The thesis proposes a number of techniques for elaborating requirements constructively from high-level goals. The techniques are based on the KAOS goal-oriented method for requirements engineering. This method consists in identifying goals and refining them into subgoals until the latter can be assigned as responsibilities of single agents such as humans, devices and software. Domain properties and assumptions about the software environment are also used during the goal refinement process. The method supports the exploration of alternative goal refinements and alternative responsibility assignments of goals to agents. It also supports the identification and resolution of conflicts between goals, and the identification and resolution of exceptional agent behaviors, called obstacles, that violate goals and assumptions produced during the goal refinement process. The thesis enriches the KAOS framework through three kinds of techniques: (a) techniques for identifying agents, goal refinements, and alternative responsibility assignments, and for deriving agent interfaces from such responsibility assignments; (b) techniques for deriving operational requirements from goal specifications; (c) techniques for generating obstacles to the satisfaction of idealized goals and assumptions, and for generating alternative obstacle resolutions. The result is a coherent body of systematic techniques for requirements elaboration that are both theoretically well-founded (a formal model of agent is defined) and effective in practice (the techniques are validated on two real case studies of significant size: the London ambulance despatching system, and the Bay Area Rapid Transit train system).

The thesis proposes a number of techniques for elaborating requirements constructively from high-level goals. The techniques are based on the KAOS goal-oriented method for requirements engineering. This method consists in identifying goals and refining them into subgoals until the latter can be assigned as responsibilities of single agents such as humans, devices and software. Domain properties and assumptions about the software environment are also used during the goal refinement process. The method supports the exploration of alternative goal refinements and alternative responsibility assignments of goals to agents. It also supports the identification and resolution of conflicts between goals, and the identification and resolution of exceptional agent behaviors, called obstacles, that violate goals and assumptions produced during the goal refinement process. The thesis enriches the KAOS framework through three kinds of techniques: (a) techniques for identifying agents, goal refinements, and alternative responsibility assignments, and for deriving agent interfaces from such responsibility assignments; (b) techniques for deriving operational requirements from goal specifications; (c) techniques for generating obstacles to the satisfaction of idealized goals and assumptions, and for generating alternative obstacle resolutions. The result is a coherent body of systematic techniques for requirements elaboration that are both theoretically well-founded (a formal model of agent is defined) and effective in practice (the techniques are validated on two real case studies of significant size: the London ambulance despatching system, and the Bay Area Rapid Transit train system).

La première partie de ce travail traite des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux silicones de type HCR réalisés à partir de macromolécules dont la structure a dû être déterminée. Les relations existantes entre macromolécules initiales et matériaux finaux sont discutées. Cela nous a permis d’isoler un seul paramètre à ajuster pour développer un procédé permettant l’architecturation des propriétés mécaniques d’une membrane en silicone : la densité de réticulation. Ensuite, nous avons comparé trois classes d’élastomères silicones en tentant de comprendre comment les différences de réseau, comprenant une matrice commune mais des moyens de réticulation et renforcements différents, influaient sur les propriétés mécaniques simples (par exemple de traction et de dureté) et plus avancées (comme les propriétés dynamiques et élastiques). L’influence du réseau, des charges, du mécanisme de réticulation et les différentes interactions existantes entre eux, ont orienté notre choix sur la formulation dont la réticulation est la plus contrôlée, et les propriétés élastiques les meilleures, c’est-à-dire les LSR. Nous avons alors développé un procédé permettant de contrôler localement la cinétique de réticulation d’une formulation silicone par dégradation du catalyseur aux UV. Ce procédé très simple nous a permis d’obtenir une large gamme de propriétés mécaniques avec des conditions de réticulations semblables. Les deux premières études ont permis d’expliquer plus facilement le comportement mécanique des matériaux-sous-réticulés. Des membranes anisotropes ont pu être réalisées à l’aide de masques à motifs. Les membranes obtenues ont même ouvert la porte à des perspectives très intéressantes, comme l’architecturation de surface par lavage au solvant, la post-fonctionnalisation chimique via les fonctions non réagies, et le collage cohésif silicone-silicone. / The first part of this work deals with the mechanical properties of high consistency silicone rubbers crafted from macromolecules whose structure had to be determined, and the existing links between initial macromolecules and final material behavior. It allowed us to choose only one parameter to adjust in order to manufacture mechanically architectured silicone membranes: the crosslinking density. Then, three types of silicone elastomers were compared in an attempt to understand how network differences, comprising the same matrix but different crosslinking chemistry and reinforcement, influenced the mechanical properties, both simple (such as hardness and modulus), and more complex (dynamic, and elastic). The influence of the network, fillers, matrix and the different interactions between them oriented our choice towards the silicone ty with the best control of the crosslinking and best elasticity, namely LSR. Then, we developed a process allowing the local control of the crosslinking kinetics of a silicone formulation by UV degradation of the crosslinking catalyst prior to regular heat crosslinking. From this simple and versatile process, materials with a wide range of mechanical properties were manufactured and characterized. The first two studies helped us to understand the mechanical properties of under and regularly crosslinked materials. Anisotropic membranes were also manufactured thanks to the use of patterned masks during irradiation. The obtained materials opened up new promising perspectives, such as surface architecturation through solvent wash of under crosslinked zone, chemical post functionalization of unreacted moieties, or even cohesive silicone-silicone gluing.

Dans le contexte actuel d’évolution et de transformation du travail, notre recherche s’attache à comprendre et à expliquer de quelle manière des acteurs professionnels (individuels et collectifs), engagés dans la définition des politiques et des pratiques de formations professionnelles aéronautiques, parviennent, collectivement, à se mettre d’accord sur des normes et des contenus de programmes de formation. Cette recherche compare des activités de délibérations collectives de deux groupes professionnels (l’un à dimension nationale et l’autre à dimension locale) qui ont en charge la définition de nouveaux programmes et normes de formations techniques qualifiantes. Les membres de ces groupes (27 et 20 sujets) représentent des entreprises, des formateurs, responsables de lycées techniques, des Ministères compétents, des figures individuelles reconnues du secteur aéronautique au plan national. Au niveau méthodologique, dans une approche exploratoire compréhensive, nous avons observé et enregistré systématiquement les réunions de ces deux groupes durant une année. Nous avons aussi analysé les discours qui en découlent ainsi qu’effectué et examiné des entretiens semi-directifs et des questionnaires que nous avons construits. Dans une perspective systémique, active et plurielle de la socialisation, le modèle de l’interstructuration du sujet et des institutions (Baubion-Broye & Hajjar, 1998) auquel nous nous référons considère que les activités du sujet sont construites et signifiées par lui, tout au long de sa vie, et en interaction avec autrui. Nos résultats montrent, notamment, que les décideurs prennent majoritairement des décisions collectives par « consensus apparent » et qu’il y a un lien entre l’expression manifeste d’alliances et le degré de consensus. Les relations interpersonnelles évoluent au cours du temps. / In the current context of evolution and transformation of work, our research attempts to understand and explain how professional actors (individual and collective), engaged in the definition of policies and practices of aeronautic vocational trainings, come to an agreement, collectively, on standards and contents of training programs. This research confronts processes of collective deliberations of two professional groups (one of national size and the other of local size) which have to define new programs and norms concerning qualifying technical trainings. Members of these groups (27 and 20 subjects) represent companies, trainers or managers of technical schools (private or public), competent ministries, individual figures recognized in the aeronautic field. At a methodological level, in a comprehensive exploratory approach, we have systematically observed and analyzed meetings of these two groups during one year as well as the speeches that come out from meetings. We made and analyzed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires we had built. In a systemic, active and plural approach of socialization, the interstructuration model of subject and institutions we refer to (Baubion-Broye & Haijar, 1998), considers that subject builds his activities all along his life and in interaction with other people. Our results show, on one hand that, generally, decision-makers arrive on a conclusion and a decision thanks to “apparent consensus”. On the other hand our study proves there is a link between the evident expression of coalitions and the consensus degree. Interpersonal relations change over time.