This compressed file consists of h5 and python files created to conduct the thesis study

Background:    Climate change has been becoming a major topic of interest, for research as well as for society. Transport caused emissions are constantly growing which forced the European Union to set the goal to decrease transport related emissions by 60% until 2050. A heavily discussed and promising tool seems to be being found in battery electric (BEV) vehicle adoption. However, BEV adoption seems to be underachieved which raises questions about potential influencing factors on BEV adoption. Additionally, latest research elaborated perception to be one of the key topics of interest for consumers adopting fully electric vehicles. Purpose:           The purpose of this thesis was to examine influencing factors affecting BEV adoption and the perception of those factors among generation Y consumers.  Method:            To attain the purpose, a qualitative research was conducted. After collecting secondary data to evaluate existing factors influencing consumer’s willingness to adopt BEVs, 16 participants accountable to generation Y have been interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Using a qualitative research approach valuable data and in-depth insights which are essential for markets such as the automotive industry. Conclusion:      The results show that there is a generally positive attitude towards BEV adoption among generation Y. However, there have been five influencing factors affecting consumer’s willingness to adopt BEVs. Analysis of the perception of each factor allowed the research team to get in-depth insights and to elaborate the importance of each factor and how the factors interrelate. Based on the gathered data relationships between influencing factors have been highlighted and based on TAM and TRI models a new model for further research has been developed.

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the utility of PEVs, as well as reduction of emissions is highly dependent on daily vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). Further, the daily VKT by individual passenger cars vary strongly between days. A common method to analyse individual daily VKT is to fit distribution functions and to further analyse these fits. However, several distributions for individual daily VKT have been discussed in the literature without conclusive decision on the best distribution. Here we analyse three two-parameter distribution functions for the variation in daily VKT with four sets of travel data covering a total of 190,000 driving days and 9.5 million VKT. Specifically, we look at overall performance of the distributions on the data using four goodness of fit measures, as well as the consequence of choosing one distribution over the others for two common PEV applications: the days requiring adaptation for battery electric vehicles and the utility factor for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. We find the Weibull distribution to fit most vehicles well but not all and at the same time yielding good predictions for PEV related attributes. Furthermore, the choice of distribution impacts PEV usage factors. Here, the Weibull distribution yields reliable estimates for electric vehicle applications whereas the log-normal distribution yields more conservative estimates for PEV usage factors. Our results help to guide the choice of distribution for a specific research question utilising driving data and provide a methodological advancement in the application of distribution functions to longitudinal driving data.

The world is quickly changing and the transition away from fossil fuels is occurring at a rapid pace. The car industry has experienced a radical change in the last years replacing combustion cars with electrical ones. The infrastructure to support the new vehicles with charging facilities has not met the demand in terms of accessibility and technical performance. Neither have the chargers reached a sustainable number to support the ever-increasing number of electric cars on the road. To adapt to this need companies have started to pursue next generation chargers. This paper focused on creating the next generation of chargers with visual design, interaction, and manufacturing as the focus point. This project is a collaboration with the company Zpark to create a new visual branding for their products and improve the user experience for their user group.  The project takes a wide approach to initial research, looking at both AC and DC chargers on the market as well as the user groups' current opinions. This research was implemented to create a DC charger (fast charging unit), as the company had not yet created a product that could cover this market segment. In the design process, a visual branding was created to make Zpark a more recognizable company. Several features were distinguished that could be implemented on future products in their line-up, whilst also creating the possibility of re-branding to specific buyers. A suggested manufacturing process and material choice were made to work as a guideline to create a more sustainable product, with ecological and economic impact as factors.  Four main categories of needs for the charger were elaborated on to create a better interaction, both for users charging and owners of the chargers. These four categories were charging, payment, communication, and maintenance. All the solutions help to create a more sustainable charging solution that will aid the transition to electric with a future-proofing aspect in mind.

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The increase of electronics in road vehicles comes along with a broad variety of possibilitiesin terms of safety, handling and comfort for the users. A rising complexityof the vehicle subsystems and components accompanies this development and has tobe managed by increased electronic control. More potential elements, such as sensors,actuators or software codes, can cause a failure independently or by mutually influencingeach other. There is a need of a structured approach to sort the faults from avehicle dynamics stability perspective.This thesis tries to solve this issue by suggesting a fault classification method and faulttolerantcontrol strategies. Focus is on typical faults of the electric driveline and thecontrol system, however mechanical and hydraulic faults are also considered. Duringthe work, a broad failure mode and effect analysis has been performed and the faultshave been modeled and grouped based on the effect on the vehicle dynamic behaviour.A method is proposed and evaluated, where faults are categorized into different levelsof controllability, i. e. levels on how easy or difficult it is to control a fault for the driver,but also for a control system.Further, fault-tolerant control strategies are suggested that can handle a fault with acritical controllability level. Two strategies are proposed and evaluated based on thecontrol allocation method and an electric vehicle with typical faults. It is shown thatthe control allocation approaches give less critical trajectory deviation compared to noactive control and a regular Electronic Stability Control algorithm.To conclude, this thesis work contributes with a methodology to analyse and developfault-tolerant solutions for electric vehicles with improved traffic safety. / <p>QC 20131010</p>

Electrification of transportation could be one pathway into sustainability since the electricity production can originate from renewable and low carbon energy sources. Electrifying the road could also reduce the battery dependence and further increase the vehicle efficiency in sense of energy consumption and load capacity when thinking of storage of electric energy in vehicle batteries. Not only is the Electric Road System (ERS) a rather new concept, it also raises concerns about consequences on health, safety, environment and public acceptance. The aim of this master thesis, within the logistics domain, is to interdisciplinary investigate the concept of electrified roads and to define potential blockers and in various extents investigate their feasibility. The potential blockers are assessed at a system level meaning that the depth of analysis of each aspect depends on the amount of data available and the relative importance according to the experts. Given the limits of research time, points that require more investigation have been indicated. This study will have a focus on freight vehicles since that is the vehicle considered to lack alternative solution towards decarbonization. The areas chosen for a closer analysis are health, safety and environment. The information available regarding the ERS impact on those areas is very limited even though they seem to constitute crucial factors for gaining the public acceptance. By investigating energy usage and CO 2 emissions in different phases of the ERS, the feasibility of the environment is assessed. Investigating the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) produced by the inductive on-road charging technology, part of the ERS, approaches the possible health effects of ERS. Health effects of particles and pollutants are also touched upon. Accidents involving Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the transportation of dangerous goods through ERS will also be analyzed in the safety chapter. Ongoing projects and available technologies are used and taken into consideration throughout the study. Feedback from the industry and people involved with the ERS concept contribute in defining the fields facing significant uncertainties. In the last part, two scenarios are being analyzed in the sense of testing the feasibility of the inductive on-road charging in city logistics and for the big city triangle. This study has its base in literature reviews and interviews with experts within the industry. The different ERS technologies are still under development why many specific parameters are confidential. This poses some unintentional limits to this study in the sense of difficulty drawing specific conclusions. Therefore factors such as commercialization of the vehicle, health, safety and development time remain uncertain. Others such as environmental impact seem to benefit from the ERS, while others motivates the introduction of ERS such as the battery manufacturing.

Research questions                How do different cultural perceptions of sustainability affect the consumer behavior towards EVs? Purpose:                                         To inductively explore some different perceptions of sustainability in comparison between Sweden, Germany, United Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, as well as to investigate how these perceptions influence consumer behavior towards the EV industry with Tesla leading the way. Method:                                           This research was conducted with an exploratory qualitative approach. The empirical data was obtained through online interviewing using WhatsApp. Findings were thematically analyzed.  Conclusion:                                 The focus of this exploratory study is to gain a deeper knowledge and understanding the different perceptions of sustainability and investigate the factors behind the related consumer behavior to be taken into consideration when perceiving sustainability development in business. The comparison between Sweden, Germany, United Emirates, and Saudi Arabia sheds light on how these differences contribute to a better understanding for the EV marketing in general and Tesla in particular.

The pursuit to combat climate change continues, identifying new methods and technologies for sustainable energy management. Automakers continue developing battery electric vehicles while researchers identify new applications and materials for solar photovoltaics. The continued advancement of technology creates new holes within literature, requiring investigation to understand the unknown. Photovoltaic vehicle integration gained popularity during the 1970s but did not commercialize due to technology, economics, and other factors. By 2021 the idea resurfaced, showcasing commercial and concept vehicles utilizing photovoltaics. The emergence of new transparent photovoltaics presents additional options for vehicle integration but lacks literature analyzing the energy output and economics. The theoretical analysis investigated transparent photovoltaic replacing a vehicle’s windows. The investigation found that transparent photovoltaic vehicle integration generates energy and financial savings. However, due to high system costs and location, the system does not provide a financial payback period like other photovoltaic arrays. Improving cost, location, and other financial parameters create more favorable circumstances for the photovoltaic system. Furthermore, transparent photovoltaics provide energy saving benefits and some return on investment compared to regular glass windows.

People in cities have a need of recreation. Leisure activities are a big part of people’s health and well- being. Many leisure activities are practiced outside in the nature. Today many citizens do not own a car and public transportation fail to meet the peoples need to move out from the city center out into the wild nature. Public transportation run according to a certain timetable and an established route. They also come with restrictions of what you can bring on board. In other words, there is a need for agile transportation that transport people and their equipment from the city out to the nature; and the need will only increase as the urbanization continue. The whole idea of the project originated from the question, “How might future mobility adapt to fit people’s need for recreation?” The project started with a research. The author studied trends how cities will develop, what defines generation Z, how 6G can be used in the future transportation industry, how electrification changes the terms of car design, the current status of autonomous technology etc. The research also included Canoo, a car company that design, develop and build electric vehicles with focus on lifestyle, utility and sustainability. After completed research, the project moved into a creative phase which included analog sketches of the vehicle, testing of proportions in scale 1: 1 and a storyboard that describes how the vehicle can be used. When thecreative phase was done, the project moved to its final phase; visualization. A 3D model was constructed in Autodesk Maya, a polygonal modelling software, and rendered images of the 3D model was conducted with Autodesk VRED, a 3D visualization software. The project resulted in Canoo Link; Link, targeting year 2035, is an electric autonomous utility vehicle that you subscribe to. It can carry 4 passengers and has storage space to haul equipment and supplies for canoeing, mountain biking etc. With its robust design and high ground clearance it is ready to take on some tough terrain. The subscription offers the customer full disposal of the vehicle during the activities for convenience and security. It acts like a hub for your activities, not just as a vehicle for commuting. To summarize; Link is a design proposal of a vehicle that connect people living in cities to the nature. It is not just a car that takes you from one point to another, it is a lifestyle.