Under the determined impulse of the European Union to limit the environmental impact of energy-related services, the electricity sector will face several challenges in coming years. Integrating renewable energy sources in the distribution networks is certainly one of the most urging issues to be tackled with. The current grid and production structure cannot absorb the high penetration shares anticipated for 2020 without putting at risk the entire system. The innovative concept of smart grid offers promising solutions and interesting implementation possibilities. The objective of the thesis is to specifically study the technical and economic benefits that the creation of an aggregator on the Swedish island of Gotland would imply. Comparing Gotland's power system characteristics to the broad variety of solutions offered by demand side management, wind power integration enhancement by demand response appeared particularly suited. A business case, specifically oriented towards the minimisation of transmission losses by adapting the electric heat load of private households to the local wind production was designed. Numerical simulations have been conducted, evaluating the technical and economic outcomes, along with the environmental benets, under the current conditions on Gotland. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to determine the key parameters for a successful implementation. A prospective scenario for 2020, with the addition of electric vehicles, has finally been simulated to estimate the long term profitability of an aggregator on the island. The simulation results indicate that despite patent technical benefits for the distribution network, the studied service would not be profitable in the current situation on Gotland. This, because the transmission losses through the HVDC-cable concern limited amounts of power that are purchased on a market characterized by relatively cheap prices and low volatility. Besides, the high fixed costs the aggregator has to face to install technical equipment in every household constitutes another barrier to its setting up.

Large share of Swedish building stock were built during 1940-1980 when people were not fully aware of the energy efficiency concept. Majority of the buildings that made energy declaration are in energy class E-G, which are considered as high energy consumption buildings with low energy performance, and only few buildings meet the Swedish requirements for near zero energy buildings which are in energy class A-C. The energy renovation rate of the existing buildings is low and more needs to be done to make the Swedish building stock energy and resource efficient. In this thesis the potential of energy efficiency improvement is investigated for an old multi family house built during the Million program in Sweden. Passive energy renovation measures on the demand-side along with active energy renovation measures on the supply-side were investigated together with their combinations resulting in eight different cases. The investigated demand-side refurbishments are additional attic floor insulation and replacement of windows with insulated glass windows while the supply-side refurbishments are rooftop PV installation and conversion to water-based heating system with GSHP. The results of this study show that combination of all four energy efficiency measures has the highest energy-saving potential and yields the highest NPV compared to the other cases for an assumed real discount rate of 3% and grid purchase price of 1.60 SEK/kWh, while requiringthe highest CAPEX. On the other hand, GSHP with water-based heating system requires two times lower CAPEX, however, has high energy-saving potential and yields high NPV. / En stor del av Sveriges byggnadsbestånd byggdes under 1940-1980, då folk inte var fullt medvetna om energieffektiviseringskonceptet. Större delen av byggnaderna som har upprättat energideklaration är i energiklass E-G vilket anses vara byggnader med hög energibrukning med låg energiprestanda och endast ett fåtal byggnader uppfyller de svenska kraven som ställs för nära noll energi byggnader som är i energiklass A-C. Energirenoveringstakten i de befintliga byggnaderna är låg och mer behöver göras för att göra Sveriges byggnadsbestånd energi- och resurseffektivt. I detta examensarbete undersöks potentialen för energieffektivisering i ett äldre flerfamiljshus som byggdes under Miljonprogrammet i Sverige. Passiva energirenoveringar som avser energiefterfrågesidan såväl som aktiva energirenoveringar som avser energiförsörjningssidan undersöktes tillsammans med deras kombinationer, vilket resulterade i åtta olika fall. De undersökta energirenoveringarna som avser energiefterfrågesidan är tilläggsisolering av vindbjälkslag och byte av fönster till isolerglas medan energirenoveringarna som avser energiförsörjningssidan är installation av solceller på taket och konvertering till vattenburen värme med bergvärmepump. Resultatet av denna studie visar att kombinationer av alla fyra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder har den högsta energibesparingspotentialen och ger den högsta NPV jämfört med de andra fallen för en antagen real kalkylränta på 3% och ett elpris på 1.60 SEK/kWh, samtidigt som det kräver högst CAPEX. Däremot, bergvärmepump med vattenburen värme kräver två gånger lägre CAPEX, samtidigt som det har hög energibesparingspotential och ger hög NPV.

Master´s thesis is focusing on zero energy building with technical equipment. The building was built in 70. decade of last century. It has been using for sport and cultular events until these days. Restaurant was connected to sport hall. First part is focusing on zero energy building and technical equipment, their using, combination and optimal connecting in systém. Second part solving how many fotovoltaic panels must be in the system to reching economic advantage. In third part is solving how to connecting fotovoltaic panels to the system.

<p>The principal aim was to study selected aspects of indoor environment in dwellings and their association with symptoms compatible with the sick building syndrome (SBS). A validated questionnaire was developed specifically for residential indoor investigations, using sociological principles and test procedures. The questionnaire was mailed to 14,243 multi-family dwellings in Stockholm, selected by stratified random sampling. Females, subjects with a history of atopy, those above 65 y, and those in new buildings reported more symptoms. Subjects owning their own dwelling had less symptoms. A multiple regression model was developed, to identify residential buildings with a higher than expected occurrence of SBS. In total, 28.5% reported at least one sign of building dampness in their home (condensation on windows, humidity in the bathroom, mouldy odour, water leakage). All indicators of dampness were related to symptoms, even when adjusting for demographic data, and other building characteristics (OR=2.9-6.0). Associations between symptoms and other building data was evaluated in older houses, built before 1961. Subjects in older buildings with a mechanical ventilation system had fewer symptoms. Heating by electric radiators, and wood heating was associated with an increase of most types of symptoms (OR=1.2-5.0). Multiple sealing measures (OR=1.3), and major reconstruction (OR=1.1-1.9), was associated with an increase of symptoms. The effect of seasonal adapted ventilation (SAV) was studied in a small experimental study. A 20% reduction of ventilation flow from 0.5-0.8 ac/h to 0.4-0.5 ACH during the heating season increased the perception of poor indoor air quality in the dwelling in general, and in the bedroom. In conclusion, low building age, and building dampness in the dwelling are associated with SBS. In older houses, mechanical ventilation is beneficial. The thesis did not support the view that energy saving measures in general is an important risk factor for SBS, but major reconstruction and multiple sealing measures can be risk factor for symptoms. Reducing the outdoor ventilation flow below the current Swedish ventilation standard (0.5 ACH) may increase the perception of impaired air quality. </p>

The principal aim was to study selected aspects of indoor environment in dwellings and their association with symptoms compatible with the sick building syndrome (SBS). A validated questionnaire was developed specifically for residential indoor investigations, using sociological principles and test procedures. The questionnaire was mailed to 14,243 multi-family dwellings in Stockholm, selected by stratified random sampling. Females, subjects with a history of atopy, those above 65 y, and those in new buildings reported more symptoms. Subjects owning their own dwelling had less symptoms. A multiple regression model was developed, to identify residential buildings with a higher than expected occurrence of SBS. In total, 28.5% reported at least one sign of building dampness in their home (condensation on windows, humidity in the bathroom, mouldy odour, water leakage). All indicators of dampness were related to symptoms, even when adjusting for demographic data, and other building characteristics (OR=2.9-6.0). Associations between symptoms and other building data was evaluated in older houses, built before 1961. Subjects in older buildings with a mechanical ventilation system had fewer symptoms. Heating by electric radiators, and wood heating was associated with an increase of most types of symptoms (OR=1.2-5.0). Multiple sealing measures (OR=1.3), and major reconstruction (OR=1.1-1.9), was associated with an increase of symptoms. The effect of seasonal adapted ventilation (SAV) was studied in a small experimental study. A 20% reduction of ventilation flow from 0.5-0.8 ac/h to 0.4-0.5 ACH during the heating season increased the perception of poor indoor air quality in the dwelling in general, and in the bedroom. In conclusion, low building age, and building dampness in the dwelling are associated with SBS. In older houses, mechanical ventilation is beneficial. The thesis did not support the view that energy saving measures in general is an important risk factor for SBS, but major reconstruction and multiple sealing measures can be risk factor for symptoms. Reducing the outdoor ventilation flow below the current Swedish ventilation standard (0.5 ACH) may increase the perception of impaired air quality.

The master's thesis deals with new construction Salesian center, which contents a leisure center and Church of Mary Help of Christians. The building is designed as two separate units divided with dilatation cleft. One building is reinforced concrete frame fill with masonry POROTHERM Profi 40, the second object was built from POROTHERM Profi 40. The whole building has a basement, the basement is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete construction. Basement is insulated with extruded polystyrene thickness of 150 mm, upper building is insulated EPS polystyrene 70 mm thick and 100 mm thick ETICS system. The roof on both buildings is flat, smaller building is covered with vegetation roof, concrete frame is covered with a flat roof with asphalt sheets. There are prepared the study, complete design documentation, technical expertise, heat, fire safety solution construction including fire management and technical drawings, basic acoustic calculations of structures, the reverberation time in the nave of the church. Drawings were prepared using AutoCAD 2009 and technical expertise using Heat 2011 and Area 2011.