<p> The estimation of physiological parameters that characterize electrical signal propagation in the heart is an important component of the inverse problem in electrocardiography. Recent studies show that some patterns in cardiac electrical signals (e.g. spiral waves) are associated with the re-entrance phenomenon seen in cardiac arrhythmia. Therefore, further research in this field will lead to improved detection and diagnosis of cardiac diseases and conditions. </p> <p> Electrical activity in the heart is initiated at the SA node and an electrical impulse propagates to the atria causing their mechanical contraction. Subsequent contraction of the ventricles (systole) followed by relaxation (diastole) completes the heart cycle. Evidence of electrical activity in cardiac cells is shown by a potential difference across the cell membrane that changes when ·ionic currents flow through the membrane's channels. This electrical activation of the heart can be modeled using a diffusion model in which the physiological parameters (e.g., conductivity) govern the resulting spatiatemporal process. </p> <p> In this thesis we derive an inverse model for the electrical activation of the heart using the Fitzhugh-N agumo diffusion equations which account for the dynamics of spiral waves in excitable media such as, in our case, cardiac cells. The electric potential is expressed through activator and inhibitor variables and we simulate the measurements of the electromagnetic field are on the torso surface. A signal processing model is derived where the physiological parameters are deterministic or stochastic, and the resulting physiological measurements are a function of space, time, and the parameters. </p> <p> We estimate these unknown parameters using an optimization algorithm that minimizes the cost function of the model. For our estimation we use Least Squares and we derive the Maximum Likelihood Estimator. We measure the performance using mean square error, and we compute the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, which shows the minimum variance attainable. </p> <p> In our simulations we use a finite element mesh of a human torso to describe a realistic geometry to generate the potentials on the surface. Our results indicate that estimating the physiological parameters of a diffusion equation from the measurements taken outside the torso are feasible. This further suggests that ECG/MCG signals can be used to provide detailed information about the physiological properties of the electrical impulse generated in the heart and aid in diagnosis of various pathological conditions including arrhythmia. </p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Orientador: Maria Cristina Dias Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T12:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_MichelGonA§alves_M.pdf: 1094075 bytes, checksum: 1c9863b695ee82d8312c89c87f94085b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma extensa análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros elétricos longitudinais e transversais de uma linha de transmissão trifásica em função da freqüência. Uma linha real de 440 kV foi utilizada como base para as análises. Considerando determinadas hipóteses simplificadoras, foram calculados os parâmetros elétricos da linha: resistência, indutância e capacitância no domínio da freqüência. Esses parâmetros foram apresentados em termos das parcelas das matrizes primitivas, das matrizes reduzidas e componentes modais. Na análise de sensibilidade variaram-se as seguintes características da linha: diâmetros dos cabos pára-raios, diâmetros dos condutores fase, altura dos condutores, distância horizontal entre as fases, espaçamento vertical dos sub-condutores dos feixes das fases externas. Para cada variação observou-se o comportamento dos parâmetros elétricos em função da freqüência, em termos das parcelas das matrizes primitivas e em termos dos modos. Também foi observado o fator de aterramento e foram estimados os aumentos de potência natural em função das variações realizadas. As linhas com elevada potência natural (LPNE) foram avaliadas no âmbito da análise efetivada / Abstract: In this work a large sensitivity analysis of longitudinal and transversal electrical parameters of a three-phase transmission line in frequency domain was performed. An actual 440 kV transmission line was used as reference in the analysis. Considering some simplified hypothesis, electrical parameters, as resistance, inductance and capacitance, were evaluated in frequency domain. Those parameters were presented in terms of parcels of primitive matrices and reduced matrices in phase modal domain. An extensive sensitivity analysis was performed and the following line caracteristics were varied: ground wires diameter, phase conductors diameter, height of conductors, horizontal distance among phases and vertical spacing within external phases bending. For each line caracteristic, the performance of electrical parameters in frequency domain, in terms of primitive and modal matrices was observed. Also, it was observed the ground factor and it was estimated the increases on natural power. Using of High Natural Power Lines was studied and related to variations of line geometry / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Die Parameteridentifikation ist ein substanzieller Schritt zur Regelung der Käfigläufer-Asynchronmaschinen, die am häufigsten gebauten Form von Motoren in der Industrie. Die genauen Werte der Motorparameter sind für alle Komponenten einer feldorientierten Regelung, wie z. B. für den Entkopplungsblock und den Läuferflussschätzer, notwendig. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie die Parameter im Stillstand anhand des NRLS-Algorithmus (Nonlinear-Recursive-Least-Square-Algorithmus) berechnet werden können.

Os sistemas elétricos de distribuição estão evoluindo rapidamente devido à penetração de geração distribuída e ao crescimento na utilização de avançadas estruturas de medição e sistemas de gerenciamento de distribuição de energia elétrica. Esta evolução traz consigo novos desafios devido à intermitência da geração, a qual pode gerar impactos indesejáveis nos sistemas de distribuição, como a interação de diferentes harmônicos. As Unidades de Medição Fasorial (PMUs) tem potencial para desempenhar um importante papel no monitoramento de sistemas elétricos de distribuição por meio dos fasores com medidas temporalmente sincronizadas de tensão e corrente em vários locais do sistema, oferecendo assim inúmeras possibilidades para estimar o estado de uma rede de distribuição. Porém, para serem utilizadas amplamente em redes de distribuição, é necessário que as PMUs apresentem um menor custo e possuam algumas características funcionais exclusivas para o uso nestas redes. Assim, o objetivo desta tese consiste no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de medição fasorial de baixo custo com características originais para o uso no nível de distribuição de energia elétrica, tais como medição fasorial nas redes de média e baixa tensão utilizando a modelagem dos transformadores e a identificação e estimação dos parâmetros da causa de ocorrência de distúrbios elétricos. Para isso, foram construídos dois protótipos da unidade de medição fasorial proposta neste trabalho, visando verificar a sincronização na medição de fasores de tensão e corrente. Os protótipos também foram acoplados à rede com diferentes combinações de impedância e alimentaram variadas cargas, onde foi possível através das técnicas implementadas nos equipamentos identificar e estimar os parâmetros elétricos da origem (rede ou carga) da ocorrência de variações na tensão e potência fornecidas pela rede distribuição. / Power distribution systems are evolving at a high pace largely due to the proliferation of distributed energy resources and the growing utilization of advanced metering infrastructures and distribution management system. This evolution is also leading to new challenges due large penetration of intermittent distributed generation, which can lead to noticeable impacts on distribution feeders. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) have the potential to play an essential role in power distribution system monitoring. For providing synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors at various system locations, PMUs offer numerous possibilities for ascertaining information relating to the state of the power distribution system. However, to be used widely in power distribution systems, its necessary that PMUs get a low cost and have some exclusive features for these systems. Thus, the main objective of this thesis have consisted of developing a low cost Phasor Measurement Unit with original features proposed for distribution level, such as compatibility with low and medium voltage power networks using transformer modeling and also the identification and parameter estimation of the cause of electrical disturbances. So, they were built two prototypes of the Phasor Measurement Unit, in order to verify the synchronization in the measurement of voltage and current phasors. The prototypes were also coupled to the network with different combinations of impedance and they fed varying loads, where it was possible through the techniques implemented in the equipment identify and estimate electrical parameters of the cause (network or load) of variations in voltage and power supplied by the network distribution.

Os sistemas elétricos de distribuição estão evoluindo rapidamente devido à penetração de geração distribuída e ao crescimento na utilização de avançadas estruturas de medição e sistemas de gerenciamento de distribuição de energia elétrica. Esta evolução traz consigo novos desafios devido à intermitência da geração, a qual pode gerar impactos indesejáveis nos sistemas de distribuição, como a interação de diferentes harmônicos. As Unidades de Medição Fasorial (PMUs) tem potencial para desempenhar um importante papel no monitoramento de sistemas elétricos de distribuição por meio dos fasores com medidas temporalmente sincronizadas de tensão e corrente em vários locais do sistema, oferecendo assim inúmeras possibilidades para estimar o estado de uma rede de distribuição. Porém, para serem utilizadas amplamente em redes de distribuição, é necessário que as PMUs apresentem um menor custo e possuam algumas características funcionais exclusivas para o uso nestas redes. Assim, o objetivo desta tese consiste no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de medição fasorial de baixo custo com características originais para o uso no nível de distribuição de energia elétrica, tais como medição fasorial nas redes de média e baixa tensão utilizando a modelagem dos transformadores e a identificação e estimação dos parâmetros da causa de ocorrência de distúrbios elétricos. Para isso, foram construídos dois protótipos da unidade de medição fasorial proposta neste trabalho, visando verificar a sincronização na medição de fasores de tensão e corrente. Os protótipos também foram acoplados à rede com diferentes combinações de impedância e alimentaram variadas cargas, onde foi possível através das técnicas implementadas nos equipamentos identificar e estimar os parâmetros elétricos da origem (rede ou carga) da ocorrência de variações na tensão e potência fornecidas pela rede distribuição. / Power distribution systems are evolving at a high pace largely due to the proliferation of distributed energy resources and the growing utilization of advanced metering infrastructures and distribution management system. This evolution is also leading to new challenges due large penetration of intermittent distributed generation, which can lead to noticeable impacts on distribution feeders. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) have the potential to play an essential role in power distribution system monitoring. For providing synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors at various system locations, PMUs offer numerous possibilities for ascertaining information relating to the state of the power distribution system. However, to be used widely in power distribution systems, its necessary that PMUs get a low cost and have some exclusive features for these systems. Thus, the main objective of this thesis have consisted of developing a low cost Phasor Measurement Unit with original features proposed for distribution level, such as compatibility with low and medium voltage power networks using transformer modeling and also the identification and parameter estimation of the cause of electrical disturbances. So, they were built two prototypes of the Phasor Measurement Unit, in order to verify the synchronization in the measurement of voltage and current phasors. The prototypes were also coupled to the network with different combinations of impedance and they fed varying loads, where it was possible through the techniques implemented in the equipment identify and estimate electrical parameters of the cause (network or load) of variations in voltage and power supplied by the network distribution.

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η θεωρητική μελέτη φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων χρησιμοποιούμενων σε διαστημικές εφαρμογές, περιγράφοντας την τεχνολογία και τη λειτουργία τους, καθώς και την ιστορική εξέλιξη τους τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες από το 1950 έως σήμερα. Στα πλαίσια αυτά περιγράφονται οι ηλιακές συστοιχίες για διαστημικές εφαρμογές, οι συνηθισμένοι τύποι ημιαγωγικών υλικών για τα πλαίσια, όπως το πυρίτιο Si και το αρσενιούχο γάλλιο GaAs και οι απαιτήσεις των. Αρχικά, μελετάται ποιες παράμετροι επηρεάζουν την απόδοση των φωτοβολταϊκών κυττάρων στο διάστημα και επιπλέον οι επιπτώσεις της διαστημικής ακτινοβολίας και θερμοκρασίας στην λειτουργία των πλαισίων. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται τα προηγμένα ηλιακά κύτταρα πυριτίου Si και τα υψηλής απόδοσης άμορφου πυριτίου που παρουσιάζουν βελτιωμένη ενεργειακή απόδοση του πλαισίου. Οι βέλτιστες παράμετροι των δομών για τις διαστημικές εφαρμογές, φαίνεται πλέον να επιτυγχάνονται με τα ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα ηλιακά κύτταρα πολυεπαφών multijunction MJ, που είναι κύτταρα ιδιαιτέρου τρόπου σχεδιασμού. Οι παράμετροι επηρεασμού της απόδοσης τους αναλύονται καθώς και οι επιπτώσεις των εξωτερικών συνθηκών. Μεγάλης σημασίας θεωρείται ο σχεδιασμός της ηλιακής συστοιχίας στο διάστημα και οι απαιτήσεις σχεδίασης για αξιόπιστη απόδοση και μεγάλη διάρκεια ζωής. Στη μελέτη αυτή αναλύουμε και τις δομές εκείνες που μπορούν να βελτιώσουν την απόδοση των διαστημικών ηλιακών κυττάρων. Οι πιο ελπιδοφόρες και πιο πολλά υποσχόμενες δομές είναι αυτές των μεταμορφικών «metamorphic» και ανεστραμμένων μεταμορφικών «inverted-metamorphic» ηλιακών κυττάρων σε σχέση με τα κλασικά "latticed matched" ηλιακά κύτταρα και αυτες οι δομές θα συνεχίσουν να βρίσκονται στο επίκεντρο για τις επόμενες δεκαετίες. Επιπλέον προϊόν της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, είναι η πειραματική μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς ενός φωτοβολταϊκού πλαισίου μονοκρυσταλλικού πυριτίου m-Si ισχύος αιχμής 80 W σε πραγματικές συνθήκες λειτουργίας στη γη, υπό την επίδραση διαφόρων εξωτερικών παραγόντων, όπως προσπίπτουσα ακτινοβολία, θερμοκρασία και γωνία κλίσης. Με στόχο την εκτίμηση της ενεργειακής απόδοσης και της ανίχνευσης της βέλτιστης τιμής αυτής πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις με την βοήθεια του PVPM στη διάρκεια του έτους 2009 – 2010. Συγκεκριμένα περιλαμβάνονται δυο περίοδοι μετρήσεων: α) Απρίλιος 2009 έως Ιούλιος 2009, όπου πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις ανά μια ώρα για όλες τις γωνίες κλίσης 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80ο (μια ημέρα κάθε εβδομάδα) με την βοήθεια της ρυμθιζόνεμης βάσης και β) Αύγουστος 2009 έως Μάρτιος 2010, όπου πραγματοποιήθηκαν ολοήμερες μετρήσεις ανά 5 λεπτά, κάθε εβδομάδα με την βοήθεια φορητού υπολογιστή σε συγκεκριμένη κλίση 38ο, που αντιστοιχεί στο γεωγραφικό πλάτος της περιοχής της Πάτρας. Όλα αυτά οδηγούν σε μια ολοκληρωμένη εικόνα της ενεργειακής συμπεριφοράς και απόδοσης του φωτοβολταϊκού πλαισίου μας καθώς και των συνθηκών που οδηγούν σε βέλτιστες φωτοβολταϊκές ιδιότητες Η ετήσια αποδιδόμενη ενέργεια υπολογίστηκε ελαφρώς υψηλότερη από μετρήσεις γενικά αναφερόμενες από το ΚΑΠΕ. Αυτό θεωρούμε ότι οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι η διάταξη μας δεν κατέγραφε μετρήσεις καθ όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους με αποτέλεσμα να μην είναι ακριβής η διάρκεια της ημέρας και η τιμή της προσπίπτουσας ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας. Μέσω του PVsyst προγράμματος προσπαθήσαμε να προσομοιώσουμε την ενεργειακή απόδοση του πλαισίου μονοκρυσταλλικού πυριτίου υπολογιστικά τόσο με τα πειραματικά μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα όσο και με τα μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα μέσω του προγράμματος Meteonorm και να την συγκρίνουμε με την πειραματική και επιπλέον να βρούμε την βέλτιστη απόδοση του ανάλογα με την κλίση και τον προσανατολισμό του. Η εξομοίωση με δεδομένα του προγράμματος Meteonorm 6.1 έδωσε τη διαφορά της αποδιδόμενης ενέργειας κάθε περίπτωσης, μεταξύ αυτής και της προηγούμενης μεθόδου. / The purpose of this thesis, is the theoretical study of solar modules used in space applications, together with the description of their technology and operation, and the historical development in recent decades from 1950 to today. In this context we analyzed the solar arrays for space applications, the requirements of materials for solar cells and the common types of semiconductor materials for modules, such as silicon Si and gallium arsenide GaAs. Initially, we studied what external factors affect the performance of solar cells in space and also the effects of space radiation and temperature. Further, we described the advanced silicon solar cells and the high-efficiency amorphous silicon solar cells, that improve the energy efficiency significant. For the optimal solution for space applications, we then analyzed thoroughly the most widely used in space multijunction MJ solar cells and their design, the performance parameters and the effects of external factors. To summarize the theoretical study, we studied the design of the solar array in space and the design requirements for reliable performance and longevity. Finally, there are many ways we can improve the performance of space solar cells. The most promising methods are those of metamorphic «metamorphic» and reverse metamorphic «inverted-metamorphic» solar cells compared to the classic "latticed matched" solar cells and will continue to be in the forefront for decades to come. Additional to the subject of this thesis, is the experimental study of the behavior of a photovoltaic monocrystalline silicon module m-Si 80 W peak power at real operation conditions under the influence of various external factors such as incident radiation, temperature and tilt. In order to estimate the energy efficiency we took measurements with the help of PVPM in the year 2009 - 2010. Specifically, it consists of two measurement periods: a) April 2009 to July 2009, when measurements were taken every hour for all angles 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 every week with the help of special structure and b) August 2009 to March 2010, when measurements were made all day, every five minutes, each week with a notebook in a particular inclination 38ο, corresponding to the latitude of the region of Patras. All these help us to gain a comprehensive idea of their behavior and performance of our photovoltaic modules. We also observed variation in the results in comparison with CRES databases due to the fact that we could not continuously conduct every day of the year. Using PVsyst we tried to verify our experimental results and find the best solutions for the tilt and orientation of the PV modules. With the program PVsyst we tried to simulate the performance of monocrystalline silicon solar cell using computational frameworks and to compare them with the experimental results. Finally it was also simulated with the data given from the database of the program Meteronorm 6.1 so as to compare both methods.

L’utilisation diversifiée des dispositifs de l’électronique de puissance est une conséquence des avancées fulgurantes dans la compréhension théorique de la physique des semi-conducteurs. L’approche applicative se traduit par la conception de modules de puissance au sein desquels sont implantées des puces semi-conductrices. Les densités de puissance injectées dans ces composants ne cessent d’accroitre et les seuils d’intégration sont également toujours repoussés dans le sillage de la conception de systèmes à encombrement réduit. Dès lors, la gestion des contraintes, notamment électrothermiques, est devenue un challenge majeur dans l’utilisation des systèmes de l’électronique de puissance. L’environnement sévère résultant des profils de température contraignants fait qu’une attention particulière est portée sur les aspects de fiabilité des dispositifs. Les stratégies de suivi de l’état de santé des modules et les méthodes de caractérisation des assemblages de puissance nécessitent l’estimation de la température des puces semi-conductrices.Diverses méthodes sont aujourd’hui mises en œuvre afin d‘estimer la température des composants semi-conducteurs ; cette dernière étant assimilée à une température de jonction virtuelle Tjv, caractéristique de la zone active des puces semi-conductrices. Les paramètres électriques thermosensibles (PETS) sont largement utilisés afin d’estimer la température de jonction de ces puces. La problématique de la représentativité de ces PETS n’est toutefois pas suffisamment adressée dans la littérature scientifique. Il est par conséquent nécessaire de mettre au point des moyens et méthodes complémentaires afin d’évaluer des paramètres thermosensibles, notamment dans les conditions de fonctionnement des composants au sein des convertisseurs de l’électronique de puissance.Dans le cadre de nos travaux de thèse, nous avons réalisé une puce semi-conductrice instrumentée qui offre la possibilité de mener de manière simultanée une mesure de température avec un PETS et un capteur résistif. Les procédés classiques de la microélectronique sont adaptés à l’électronique de puissance pour la réalisation de cet outil de validation des PETS. Les capteurs résistifs sont implémentés à la surface de composants de puissance du commerce (Diodes, IGBTs) ; ces composants instrumentés sont par la suite intégrés dans des modules de puissance. Une campagne expérimentale est menée en dernier lieu pour valider le bon fonctionnement des capteurs sur la base d’une comparaison de mesures de température par thermographie infrarouge et avec un PETS dédié. / The fast-paced advancements in the understanding of semiconductor theoretical basis lead to the conception of diversified power electronic devices. In the field of power electronics, the efficiency of those devices is strongly linked to high power rates and full integration trends that guide the design process of converters. Consequently, electrothermal constraints management is gaining importance when it comes to the reliability aspect of power systems. The key parameter that needs to be monitored during converter lifetime is the junction temperature of semi-conductor components.Many methods are used to estimate the junction temperature of semi-conductor chips embedded into power converters. That parameter is usually defined as a virtual junction temperature Tjv which reflects the temperature of the active parts of power chips. Among those approaches, ThermoSensitive Electrical Parameters (TSEPs) are widely employed. Nonetheless, the representativeness of TSEPs is not fully addressed in the scientific literature. It is therefore mandatory to investigate this aspect using new additional methods to validate the temperature measurements performed thanks to TSEPs, especially under the converter’s conditions of use.As part of our work, a new temperature measurement tool dedicated to TSEPs validation is designed. Microelectronic conventional processes are adapted in order to develop a power instrumented chips (Diodes, IGBTs) with integrated temperature sensor. It makes possible simultaneous junction temperature measurements using a TSEP and the on-chip resistive detector. The experimental validation results are performed using instrumented power modules and infrared thermography.

L'introduction du SiGe dans les pMOS (Bulk et FDSOI) exige un bon contrôle de la tension de seuil (VT). Ceci nécessite une extraction précise des paramètres électriques ainsi qu'une compréhension des effets électriques du Ge dans de tels dispositifs. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d'abord proposé des méthodes pour une identification précise des paramètres électriques du « gate stack »: VT, la tension de bande plate (VFB) et l'épaisseur équivalente d'oxyde (EOT). Ces méthodes ont été validées avec des simulations Poisson-Schrödinger (PS) et appliquées avec succès aux mesures. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les effets électriques du Ge sur les paramètres du « gate stack » des pMOS. La comparaison des caractérisations électriques (C-V) avec les simulations PS a montré un décalage supplémentaire du travail de sortie effectif qui croit avec le Ge. Des caractérisations STEM, EELS et SIMS ont prouvé que ce décalage est due à la présence de dipôles à l'interface SiGe/oxyde. / Maintaining good threshold voltage (VT) centering is a paramount challenge for CMOS technology. The SiGe introduction in bulk and FDSOI pFETs requires VT control for such devices. To this end, we have to extract accurately electrical parameters and to understand Ge integration effects in SiGe based pFETs. In this thesis, first, we have proposed extraction methods to determine VT, flat band voltage (VFB) and equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) parameters in bulk and FDSOI transistors. The extraction methods have been validated via Poisson-Schrodinger (PS) simulations and successfully applied to measurements. Second, we have highlighted and explained electric effects of Ge on pMOS gate stack parameters. Electrical characterizations compared with PS simulations have evidenced an additional effective work function increase, induced by Ge, related to interfacial dipoles. STEM, EELS and SIMS characterizations have demonstrated that dipoles are located at SiGe/IL interface.

Descargas atmosféricas representam uma das principais causas de interrupção no fornecimento de energia para os consumidores, e embora tenham efeitos mais intensos quando incidem diretamente nas redes elétricas, é o caso das descargas indiretas que chama mais atenção, já que elas ocorrem com maior frequência. Tanto as primeiras descargas que geralmente ocorrem com maior intensidade de corrente, quanto as descargas subsequentes que têm menor tempo de frente associado, irradiam campos eletromagnéticos que ao se acoplarem com as redes elétricas geram surtos que podem causar tanto a interrupção do fornecimento de energia quanto danos a equipamentos. A presença de edifícios na região de incidência da descarga atmosférica afeta a propagação das ondas irradiadas, criando diferentes padrões de campos resultantes, os quais são responsáveis por sobretensões induzidas. Embora tanto a descarga atmosférica em si quanto a caracterização do ambiente ao seu redor sejam de natureza complexa para sua representação, ferramentas computacionais bem estruturadas podem representar o fenômeno de forma satisfatória, como é o caso da ferramenta computacional desenvolvida neste trabalho utilizando o método das diferenças finitas no domínio do tempo. O presente trabalho apresenta dois estudos para verificação da influência de edificações na propagação de campo irradiado por descargas atmosféricas. O primeiro estudo avaliou o comportamento das componentes do campo elétrico e do campo magnético irradiados, comparando resultados obtidos com e sem a presença de edificações numa pequena região. Tanto os parâmetros geométricos dos três edifícios considerados neste estudo, como a permissividade e a condutividade elétrica do solo e dos edifícios, foram variados para identificar a sua influência nos campos irradiados. Os resultados mostraram diferentes comportamentos das componentes dos campos resultantes em função da variação desses parâmetros, observando-se inversão de polaridade, oscilações na forma de onda e tanto redução quanto aumento do valor de campo. O segundo estudo avaliou um caso mais geral em que a componente vertical de campo elétrico foi tomada em nove pontos diferentes de uma região tipicamente urbana, com a presença de 102 edifícios. Os valores de campo avaliados em cada ponto, dez metros acima do solo, consideraram a incidência aleatória de 28 descargas atmosféricas distintas, cada uma atingindo o topo de um dado edifício. Os resultados desse segundo estudo mostraram que exceto nos casos em que a descarga atmosférica ocorre próximo do ponto analisado, há reduções significativas do campo elétrico vertical. Desta forma é possível perceber que não apenas a existência de edifícios, mas a sua concentração com diferentes características elétricas e geométricas, podem influenciar significativamente a propagação de campo irradiado. Os valores calculados a partir da ferramenta desenvolvida podem ser usados em conjunto com modelos de acoplamento, para o cálculo de sobretensões induzidas em redes elétricas, em situações realistas com configurações mais complexas. / Atmospheric discharges represent one of the main causes of interruption in power supply to consumers, and although they have more intense effects when direct impact on energy lines, are the case of indirect discharges that draws more attention, since they occur more frequently. Both the first discharges, occurring generally with greater intensity of current, as subsequent discharges that have shorter front time associated, radiate electromagnetic fields which engage with the electrical networks generating surges that can cause so much disruption of power supply as damage to the equipment. The presence of buildings in the lightning incident area affects the propagation of the radiated waves, creating different patterns of resultant fields, which are responsible for induced overvoltages. Although both the lightning itself and characterization of the surrounding environment are of a complex nature for its representation, structured computational tools can represent satisfactorily the phenomenon, such as the software tool developed here using the finite difference time domain method. This work presents two studies to verify the influence of buildings in the propagation of lightning irradiated field. The first study assessed the behavior of the components of the electric field and magnetic field irradiated, by comparing results obtained with and without the presence of buildings in a small region. Both the geometric parameters of the three buildings considered in this study, as the permittivity and electrical conductivity of the soil and buildings, were changed to identify their influence on radiated fields. The results showed different behaviors of the components of the resulting field due to the variation of these parameters, observing polarity inversion, oscillations in the waveform and either a reduction or increase of the field value. The second study evaluated a more general case where the vertical component of the electric field was taken at nine different points of a typical urban area, in the presence of 102 buildings. The field values evaluated at each point, ten meters above the ground, considered the effect of 28 different random lightning, which hit the top of a given building. The results of this second study showed that except in cases where atmospheric discharge occurs near the analyzed point, there are significant reductions of the vertical electric field. Thus it can be seen that not only the existence of buildings, but its concentration with different electrical and geometrical characteristics, can significantly influence the propagation of irradiated field. The values calculated from the developed tool can be used in conjunction with coupling models for calculating induced overvoltages on power lines, in realistic situations with complex configurations.

Descargas atmosféricas representam uma das principais causas de interrupção no fornecimento de energia para os consumidores, e embora tenham efeitos mais intensos quando incidem diretamente nas redes elétricas, é o caso das descargas indiretas que chama mais atenção, já que elas ocorrem com maior frequência. Tanto as primeiras descargas que geralmente ocorrem com maior intensidade de corrente, quanto as descargas subsequentes que têm menor tempo de frente associado, irradiam campos eletromagnéticos que ao se acoplarem com as redes elétricas geram surtos que podem causar tanto a interrupção do fornecimento de energia quanto danos a equipamentos. A presença de edifícios na região de incidência da descarga atmosférica afeta a propagação das ondas irradiadas, criando diferentes padrões de campos resultantes, os quais são responsáveis por sobretensões induzidas. Embora tanto a descarga atmosférica em si quanto a caracterização do ambiente ao seu redor sejam de natureza complexa para sua representação, ferramentas computacionais bem estruturadas podem representar o fenômeno de forma satisfatória, como é o caso da ferramenta computacional desenvolvida neste trabalho utilizando o método das diferenças finitas no domínio do tempo. O presente trabalho apresenta dois estudos para verificação da influência de edificações na propagação de campo irradiado por descargas atmosféricas. O primeiro estudo avaliou o comportamento das componentes do campo elétrico e do campo magnético irradiados, comparando resultados obtidos com e sem a presença de edificações numa pequena região. Tanto os parâmetros geométricos dos três edifícios considerados neste estudo, como a permissividade e a condutividade elétrica do solo e dos edifícios, foram variados para identificar a sua influência nos campos irradiados. Os resultados mostraram diferentes comportamentos das componentes dos campos resultantes em função da variação desses parâmetros, observando-se inversão de polaridade, oscilações na forma de onda e tanto redução quanto aumento do valor de campo. O segundo estudo avaliou um caso mais geral em que a componente vertical de campo elétrico foi tomada em nove pontos diferentes de uma região tipicamente urbana, com a presença de 102 edifícios. Os valores de campo avaliados em cada ponto, dez metros acima do solo, consideraram a incidência aleatória de 28 descargas atmosféricas distintas, cada uma atingindo o topo de um dado edifício. Os resultados desse segundo estudo mostraram que exceto nos casos em que a descarga atmosférica ocorre próximo do ponto analisado, há reduções significativas do campo elétrico vertical. Desta forma é possível perceber que não apenas a existência de edifícios, mas a sua concentração com diferentes características elétricas e geométricas, podem influenciar significativamente a propagação de campo irradiado. Os valores calculados a partir da ferramenta desenvolvida podem ser usados em conjunto com modelos de acoplamento, para o cálculo de sobretensões induzidas em redes elétricas, em situações realistas com configurações mais complexas. / Atmospheric discharges represent one of the main causes of interruption in power supply to consumers, and although they have more intense effects when direct impact on energy lines, are the case of indirect discharges that draws more attention, since they occur more frequently. Both the first discharges, occurring generally with greater intensity of current, as subsequent discharges that have shorter front time associated, radiate electromagnetic fields which engage with the electrical networks generating surges that can cause so much disruption of power supply as damage to the equipment. The presence of buildings in the lightning incident area affects the propagation of the radiated waves, creating different patterns of resultant fields, which are responsible for induced overvoltages. Although both the lightning itself and characterization of the surrounding environment are of a complex nature for its representation, structured computational tools can represent satisfactorily the phenomenon, such as the software tool developed here using the finite difference time domain method. This work presents two studies to verify the influence of buildings in the propagation of lightning irradiated field. The first study assessed the behavior of the components of the electric field and magnetic field irradiated, by comparing results obtained with and without the presence of buildings in a small region. Both the geometric parameters of the three buildings considered in this study, as the permittivity and electrical conductivity of the soil and buildings, were changed to identify their influence on radiated fields. The results showed different behaviors of the components of the resulting field due to the variation of these parameters, observing polarity inversion, oscillations in the waveform and either a reduction or increase of the field value. The second study evaluated a more general case where the vertical component of the electric field was taken at nine different points of a typical urban area, in the presence of 102 buildings. The field values evaluated at each point, ten meters above the ground, considered the effect of 28 different random lightning, which hit the top of a given building. The results of this second study showed that except in cases where atmospheric discharge occurs near the analyzed point, there are significant reductions of the vertical electric field. Thus it can be seen that not only the existence of buildings, but its concentration with different electrical and geometrical characteristics, can significantly influence the propagation of irradiated field. The values calculated from the developed tool can be used in conjunction with coupling models for calculating induced overvoltages on power lines, in realistic situations with complex configurations.