Rapporten avhandlar en konceptstudie för omvandling av termisk energi till elektrisk samt mekanisk energi, i den autonoma undervattensfarkosten SAPPHIRES. Inledningsvis utreds vilka förväntningar och krav som finns på konceptet för energiomvandling samt om där finns någon publicerad litteratur som redan gjort ansträngningar för att lösa det aktuella problemet. Allmän teori kring värmemotorer och en bred, systematisk litteratursökning inkluderas även i det arbetet. Energiomvandlingen antas kunna ske enligt två fall kallade ”hög-prestanda” och ”låg/medel-prestanda”, vilka innebär att mekanisk samt elektrisk effekt, respektive endast elektrisk effekt ska kunna levereras av konceptet. De mekaniska samt elektriska effekterna ska, vidare, kunna levereras om maximalt 600, respektive 6 kW, och konceptet ska åtminstone kunna uppfylla ett av energiomvandlingsfallen. Den faktiska konceptstudien utgörs av två iterationer av konceptgenereringar, -utvärderingar och -val och de visar att ett koncept kallat ”Öppet system inspirerat av nukleär värmeframdrivning” förefaller vara det bästa sättet att omvandla termisk energi i SAPPHIRES. Därtill indikerar en mer detaljerad analys, bestående av bland annat matematisk modellering och konceptuell konstruktion, att konceptet möjligen skulle kunna uppfylla så kallad ”hög-prestanda” och sedermera leverera både mekanisk och elektrisk effekt om 600, respektive 6 kW. Mer specifikt visar en matematisk analys, med hjälp av vissa antaganden rörande konceptets funktion, att ett ”Öppet system inspirerat av nukleär värmeframdrivning” skulle kunna leverera en mekanisk effekt om 1025 kW samt en elektrisk effekt om 141 kW. En grov, konceptuell konstruktion bekräftar också att konceptets vitala, ingående komponenter faktiskt kan rymmas inom de specificerade dimensionskraven (en cylinderformad volym med en längd och diameter om 1,7, respektive 0,5 m.). Det står dock klart att de möjliga koncepten för energiomvandling kraftigt begränsas av deras möjligheter att leverera tillräcklig mekanisk effekt, för att uppnå ”hög-prestanda”. Om endast ”låg/medel-prestanda” ska uppfyllas tillåts fler av de möjliga koncepten och i ett sådant fall skulle faktorer som underhåll, miljöpåverkan och SAPPHIRES signatur kunna prioriteras i högre utsträckning. / The report discusses a concept study regarding the conversion of thermal energy into electrical and mechanical energy, in the autonomous underwater vehicle SAPPHIRES. First, the requirements and expectations regarding the concept of energy conversion are investigated and efforts are made to identify any published literature, which has already made attempts of solving the issue. General theory regarding heat engines and an extensive literature study are also included in this work. The energy conversion is assumed to perform according to two cases called "high-performance" and "low/medium-performance", meaning mechanical and electrical energy or electrical power should be delivered by the concept, respectively. More specifically, the mechanical and electrical powers should be delivered of a maximum of 600 and 6 kW, respectively and the concept should at least fulfill one of the performance settings. The actual concept study comprises of two iterations of concept generations, evaluations and selections and shows that a concept called "Open system inspired by nuclear thermal propulsion" seems to be the best way of converting thermal energy on-board SAPPHIRES. Moreover, a more detailed analysis, comprising of, inter alia, mathematical modelling and conceptual design, indicates that the concept possibly can meet the so-called "high-performance" and thus, deliver both mechanical and electrical powers of 600 and 6 kW, respectively. More specifically, a mathematical analysis, based on some assumptions regarding the concept's functionality, shows that an "Open system inspired by nuclear thermal propulsion" could deliver a mechanical power of 1025 kW and an electrical power of 141 kW. Rough conceptual design also shows that the vital parts of the concept could fit within the specified maximal dimensions (a cylinder-shaped volume with a length and diameter of 1.7 and 0.5 m, respectively). However, it is clear the possible concepts of energy conversion are severely limited by their capacities of delivering enough mechanical energy, to meet the "high-performance" demands. Assuming only the "low/medium-performance" has to be met, more possible concepts becomes available and in that case, factors such as maintenance, environmental impact and signature of SAPPHIRES could be considered to a greater extent.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thales Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Santo André, 2018. / Atualmente, no Brasil, a matriz elétrica é composta predominantemente por fonte hidráulica e térmica, na proporção de 70% e 30%, respectivamente. Nesse sentido, para a segurança do Sistema Interligado Nacional, o mesmo é considerado um sistema hidrotérmico, onde a disponibilidade de armazenamento das bacias hidráulicas e de combustíveis representa a quantidade de energia elétrica disponível para atendimento a demanda. Assim, os critérios para cálculo de Energia Assegurada representam as Garantias Físicas das Usinas Hidrelétricas e Usinas Térmicas, que são calculadas através das médias de gerações dos empreendimentos disponíveis no Sistema Interligado Nacional com a previsão de 15 anos. Contudo, a expansão dos aproveitamentos de usinas com reservatório encontra-se no limite de exploração no sul e sudeste/centro-oeste, havendo apenas na região Norte potenciais a serem avaliados. Entretanto, devido às restrições ambientais, não há previsão de construção de novas Usinas Hidrelétricas com reservatório na região Norte, o que indica a necessidade de viabilização de outras fontes de energia elétrica. Nesse sentido, a Garantia Física é utilizada para balizar qual o risco de déficit futuro considerando o balanço de demanda e oferta no sistema. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho propôs a análise dos parâmetros de risco da Garantia Física do sistema imputados no modelo de projeção elétrico NEWAVE. Por fim, com objetivo de validar a análise proposta, as projeções de Garantias Físicas das Usinas Hidrelétricas e Usinas Térmicas que fazem parte do Sistema Interligado Nacional foram avaliadas, a partir do método de escolha do risco de déficit. / Currently, in Brazil, the electrical matrix is mainly composed of hydraulic and thermal sources, in the proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively. In this sense, for the safety of the National Interconnected System, it is considered a hydrothermal system, in which the storage capability of the hydraulic basins and fuel availability represent the amount of electrical energy available to meet demand. Thus, the criteria for calculation of Assured Energy represent the Physical Guarantees of the Hydroelectrical Power Plant and Thermal Power Plants, which are calculated through the average of generations of the enterprises available in the National Interconnected System with a forecast of 15 years. However, the expansion of uses of power plants with reservoirs is at the exploration limit in the South, Southeast/Center-West, with only the North region with potential to be evaluated. Still, due to environmental restrictions, there is no prevision of construction of new Hydroelectrical Power Plant with reservoir in the North region. Being so, the Physical Guarantee is used to identify the future deficit risk by making a balance of supply and demand in the system. In this way, the present work proposed an analyze of Physical Guarantee system risk parameters imputed in the electrical projection model NEWAVE. So, to validate the methodology proposed the Physical Guarantee projection of the Hydroelectrical Power Plant and Thermal Power Plants that are part of the National Interconnected System were evaluated consdering the method of choosing the risk of deficit.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma abordagem fuzzy focando na estimação de curto prazo da demanda de potência ativa de um alimentador de sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. A motivação para este trabalho encontra-se na redução do erro de estimação para que o sistema de distribuição como um todo seja corretamente operado. O destaque da abordagem desenvolvida é a metodologia de seleção de entradas para o sistema de estimação, que o treina fornecendo-lhe informações não redundantes e não desnecessárias sobre o comportamento da série temporal. Os resultados, obtidos com treinamento e teste de um sistema de inferência fuzzy multicamadas, mostram que as estimações realizadas selecionando as entradas do sistema de forma criteriosa apresentam menor erro que quando não há critério de seleção. Conclui-se então que a metodologia foi funcional e eficiente para o caso estudado, o que faz com que este trabalho resulte em válidas contribuições nas áreas de sistemas inteligentes, de sistemas dinâmicos e inclusive na forma metodológica de especificação de modelos de estimação de séries temporais. / This work aims to develop a fuzzy approach focusing on the short-term active power demand forecast in a feeder of an electrical energy distribution system. This work motivation lies on the reduction of the forecast error so that the whole distribution system can be correctly operated. The highlight of the developed approach is the methodology to select the inputs for the estimation system, which trains it giving to it non-redundant and non-unnecessary information about the time series behavior. The results, obtained by training and testing a multilayer fuzzy inference system, show that the estimations made by following a criterion to select the inputs have smaller error than when there is no selection criterion at all. It is therefore concluded that the methodology was functional and efficient for the case under study, what makes this work result in valid contributions for the fields of intelligent systems, dynamic systems and in the methodological way to specify models to estimate time series.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to create an algorithm by which it will be possible to devise management rules. These management rules will be able to advise a more efficient use of the hydroenergetic potential of reservoirs with run-of-river small hydro. The actual algorithm will be created with a view to maximizing the profit from the operation of the hydropower plant and using the time course of electricity prices on the market. The rules designed by algorithm will be tested in a simplified way in selected period using simulation model.

Master thesis discusses the growing need of electric energy storage and its effectivity and capacity. It describes an overview of possible technologies with their advantages and disadvantages. Greater attention is paid to the storage of energy in gas, so-called Power to Gas, which combines the electrolytic production of hydrogen from water and the Sabatier reaction to produce synthetic methane. This technology is introduced in the so-called SIT Brno cycle of Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery company. The main part of the thesis is focused on the description of this cycle and on the calculation of the steam-gas turbine (high-pressure and low pressure module). This thesis describes the methodology of turbine calculation and the composition of the steam gas mixture after combustion of methane. The carbon dioxide formed by combustion in the steam-gas mixture generator was replaced by steam. Part of the diploma thesis are drawings of cross-section of individual turbine modules.

The thesis is focused on cogeneration units on vegetable oil. The first chapter contains basic information about the production, supply and consumption of electric energy in the Czech Republic and about renewable energy sources. The following chapter is devoted to possibilities of use oil kinds of phytomass in the Czech Republic, or products made from them. Next chapter is mentioned on legislation allowing the use of used cooking oils for energy purposes. It contains a summary of the laws and regulations and options regarding subsidies for electric and heat power. The main objective of these chapters is to explain the issue of the establishment and operation of cogeneration units on vegetable oil. The following chapters are devoted to the design and study of simultaneously operated cogeneration unit on the vegetable oil with a combustion engine and the calculation of economic operation running. The reason of study is to evaluation, which on based of the input values and calculation methods determine the economic efficiency of the project cogeneration unit on vegetable oil under mode purchase price and mode green bonus. Appreciation is also given to the overall legal review and responsibilities of cogeneration units on vegetable oil.

The subject of master’s thesis is introduction with the principles of measuring voltage, current and electrical power in DC and AC systems. Is designed measurement system for normal household. Measurement system includes pricing and client billing. User interface Ethernet-based is implemented.

The thesis deals with the analysis of possibilities for use of III. and IV. generation of nuclear reactors for the Czech Republic. Introduction deals with basic principles of nuclear energetics and fuel cycle which is closely associated with the issue and its development and application in practice will have a significant effect both for choice of future types of nuclear reactors of IV. generation and the matter of settlement with spent nuclear fuel. In other parts the thesis deals with the present state of nuclear energetics in the Czech Republic, compares concrete chosen types of nuclear power plants of III. generation and generally describes nuclear reactors and power plants of IV. generation. Final part of the work is focused on questions concerning the possibility of construction of new blocks of nuclear power plants in the Czech Republic and presents concrete recommendation from author´s point of view.

This study addresses the use of a Solar blind system (SBS) instead of ordinary glass used on windows of buildings. To investigate the effects of using an SBS for electricity energy generation a fictitious wooden house as a prototype, a real building needed to be constructed. The purpose of experimental studies is to measure the effect and asses the performance by examining the optimal angle of inclination and evaluating the profitability of SBS. To calculate the electricity energy generation by it is then expected that general renovations of a building will be used in the system. To perform the different scenario for each inclination angle, the simulation software PVsyst was used where the measurements are validated according to the simulation results to confirm that models are suitable and which inclination angles produced the most electricity. After the validation process, a financial assessment, and an annual electricity production of the system for a fictitious building where SBS is applied were performed. The result for the annual electricity production at different angles of inclination turned out to be 2457 kWh/year at 30, 2235 kWh/year at 60   and 1781 kWh/year at 90 . The optimal angle of inclination was 30  , which also has the highest electricity production compared to the other angles. Electricity production does not differ much with the inclination angle of 60. The simulation for the annual electricity production was examined for ten windows in opposite directions. The investment cost for the use of SBS was extraordinarily high, landing at 28,120 SEK/kW. The reason for this high investment cost is that it includes high material costs and that the area for SBS systems is low, which is 1,696 m². The reason is that the low area in m² leads to a lower electricity generation and the higher the area m² leads to higher electricity generation, which turns into affecting the profitability and electricity production.

Zur Verminderung der Kosten und zur Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit ist es zukünftig erforderlich, den Verkabelungsaufwand bei Sensoren im Kraftfahrzeug zu senken. Ein Ansatz ist der so genannte autarke Sensor, der seine Hilfsenergie drahtlos aus dem Umfeld gewinnt und seine gewonnen Messdaten ebenfalls drahtlos an einen Kommunikationspunkt überträgt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die autarke Energiegewinnung für Sensoren anhand mechanisch / elektrischer Energiewandlersysteme untersucht, die eine von Kabelverbindungen unabhängige Energieversorgung des Sensors ermöglichen sollen. Für ein System, welches aus einem translatorischen Schwinger mit magnetischer Federung und einer Anordnung von Induktionsspulen ohne Eisenkreis besteht, wurden theoretische und praktische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Ausgehend von der, die Bewegung des Systems beschreibenden Differentialgleichung wurden die Einflüsse verschiedener Federungs- und Dämpfungskräfte untersucht. Daraus wurde eine effektive Schwingungsgleichung abgeleitet und hinsichtlich der Amplitude und der Phase gelöst. Die umgesetzte elektrische Leistung des Wandlers wurde aus dem Realteil des Stromflusses abgeleitet. Mit einem realen Fahrzeug wurden Testfahrten durchgeführt, um verschiedene signifikante Fahrbahndaten zu erhalten. Mit diesen Prozessparametern erfolgten später Messungen im Labor. Dafür wurde ein Schwingprüfstand aufgebaut und mehrere Funktionsmuster von Energiewandlersystemen untersucht. / In the future a decrease in sensor cabling inside vehicles becomes of greater importance to reduce cost and increase reliability. One approach is the so called autarkic sensor that generates energy wireless from the sensor's environment and transmits the derived measuring data also wireless to a communication node. Purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the autarkic energy recovery sensors based on a mechanical to electrical conversion which should allow a cable less energy supply. Theoretical and practical tests where made for a system which consists out of a translatory vibration with magnetic suspension and coreless coils. Starting from the differential equations describing the movement of the system, the influence of different ways of suspension and damping forces where investigated. As a result, the actual equation of oscillation was derived and solved with respect to amplitude and phase. The gained electrical power was derived from the real part of the current. Multiple test runs inside a car where performed to obtain some realistic measurement values. Based on those measurements, a test stand was set up inside the laboratory which should simulate normal road conditions. Using this test stand, multiple functional models of energy converting systems were investigated.