Arbetet dimensionerar ett panelsystem för att motstå yttre påfrestningar som snö och vind, samtidigt som att det ska erbjuda oförstörande av- och påmontering. Hållfasthetsberäkningar har utförts med hjälp av statiska balkfall. Dimensionering av spår, snäppfunktion och låsningar i profilsystemet har utförts. Konstruktionsritningar har utförts, baserade på dimensionering och standarder. Med hjälp av detta arbete går det att tillverka detta system, åtminstone i ett prototypstadie. / This work dimensions a panel system to withstand external loads such as snow and wind, while it will offer non-destructive removing and assembly. Strength calculations have been performed using static beam cases. The design of the track, the snap-fit assembly and locks in the profile system has been changed. Construction drawings have been made, based on the calculated dimensions and required ISO-standards. With the existing work, it is possible to manufacture this system, at least in a prototype stage.

The amount and morphology of the graphite phase largely controls the resulting properties of cast iron. For instance, in flake graphite cast irons the mechanical properties are low while the thermal conductivity is high. This is in contrast with spheroidal graphite cast irons where the mechanical properties are high and the thermal conductivity is low. These differences are due to the different graphite morphologies and must be accounted for in the design work and material selection of cast iron components. In this work the influence of the graphite phase on the elastic and plastic deformation behaviour of cast irons has been studied. The material grades studied originate from castings for marine diesel engine piston rings with different chemical analyses. Two groups of pearlitic cast iron materials were studied; one with differences in graphite morphology and one with grey irons that differed in graphite content. For these different material grades the mechanical properties were correlated to microstructural parameters. In addition to standard uniaxial tensile tests, acoustic emission measurements were used for the study of deformation. When studying the modulus of elasticity of the cast iron it was found that the modulus of elasticity of the inherent graphite phase depends on the roundness of the graphite particles and is due to the strong anisotropy of the graphite phase. A linear correlation between nodularity and the modulus of elasticity of the graphite phase was derived. This correlation made it possible to account for the anisotropy of the graphite phase in the model used. By applying the linear function when modelling the effective modulus of elasticity, a high accuracy between experimental and theoretical values was achieved. Another factor affecting the elastic response when subjecting a cast iron component to tensile load was found to be the plastic deformation that actually occurs at very low strains for all of the studied cast iron grades. It was observed that the plastic deformation in the low strain elastic region, quantified by using acoustic emission measurements, increased linearly with decreasing modulus of elasticity. These measurements showed that the amount of plastic deformation in the elastic region was largely controlled by the graphite morphology. It was concluded that as the roundness of the graphite particles increases, the plastic deformation activity in the elastic region decreases. The plastic deformation activity continued linearly into the pronounced plastic region of the tensile tests. A decrease in roundness or increase in graphite fraction resulted in an increase of the amount of plastic deformation and the strain hardening exponent. A dependence between strength coefficient and graphite fraction was observed. Models for the flow curves for pearlitic cast irons were developed and shown to accurately reproduce the observed experimental curves. The surveys performed and conclusions from this thesis will be helpful in the design of new cast iron materials.

The thesis deals with the issue of suspension of the 5th passenger car door. The introductory part deals with the possibilities of mounting the 5th passenger car door. In the next part, a HDS hinge was selected, which is further solved using a numerical and experimental method. Aluminium alloy was used on this HDS hinge to reduce weight. In the first step, a technical experiment was performed on the existing state (steel) and a strain-strain analysis was performed. Based on the stress-strain analysis of the material change variant without structural change, unsatisfactory results were obtained. After that, design changes were proposed such as increasing the thickness of the tube wall in the Creo program, and this variant was also subjected to a stress-strain analysis using the numerical modelling. Comparison of the results was based on the values of elastic deformation and equivalent stress. Finally, the thesis dealt with the manufacturability of the proposed component within which, a technical experiment was carried out.

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Vibrationsflächenförderer bieten höhere Flexibilität bei der Teilehandhabung durch elastische Fasern auf der Förderfläche. Der Materialtransport wird dabei entscheidend durch die Faserverformung beeinflusst. Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Deformationsverhalten von Einzelfasern und Faserbündeln mittels Simulation und Experiment. Die Erkenntnisse ermöglichen die analytische Berechnung der Verformungen in guter Näherung und die Ableitung einer Kalibriermethode zur Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Faseroberflächen. / Vibratory brush conveyors offer higher flexibility for part handling using elastic fibers on conveyor surfaces. Material transport is hereby decisively affected by fiber deformation. This paper studies the deformation behavior of single fibers as well as bundles with simulation and experiment. The findings enable analytical prediction of deflections in close approximation and deduction of a calibration method to characterize given fiber surfaces.

A need for a quantitative method to determine body water level has been identified by a team of Clinical Innovation Fellows at the Centre for Technology in Medicine and Health (CTMH). A reliable way to determine body water level would bring great benefits to the healthcare sector, where no optimal method is available at the time of writing. A possible solution is a sensor that would measure alterations in skin properties due to changes in total body water. CTMH has had an idea of such a sensor, which is evaluated in this work. At an early stage of this evaluation process, it became clear that the research regarding correlations between skin properties and body hydration level was not sufficient to warrant the initiation of a sensor development process. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis became to investigate such correlations. An extensive literature review is presented, from which an experiment was developed. The experiment was performed on four human test subjects and involved measurements of skin thickness and elasticity parameters, before and after a weight loss of 3.2-3.7 % due to dehydration. The results showed clear decreases in skin thickness and indications of alterations in skin distensibility as well as in the skin’s immediate elastic response to applied negative pressure. It could also be seen that skin at different body sites does not respond in the same way - calves showed more distinct results than thighs and volar forearm. The material provided in this thesis encourages further studies of the correlation between the mentioned properties and total body water. If a predictable correlation can be found, a sensor development process could start. A reliable way to determine body water level would bring great benefits to the healthcare sector, where no optimal method is available at the time of writing. / Ett behov av att kvantitativt kunna mäta kroppens vattennivå har identifierats av Clinical Innovation Fellowship vid Centrum för Teknik i Medicin och Hälsa (CTMH). Ett tillförlitligt sätt att mäta kroppens vattennivå skulle gynna hälso- och sjukvården på många sätt då ingen optimal metod är tillgänglig i dagsläget. En möjlig lösning skulle kunna vara en sensor som mäter variationer i hudegenskaper till följd av förändringar i kroppens vattennivå. CTMH har haft en idé om en sådan sensor, vilken utvärderas i detta arbete. I ett tidigt skede av utvärderingsprocessen framkom det tydligt att tillräcklig forskning saknades gällande korrelationer mellan hudens egenskaper och kroppens vattennivå. Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta masterexamensarbete blev därför att undersöka sådana korrelationer. En omfattande litteraturgransking gjordes, och utifrån denna utformades ett experiment. Experimentet utfördes på fyra testpersoner och innefattade mätningar av hudens tjocklek samt elasticitetsparameterar. Dessa utfördes före och efter viktnedgång av 3,2-3,7 % till följd av vattenförlust. Resultaten visade på en tydlig minskning av hudtjockleken samt indikationer på förändringar av hudens tänjbarhet samt dess omedelbara elastiska respons vid pålagt negativt tryck. Det visade sig också att huden inte reagerar på samma sätt på olika kroppsdelar - vader visade tydligare förändringar jämfört med lår och armar. Det material som presenteras i detta examensarbete uppmuntrar till fortsatt utredning av korrelationer mellan de nämnda hudegenskaperna och kroppens vattennivå. Om det går att förutse korrelationer finns det förutsättningar för att påbörja utveckling av en sensor.

<p>  </p> <p>Water scarcity is a global problem impacting a majority of the world population. A significant proportion of the global population is deprived of clean drinking water, an impact felt by the rural as well as urban population. Saltwater desalination provides an attractive option to produce clean water. Some technologies to generate potable water include reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), vapor compression distillation and multi-effect distillation (MED). Distillation plants such as those in MED often have falling-film evaporators operating at low energy conversion efficiency and hence distillation is performed over multiple stages (or effects). Porous materials can be utilized as evaporators in such plants with the objective of leveraging their superior efficiency. This can potentially decrease the number of effects over which distillation occurs. However, evaporation of high-salinity salt solution eventually results in salt precipitation which can cause fouling and induce structural damages, especially if the precipitates appear within the porous medium. Crystallization-induced structural damages are also of significant concern to building materials and for their role in weathering of historical monuments. It is thus crucial to understand the mechanisms governing salt precipitation in a porous medium.</p> <p>Transport of solute in such a medium is either driven by flow of the solution (advection) or by concentration gradients (diffusion). The dynamics of solute transport is further complicated due to the involvement of a reaction term accounting for any salt precipitation. The relative strengths of these driving forces determine the solute transport behavior during an evaporation-driven process. The wide-scale applications of solute transport and its complicated nature warrant investigation, both experimental and theoretical, of the dependence of solute transport and the subsequent precipitation on the operating conditions and the properties of the porous medium.</p> <p>This dissertation first focuses on developing a novel modeling framework for evaluating the transient behavior of the solute mass fraction profile within the domain of a one-dimensional porous medium, and extending its capability to predict the formation of salt precipitate in the medium.  Experimental investigations are then performed to study the formation of precipitate on sintered porous copper wicks of different particle-size compositions, and developing a mechanistic understanding of the governing principles.</p> <p>A numerical modeling framework is developed to analyze evaporation-driven solute transport. Transient advection-diffusion equations govern the salt mass fraction profile of the solution inside the porous medium. These governing equations are solved to obtain the solute mass fraction profile within the porous medium as well as the effloresced salt crust. Further accounting for precipitation allows a study of the formation and growth of efflorescence and subflorescence. Crystallization experiments are performed by allowing a NaCl solution to evaporate from a porous medium of copper particles and the subflorescence trends predicted by the model are validated. The modeling framework offers a comprehensive tool for predicting the spatio-temporal solute mass fraction profiles and subsequent precipitation in a porous medium.</p> <p>The dependence of efflorescence pattern on the properties of a porous medium is also investigated. Efflorescence patterns are visually observed and characterized on sintered copper particle wicks with spatially unimodal and bimodal compositions of different particle sizes. Efflorescence is found to form earlier and spread readily over a wick made from smaller particles, owing to their lower porosity, while it is limited to certain areas of the surface for wicks composed of the larger particles. A scaling analysis explains the observed efflorescence patterns in the bimodal wicks caused by particle size-induced non-uniform porosity and permeability. The non-uniformity reduces the advective flux in a high-permeability region by diverting flow towards a low-permeability region. This reduction in advective flux manifests as an exclusion distance surrounding a crystallization site where efflorescence is not expected to occur. The dependence of this exclusion distance on the porosity and permeability of the porous medium and the operating conditions is investigated. A large exclusion distance associated with the regions with bigger particles in the bimodal wicks explains preferential efflorescence over the regions with smaller particles. This novel scaling analysis coupled with the introduction of the exclusion distance provides guidelines for designing heterogeneous porous media that can localize efflorescence.</p> <p>Additionally, droplet interactions with microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces as well as soft surfaces were investigated during the course of this dissertation, separate from the above investigations. These investigations involve the interplay of surface energies with electrical or elastic energies and are studied both experimentally and through theoretical models, and therefore are retained as additional chapters in the thesis as being of relevant interest.  Electrowetting experiments are performed on superhydrophobic surfaces with re-entrant structures to study their resilience to the Cassie-to-Wenzel transition. The deformation of soft surfaces caused by forces exerted by microscale droplets is studied and the resulting interaction between multiple droplets is explored. </p>