entre Estado democrático, liberdade e justiça. O interesse nesta discussão advém de uma dificuldade que a análise tocquevilliana da democracia traz à luz: por um lado o Estado democrático fundamenta-se necessariamente numa relação de harmonia entre a liberdade e a igualdade, por outro lado, tal harmonia é bastante problemática, pois exige dos homens virtudes cívicas opostas às propensões que dispõem naturalmente neste Estado. A falta destas virtudes isola os cidadãos e a conseqüência é o surgimento de um Estado despótico que, aniquilando suavemente a capacidade dos homens pensarem e agirem por si mesmos junto com seus semelhantes, os degrada. Para equacionar esta dificuldade Tocqueville, sem qualquer desprezo às características dos tempos democráticos, mas ciente da necessidade de conter as tendências desagregadoras destes tempos, admite a necessidade de educar o indivíduo para torná-lo um cidadão virtuoso. Aceitando que a virtude possa advir do interesse, faz-se necessário formar, pela ação dos próprios cidadãos concernidos, costumes e crenças que os projetem para além de si mesmos, que os façam reconhecer, no respeito à igual liberdade de todos demais, um critério de justiça adequado ao Estado democrático e à dignidade humana. Mas, se justo é a igual liberdade impõe-se que aceitemos o Estado democrático como radicalmente inacabado, sujeito à revezes e incertezas, posto que implica a permanente abertura ao diferente, à tolerância e ao pluralismo. / This thesis aims at understanding the ethical and political thought of Alexis de Tocqueville as far as the development of the citizen\'s freedom in the democratic state is concerned. This provides a basis for a discussion about the close relationship between democratic state, freedom, and justice. The interest in such a discussion comes from an issue raised by the tocquevillian analysis of democracy: if, on the one hand, the democratic state is necessarily based on a harmonious relationship between freedom and equality, on the other, such harmonious relationship is rather problematic because it demands from the citizens civic virtues which are opposed to their natural dispositions. The lack of such civic virtues isolates the citizens from each other, and can lead to the emergence of a despotic state, which degrades men because it subtly annihilates their ability to think and act by themselves. Without showing any disregard for the characteristics of democratic times, Tocqueville is aware of the necessity to limit the disruptive tendencies of those days and admits the need to educate men to make them become virtuous citizens. Accepting that virtue results from interest, then it becomes necessary that the concerned citizens develop a set of customs and beliefs which project them beyond themselves and make them recognize a criterium for justice which is appropriate to the democratic state and to human dignity. However fair equal freedom, one might accept that the democratic state is an unfinished business, subject to setbacks and uncertainties, and its future depends a great deal on mens ability to deal with difference, with tolerance and pluralism

A presente pesquisa visa compreender o pensamento ético-político de Alexis de Tocqueville, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da liberdade do cidadão no Estado democrático para, então, discutir a estreita relação estabelecida entre Estado democrático, liberdade e justiça. O interesse nesta discussão advém de uma dificuldade que a análise tocquevilliana da democracia traz à luz: por um lado o Estado democrático fundamenta-se necessariamente numa relação de harmonia entre a liberdade e a igualdade, por outro lado, tal harmonia é bastante problemática, pois exige dos homens virtudes cívicas opostas às propensões que dispõem naturalmente neste Estado. A falta destas virtudes isola os cidadãos e a conseqüência é o surgimento de um Estado despótico que, aniquilando suavemente a capacidade dos homens pensarem e agirem por si mesmos junto com seus semelhantes, os degrada. Para equacionar esta dificuldade Tocqueville, sem qualquer desprezo às características dos tempos democráticos, mas ciente da necessidade de conter as tendências desagregadoras destes tempos, admite a necessidade de educar o indivíduo para torná-lo um cidadão virtuoso. Aceitando que a virtude possa advir do interesse, faz-se necessário formar, pela ação dos próprios cidadãos concernidos, costumes e crenças que os projetem para além de si mesmos, que os façam reconhecer, no respeito à igual liberdade de todos demais, um critério de justiça adequado ao Estado democrático e à dignidade humana. Mas, se justo é a igual liberdade impõe-se que aceitemos o Estado democrático como radicalmente inacabado, sujeito à revezes e incertezas, posto que implica a permanente abertura ao diferente, à tolerância e ao pluralismo. / This thesis aims at understanding the ethical and political thought of Alexis de Tocqueville as far as the development of the citizen\'s freedom in the democratic state is concerned. This provides a basis for a discussion about the close relationship between democratic state, freedom, and justice. The interest in such a discussion comes from an issue raised by the tocquevillian analysis of democracy: if, on the one hand, the democratic state is necessarily based on a harmonious relationship between freedom and equality, on the other, such harmonious relationship is rather problematic because it demands from the citizens civic virtues which are opposed to their natural dispositions. The lack of such civic virtues isolates the citizens from each other, and can lead to the emergence of a despotic state, which degrades men because it subtly annihilates their ability to think and act by themselves. Without showing any disregard for the characteristics of democratic times, Tocqueville is aware of the necessity to limit the disruptive tendencies of those days and admits the need to educate men to make them become virtuous citizens. Accepting that virtue results from interest, then it becomes necessary that the concerned citizens develop a set of customs and beliefs which project them beyond themselves and make them recognize a criterium for justice which is appropriate to the democratic state and to human dignity. However fair equal freedom, one might accept that the democratic state is an unfinished business, subject to setbacks and uncertainties, and its future depends a great deal on mens ability to deal with difference, with tolerance and pluralism

“The beautiful, as a complement to the true” A study of the student's learning, participation and development - through dance, rhythmic and music as aesthetic learning processes at the after-school center. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the teachers in after-school centers work with students' learning, development and participation through aesthetic learning processes, and also to investigate how the work looks from a gender equality perspective. My research questions were: How do teachers work with students' learning and participation through aesthetic learning processes such as dance, rhythmic and music in the after-school center? Also: Does it look different when it comes to boys and girls participation in aesthetic learning processes? How and why in such a case? The method I used in my study was a qualitative research study with semi-structured interviews with two teachers in after-school centers and with a dance teacher and a rhythmic and music teacher. In the analysis of my material and as a theoretical perspective, I have used the knowledge forms episteme, techne and fronesis, as well as from a gender equality perspective.The results of the study show that the aesthetically trained teachers had a lot of experience and many thoughts about how to work with learning around aesthetic learning processes and from a subject-integrated way, including through language and mathematics. Unlike afterschool teachers who partly felt that there was a certain resistance or difficulty in working with dance, music and rhythmic as aesthetic learning processes at the after-school center, when the feeling of not feeling comfortable or not having the right knowledge existed. However, the teachers could see great joy and learning in the students in working with the aesthetic forms. Here, the most common aesthetic subject was arts and craft, which they started from at the after-school center. There were also many thoughts and ideas on how the work with dance, rhythmic and music could be developed more at the leisure center. When it comes to looking at it from a gender equality perspective, the answer was largely that the majority of girls choose the activity, but that the desire to work more with a broader gender equality perspective was present in everyone.