Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07295.pdf: 6617875 bytes, checksum: 02bc676c5e25a80397e40d7d6eecf61d (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

No description available.

No description available.

Coulomb Sum Rule states that the integration of the longitudinal response of a nucleus over the range of energy excitation dominated by quasi-elastic proton knock-out process should be equal to the total number of protons in the nucleus. The test of Coulomb Sum Rule will shed light on the question of whether or not the properties of nucleon are modified in the nuclear medium. In order to test the Coulomb Sum Rule in nuclei, a precision measurement of inclusive electron scattering cross sections in the quasi-elastic region was performed at Jefferson Lab. Incident electrons with energies ranging from 0.4 GeV to 4 GeV scattered from 4He, 12C, 56Fe and 208Pb nuclei at four scattering angles ( 15°, 60°, 90°, 120°) and scattered energies ranging from 0.1 GeV to 4 GeV. The Rosenbluth method with proper coulomb corrections is used to extract the transverse and longitudinal response functions at three-momentum transfers in the range 0.55 GeV/c ≤ |q| ≤ 1.0 GeV/c. The Coulomb Sum Rule is determined in the same |q| range and compared to predictions. This work is supported by the Department Of Energy through grant DE-FG02-94ER40844. / Physics

Using multiple theoretical methods, comprehensive calculations are performed to create a new and more comprehensive data set for elastic scattering and related transport cross sections for collisions of (H$^+$ + H), (H + H) and (He$^{2+}$ + H) in the center-of-mass energy frame. In proton-atomic hydrogen collisions, we have significantly updated and extended previous work of elastic scattering, charge transfer and related transport integral and differential cross sections in the center-of-mass energy range $10^{-4} - 10^4$ eV where the multi-channel molecular orbital approach (MO3) is used. For atomic hydrogen-hydrogen collisions, similar updates have been made of elastic scattering and spin exchange differential and integral cross sections, also for the H + H collision the ionization and negative ion formation cross sections are provided in energy range (1-20 KeV) by use of the 'hidden crossing' theoretical framework. For collisions of alpha particles with atomic hydrogen we have computed the elastic scattering cross section in the center-of-mass energy range $10^{-4} - 10^8$ eV. In this case, at the lowest energies where elastic scattering greatly dominates other reaction channels, a single-channel quasi-molecular-orbital approach (MO1) is used. With the opening of inelastic channels at higher energies the multi-channel atomic-orbital, close-coupling method is applied, and at the highest energies considered perturbation theory (the Born approximation) is used. The results are compared with other data available in literature.

No description available.

This thesis presents a nonadiabatic (4-body) description of the hydrogen-antihydrogen system at a nonrelativistic level. The properties of the system, the rearrangement processes and the possible existence of resonance states are investigated by using a variational method for coupled arrangement channels, the Gaussian Expansion Method, and the stabilization method. The 4-body basis set is optimized by means of prediagonalization of 2-body fragments. In paper I, a mass-scaling procedure of the Born-Oppenheimer potential is introduced for the description of the relative motion between hydrogen and antihydrogen. The nonadiabaticity of the system is investigated in paper II.

In this thesis we numerically compute the scattering lengths and bound states for sodium-rubidium collisions at low energy. This work was motivated by experiments which aim to produce Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) mixtures of sodium-rubidium. Elastic collision properties are important for the rethermalization of the atoms during the evaporative cooling process. Inelastic processes, which we also discuss to some extent, cause trap losses in those experiments. In order to reach the required temperature and density the elastic collision rates should be sufficiently large compared to the inelastic rates. The scattering lengths, which completely specify the elastic collision parameters at low energy, determine the miscibility and phase diagram of the sodium-rubidium condensate mixture. We calculate the scattering lengths approximately and find agreement with previous calculations indicating that miscible phases of sodium and rubidium condensates do not appear to be feasible in the absence of external fields.

One-nucleon halo nuclei are exotic nuclei which can be seen as a core around which orbits a loosely-bound valence nucleon. They are usually studied through reactions such as elastic scattering and breakup. The ratio method has been developed as a tool to study one-neutron halo nuclei at high energies. It consists of the ratio of angular cross sections, breakup and elastic scattering, which removes most of the sensitivity to the reaction mechanism and to the reaction model. In the simple recoil excitation and breakup (REB) model, the ratio simplifies to a form factor dependent solely on the wave function of the projectile. By measuring this observable and comparing it to the REB form factor, i.e. in the ratio method, more detailed information on the structure of the halo could be obtained. For neutron-halo nuclei at high energy, the ratio observable obtained from accurate CDCC and DEA theoretical calculations follows its REB prediction. I study the extension of this method to lower energies of the reaction which could make the measurement appropriate to facilities such as SPIRAL2 (GANIL, Caen, France) and ReA12 at FRIB (Michigan State University) and to proton halos. This is done by comparing the REB form factor to dynamical calculations of the ratio. The reactions investigated are the reaction of 11Be, the archetypical one-neutron halo nucleus, on 12C, 40Ca and 208Pb targets at 20 MeV/nucleon and of 8B, the archetypical one-proton halo nucleus, on 12C, 58Ni and 208Pb targets at44 MeV/nucleon.For these reactions, the adiabatic assumption is no longer valid due to the effect of the Coulomb interaction. This effect is mainly visible at forward angle for 11Be and is aggravated for 8B by the fact that the halo is charged. The ratio works less well than for neutron-halos at intermediate and high energies. Nevertheless, the ratio is shown to be very sensitive to the orbital angular momentum l0 in which the halo is bound and its binding energy E0, i.e. the single-particle structure of the projectile. Variations of l0 and E0 induce visible changes in shape and in magnitude (up to several orders) of the ratio. Also, the agreement of the ratio with its REB prediction is best when the projectile is loosely-bound and for low l0, i.e. for s and p waves. The validity of the method is not affected by the use of energy ranges—or bins— in the projectile continuum. These tend to increase the cross section without changing the agreement of the ratio with its REB prediction. The applicability of the method is finally explored at high energy for proton-rich nuclei 17F, 25Al and 27P. I show that the ratio method works the latter since this nucleus is bound by a mere 0.870 MeV in the s-wave. For the other nuclei, although the agreement of the ratio with its REB prediction is less good than for neutron-halo nuclei at high energy, it still provides estimates of nuclear-structure features, such as l0 and E0 and could be applied in what can be called an approximate application of the ratio method. Heavy nuclei exhibit a neutron skin, i.e. a thin layer around the nucleus where only neutrons are found. The thickness of the skin is highly correlated with the slope of the symmetry energy. The process of coherent neutral-pion photoproduction is used to extract the nuclear density and hence the neutron-skin thickness of heavy nuclei. In order to analyse recent data on the photoproduction on 12C, 40,48Ca, 116, 120, 124Sn and 208Pb, I build a reaction code. My model uses the formalism of Kerman, McManus and Thaler (KMT) which allows to build the photoproduction matrix on a nucleus from the ones describing the elementary process on a single nucleon. Within the impulse approximation, the photoproduction is seen as the coherent sum of the photoproduction on each of the nucleons. In the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA), no rescattering of the pion is considered after its production and the cross section is directly proportional to the Fourier transform of the density. Such process is taken into account at the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) by considering a potential simulating the pion-nucleus interaction and built from the KMT formalism.The agreement of my model with the data is good, especially for 208Pb. The distortion has a significant impact on the photoproduction process. The sensitivity of the process to the density of the target is analysed by performing the calculations with several different densities calculated in different structure models. The distortion has the effect of deteriorating this sensitivity. In the particular case of a 208Pb target, the impact of variations of the neutron-skin thickness of around 0.1 fm on the photoproduction cross section is ten times smaller than the size of the error bars on the experimental data. These results, although less dramatic, hold for the tin targets, for which preliminary data exists. In the light of these results, the coherent neutral-pion photoproduction process does not seem to be suited in the study of the neutron-skin thickness. This conclusion goes in contrast to the results of recent measurements on 208Pb, for which the method was shown to be sensitive to fine details of the density. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Alors que la nouvelle génération de détecteurs directs de matière sombre est en cours de construction, dans l’espoir de trouver de la matière sombre avec une masse inférieure au GeV, il est important de comprendre comment le rayonnement naturel peut produire un fond d’interactions à faible énergie. Cette thèse s’intéressera à la simulation de la diffusion élastique des rayons γ, une source possible de fonds pour les détecteurs de matière sombre sub-GeV. La simulation utilise le logiciel SuperSim basé sur Geant4 afin de modéliser l’expérience SuperCDMS SNOLAB. Une version modifiée du G4JAEAElasticScatteringModel appelée CDMSJAEAElasticScatteringModel a été mise en oeuvre dans SuperSim afin de simuler les mécanismes de diffusion de photon élastiques Rayleigh, nucléaire Thomson et Delbrück. Le CDMSJAEAElasticScatteringModel ajoute la possibilité pour les particules γ de déposer de l’énergie après avoir été diffusées élastiquement. La validité de ces deux modèles a été vérifiée et des erreurs dans le logicielle ont été rencontrées dans leur traitement des distributions d’angle de diffusion des photons qui déterminent les spectres d’énergie déposée. Les sections efficaces totales sont en accord avec la documentation et d’autres sources. Malgré les erreurs logicielles, la simulation définit une limite inférieure sur le taux de diffusion élastique des rayons γ de ∼ 0,01 et ∼ 0,035 photon diffusé élastiquement par kg par an pour les détecteurs SuperCDMS SNOLAB au germanium et au silicium, respectivement. Ces limites inférieures sont définies à l’aide d’une coupure d’énergie de recul de 1 eV. Cela fait de la diffusion élastique des rayons γ une source importante de bruit de fond pour détecteurs SuperCDMS proposés avec des capacités de discrimination ER/NR à des énergies de recul à l’échelle eV. / While the new generation of direct dark matter detectors are being built in the hopes of finding sub-GeV dark matter, it is important to understand how natural radiation can produce a background of low-energy interactions. This thesis will analyze simulating γ-ray elastic scattering, a possible source of background for sub-GeV dark matter detectors. The simulation uses Geant4-based SuperSim software in order to model the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment. A modified version of the G4JAEAElasticScatteringModel called CDMSJAEAElasticScatteringModel was implemented into SuperSim in order to simulate the Rayleigh, nuclear Thomson and Delbrück γ-ray elastic scattering mechanisms. The CDMSJAEAElasticScatteringModel adds the ability for the γ particles to deposit energy after being elastically scattered. The validity of both these models was checked, and errors were encountered in their treatment of photon scattering angle distributions which determine the deposited energy spectra. The total cross sections are consistent with the documentation and other sources. Despite the bug, the simulation does set a lower bound on the γ-ray elastic scattering rate of ∼ 0.01 and ∼ 0.035 elastically scattered photon per kg per year for germanium and silicon SuperCDMS SNOLAB detectors, respectively. These lower bounds are set using a 1 eV recoil energy cutoff. In conclusion, γ-ray elastic scattering a significant source of background for proposed SuperCDMS detectors with ER/NR discrimination capabilities at eV-scale recoil energies.